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MCC Interim Linux

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MCC Interim Linux MCC Interim Linux The MCC Distribution of the Linux Op erating System Version April c Copyright University of Manchester Published by Manchester Computing Centre University of Manchester Permission is granted to use any parts of this do cument for nonprot purp oses provided credit is given to the University of Manchester whose supp ort has made this pro ject p ossible Chapter Intro duction Intro duction The MCC Interim versions of Linux are designed to allow p eople who are not Unix exp erts to install a version of the Linux op erating system on a PC The installed system should b e self contained but easy to extend What is Linux Linux is an op erating system written by the Finnish programmer Linus B Torvalds It lo oks like the Unix op erating system and the source of the entire system is available Binaries and source can b e distributed freely under the terms of the GNU Public License See Section Copyright and conditions of distribution page Programs from the various System V and BSD versions of Unix should compile and run under Linux with few changes Linux aims to conform as closely as it can to the various posix iso and ansi standards Linux runs only on machines which have pro cessors compatible with the Intel or If you intend to run Linux your computer must have appropriate hardware and sucient resources You must have at least Mb of memory to run Linux For go o d p erformance you need at least Mb of memory and the X window system p erforms slowly without at least Mb Linux requires an isa or eisa bus It runs on systems with a lo cal bus architecture such as vesa At present it do es not supp ort the mca bus architecture this means that is do es not run on PS machines Linux supp orts at standard bit hard disk controllers including ide esdi mfm and rll controllers It supp orts generic xt controllers bit hard disk controllers with mfm or rll It also supp orts many scsi controllers and cd roms including Adaptec but not Adaptec in extended mo de not in compatible mo de Seagate ST and ST NCR PAS Trantor T TF and T Future Domain TMC any b oard based on the TMC chip TMC and Ultrastor F F and F and WD Clones of these scsi controller cards should also work with Linux You will need disk space for swapping or paging and for le systems A small installation can share a Mb disk with DOS but a full installation including the X window system may require Mb or more See Chapter Preparing to Install Linux page Linux supp orts several Ethernet cards The ocial kernel currently contains co de for NE NE NE SMC Ultra c c c c HP PCLAN AT AT DEPCA DLink DE ATLANTECRealTek and Western Digital and cards Patches for other cards are available and will eventually b e included in the ocial kernel The most common cards in Manchester are RM Ethernet cards Some of these can b e mo died to work as NE cards AT cards with serial numb ers ab ove We have b een unable to get RM Ethernet cards to work reliably with Linux and Research Machines have b een unwilling to supply information which could help us to get their cards working or only if we sign a nondisclosure agreement Text mo de supp orts vga ega cga and Hercules cards Linux supp orts graphics and X with ega normal vga some svga cards ET ET Paradise and some Trident MCC Interim Linux chips some S cards but not Diamond Stealth A Mach Mach and mono chrome video b oards such as Hercules Detailed information ab out currently supp orted hardware is published in the Linux hardware HOWTO See Section The Linux HOWTO do cuments page Among the features of Linux are the following It is a multitasking system several programs can run at the same time You can run several programs simultaneously on several virtual consoles in several windows or by logging in remotely It is a multiuser system several users can use the same machine at the same time Linux runs in protected mo de Dierent pro cesses are isolated from each other so that one program cannot bring the system down Executable les are demandloaded so that parts of a program are in memory only when those parts are b eing executed Compiled programs are linked with dynamically loaded shared libraries to reduce disk and memory usage Executables share memory pages Even a data page is shared until one program writes to it This increases sp eed and decreases memory use Programs access virtual memory which is paged to disk You may allo cate up to swap areas each up to Mb in size This memory forms a p o ol which all running pro cesses share Physical memory is organised into a unied memory p o ol or cache which changes in size dep ending on the system load The kernel can emulate a maths copro cessor if you have none If you have a copro cessor you can recompile the kernel without the emulation co de to save memory The kernel supp orts multiple virtual consoles which allow several indep endent login sessions on the system console The kernel supp orts several le systems including its own extended and extended version le systems minix xenix and DOS compatible le systems and a sp ecial pro c le system for getting information ab out running pro cesses Linux cannot access DOS compressed partitions Linux supp orts TCPIP networking including ftp telnet nfs and other proto cols The software which is distributed in the MCC Interim versions of Linux comes from a variety of sources Much of it comes from the GNU pro ject some of it is taken from the published BSD sources and some has b een written sp ecically for Linux The source co de for every single binary and library is available with the MCC distribution See Section Getting MCC Interim Linux by anonymous ftp page Moreover the optional patches package contains all patches applied to these sources to make the MCC distribution WARNING Linux is an op erating system which is very dierent from DOS It requires a certain minimal amount of attention if it is to work well In particular you must never simply turn o a machine on which Linux is running For more information ab out using Linux safely see Section Caring for your Linux system page Chapter Intro duction What are the MCC Interim versions of Linux When Linux version rst app eared in the autumn of it was released by Linus Torvalds as a pair of oppy disks known as the b o ot and ro ot disks Linus himself released several utilities which did not t on these disks Eventually quite a numb er of contributions were available Software distribution was rather chaotic and you needed a lot of eort to collect a complete base system The Manchester Computing Centre MCC is a part of the University of Manchester supp orting computing at the University at UMIST the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology and at several other British universities We b egan to make Linux available by anonymous ftp in Novemb er and we released the rst MCC Interim version of Linux version the following February This version made use of ramdisk co de written by Theo dore Tso to mount a virtual ro ot disk at b o ot time from the kernel oppy This typ e of distribution was used earlier by Andrew Tannenbaum to distribute his op erating system minix With version p we abandoned the ramdiskasro ot and adopted a combined b o otable ro ot disk The rst combined ro ot disk was created by H J Lu who made essential use of Werner Almesb ergers lilo software Unlike H Js b o otable ro ot disk the MCC disk did not contain an executable shell With release the minimum base system no longer ts comfortably on a single disk so we return to having two disk images neither of which contains an executable shell once more you can install the MCC version from a ramdisk though this is only one of the available options Very shortly after the rst MCC Interim version of Linux app eared other p eople released similar versions Dave Saords tamu releases and Martin Juniuss mj versions were eventually followed by Peter Macdonalds massive comprehensive sls releases and H J Lus small base systems More recently the Slackware and Debian versions have app eared as well as a numb er of commercial releases What distinguishes the MCC versions from these others From its rst release MCC Interim Linux has included basic utilities the GNU C compiler and the sources to the current kernel release MCC Interim versions aim to provide a stable base system which can b e installed in a short time and to which other software can b e added with relatively little eort Every binary le in an MCC distribution has b een compiled under that version of the kernel by that version of gcc is linked with that version of the libraries and has b een tested to some extent The only binaries which we do not recompile are the C and C libraries which we take directly from H J Lus distribution We install this version of Linux on small SX machines for our C and Unix courses and we need to b e able to install it on twelve machines in ab out one hour We also distribute this version of Linux to our clients in Manchester We make no attempt to include a wide variety of packages or large packages such as X For information ab out installing XFree release see Section Installing the XFree software page The emacs and info packages were added to MCC Interim Linux only b ecause we have b een using them for our courses and b ecause of the value of the information included in the info les See Section Do cumentation available on line page People who want a distribution which contains nearly everything should get the Debian version which is ab out ve times the size of MCC and quite comprehensive MCC Interim Linux Our versions
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