HISTORY Semester Exam Review Mrs. Prestwood

Ancient Mesopotamia

1. Civilization: 2. Two rivers in Mesopotamia? 3. Mesopotamia means… 4. Mesopotamia’s Writing System 5. Hammurabi’s Code of Laws: 6. Who was Nebuchadnezzar? 7. What are the Hanging Gardens? 8. Who was Sargon? 9. What present day countries occupy the Fertile Crescent? 10. Polytheism: 11. Ziggurat: 12. City-State: 13. Rural vs. Urban 14. Who created the alphabet?

Ancient Egypt

1. Why is Egypt the gift of the Nile? 2. River Valley advantages and disadvantages… 3. Identify Osiris, Isis, and Re 4. Hieroglyphics: 5. Howard Carter discovered… 6. Why was King Tut called the boy king? 7. Most important thing to the Egyptians. 8. Great Pyramid: 9. Great Sphinx: 10. Rosetta Stone: 11. Discuss the embalming process used in Ancient Egypt (49). 12. Pharaoh: 13. Exports and Imports. 14. Book of the Dead: 15. Cataracts: 16. Papyrus: 17. Dynasty: 18. Deities:

Ancient India

1. Caste System: 2. Missionaries: 3. Karma: 4. Reincarnation: 5. Buddha 6. Hinduism: 7. Sanskrit: 8. Monsoons: 9. Nirvana: 10. Gandhi

Ancient Greece

1. Aegean Civilizations - Minoans (not Greek) - Lived on the island of Crete. Made their wealth from trade. By 2000 B.C., Minoan ships controlled the eastern Mediterranean Sea

- Mycenaean - Originally from central Asia. Invaded Greek mainland around 1900 B.C. and conquered the people living there. Mycenaean leaders became first Greek kings, and their warriors became nobles who ruled the conquered people. By 1400 B.C. they replaced the Minoans as the major power on the Mediterranean. 2. Trojan War: The Greeks (lead by the Mycenae king and the brother of the King of Sparta) attack the city of Troy – because the Prince of Troy kidnaps the Spartan king’s wife. The battle lasts 10 years. Finally, the Greeks come up with a plan… Trickery. 3. Homer: Poet who wrote the epics (long poems) the Iliad and the Odyssey. 4. Aesop: Greek slave who wrote fables (short tales that teach a lesson). 5. Greek Gods and Goddesses - Zeus - Ruled the sky and threw lightening bolts. God of all gods; chief god. - Athena - Goddess of Wisdom - Poseidon - God of the Seas - Hera - Supreme goddess; patron of marriage and childbirth; sister of and married to Zeus - Aphrodite - Goddess of Love - Hades - God of the Underworld 6. Dark Age: The years between 1100 and 750 B.C. By 1100 B.C. Mycenaean civilization had collapsed. Overseas trade slowed, and poverty took hold. Farmers grew only enough food to meet their own family’s needs. People stopped teaching others how to write or do craftwork. Greeks had forgotten their written language and how to make many things. 7. Pericles: A general and leading figure in Athenian politics after the Persian Wars. Helped Athens dominate the Delian League. 8. Peloponnesian War: War between Sparta and Athens. The Spartan army surrounded Athens waiting for them to send out an army and fight. Instead, all Athenians moved inside the city walls to stay safe. The Athenian navy delivered supplies from their colonies. Spartans had no navy, therefore, they could not attack the Athenian ships. The standoff continued for 25 years until the Spartans made a deal with the Persians – an exchange of territory for enough money to build a navy. In 405 B.C. Sparta’s new navy destroyed the Athenian fleet. The next year, the Athenians surrendered. 9. Sparta: Founded by Dorians. Ruled by oligarchy - firmly controlled by government. Militaristic. Trained boys/men for war. At age seven, boys were separated from families to live in the barracks. They were treated harshly to make them tough. At age 20, Spartan men entered the army. Expectation: Win on the battlefield or die, but never to surrender. Spartan girls/women were trained in sports – keep fit to become healthy mothers. Women lived at home, freer than most Greeks. Women could own property. Since the Spartans focused on military, they fell behind in trade and education – frowned upon citizens who studied arts and literature. ***Played key role in defending Greece. 10. Athens: Early Athens was ruled by an oligarchy of nobles. An assembly existed but had little power. Around 600 B.C. the Athenians began to rebel. In 508 B.C. Cleisthenes, credited with making the Athenian government a democracy, came to power and reorganized the assembly to play a central role in governing; he also created a new council of 500 citizens to help the assembly carry out daily business. Athenian children were raised differently than Spartans. Boys were taught reading, writing, arithmetic, sports, and music. Girls stayed at home and learned spinning, weaving, and other household duties. 11. Who were Greek citizens? Free, native-born men who owned land. 12. Direct and Representative Direct: People gather at mass meetings to decide on Democracy. government matters. All citizens can vote. Representative: Citizens elect a small group to make laws and governmental decisions on their behalf. 13. Oligarchy: A select few people hold power. 14. Mt. Olympus: The highest mountain in Greece, where 12 most important gods and goddesses lived. 15. Polis: Greek city-state, like a tiny independent country. 16. Mythology: Traditional stories about gods and heroes that expressed the Greek people’s religious beliefs. 17. Tyrant: Someone who takes power by force and rules with total authority. 18. Alexander the Great: Macedonian king who led his troops in the invasion of the Persian Empire. Built Alexandria, a center of business and trade, also one of the most important cities in the ancient world. Also son of Phillip II. 19. Battle of Marathon: One of history's most famous military engagements. It is also one of the earliest recorded battles. The Athenians’ victory over the Persian invaders gave the fledgling Greek city-states confidence in their ability to defend themselves and belief in their continued existence. The battle is therefore considered a defining moment in the development of European culture. 20. Delian League: Athens joined with other city-states, not Sparta, to drive Persia out of Greek territories. 21. Cyrus the Great: United Persians into a powerful kingdom. Under Cyrus’ merciful rule, Persia began building an empire larger than any yet seen in the world. 22. Medusa: 23. The Parthenon: Religious temple. 24. The Dorians: Greek speaking people from Greece’s northern mountains. Invaded Peloponnesus during the Dark Age. 25. Democracy: All citizens share in running the government. 26. Helots: Captive workers conquered by Spartans. 27. Hellenistic Era: “like the Greeks” refers to a time when Greek language and Greek ideas spread to non-Greek people of Asia.