2. Describe the Pericardium. Describe the Layers of the Heart Wall

BIOL242 EXAM 2 OBJECTIVES (CH 18, 19)

CH 18: THE HEART 1. Describe the characteristics of cardiac muscle. Compare and contrast cardiac muscle tissue with skeletal muscle tissue .

2. Describe the pericardium. Describe the layers of the heart wall.

3. Describe the structure and function of each part of the heart including: the right and left atria, right and left ventricles, right and left AV valves (tricuspid and bicuspid valves), chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, inferior and superior vena cava, coronary sinus, aorta, interventricular septum, interventricular sulcus.

4. Trace the pathway of blood through the heart identifying the major blood vessels, chambers and heart valves. Understand the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Explain why the right side of the heart is less muscular than the left side.

5. What is coronary circulation? Be able to label the: left coronary artery, circumflex artery, anterior interventricular artery (also called left anterior descending), right coronary artery and coronary sinus. Define: angina pectoralis and myocardial infarction (MI).

6. Compare and contrast an action potential in a skeletal muscle and a cardiac muscle cell. Focus on the types of ion channels involved in the cardiac action potential, and the consequences these channel activities have on the AP. Also explain the sources of intracellular calcium involved in cardiac muscle contraction, and review (just the basics of) actin/myosin/troponin/tropomyosin in contraction. Compare and contrast the relative refractory period of skeletal muscle membranes and cardiac muscle membranes. Why is this difference so important, physiologically?

7. Describe the components of the heart’s conduction system and how the system functions. Be able to trace the electrical excitability through the heart. Recognize an action potential from a pacemaker cell.

8. Explain how the electrocardiogram corresponds to the heart’s electrical and muscular events. Be able to draw and label an ECG. Could you recognize an abnormal ECG?

9. Explain the events of one complete cardiac cycle (See Fig. 18.21 for a reminder). Describe how the heart sounds are produced during this cycle.

10.Define Cardiac Output (CO), and understand the factors that affect CO. Define: Heart rate, Stroke Volume, EDV and ESV. a. What variables influence stroke volume, EDV, ESV (Be sure to understand the terms: preload, Frank- Starling principle, contractility, and afterload, positive and negative ionotropic effects). b. What affects heart rate?

11. Explain how autonomic nervous system innervation affects the rhythmicity of nodal cells. Be able to recognize a trace from a nodal cell at rest. Be able to draw or interpret a nodal cell trace when the cell is under sympathetic or parasympathetic control (compared to baseline). What is the Atrial Reflex?

12.Define and understand CHF. What are the causes? Results? CH 19: BLOOD VESSELS 1. Describe the structural and functional differences between arteries (elastic and muscular), capillaries and veins (know the terms tunica intima, media and externa). Describe the classes of arteries and capillaries, and where in the body you would find examples. Describe the anatomy and function of venous valves. What are varicose veins?

2. Compare and contrast the different types of capillaries. What types of materials will pass through each type of capillary? At a capillary bed, describe the importance of precapillary sphincters.

3. Describe the distribution of blood in the arteries, capillaries and veins. Which circuit, systemic or pulmonary contains more blood?

4. Define blood flow, blood pressure, and resistance. Be able to list and explain three factors that contribute to resistance in a blood vessel.

5. Understand systemic blood pressures: arterial BP (systolic and diastolic, pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure (MAP)), and how this BP differs from capillary and venous BP. Explain what phases of the cardiac cycle are represented by systole/diastole, and state normal BP. Define and calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP), if given systolic and diastolic pressure.

6. Where and how is arterial blood pressure taken? Understand how to take a pulse, and BP. What is hypotension? Hypertension? Factors that contribute to hypertension?

7. Explain how blood pressure is controlled including the autoregulatory, neural and hormonal regulation systems (NE, Epi, ADH, Epo, Angiotensin II, and ANP).  Autoregulatory: Be able to list some of the molecules/chemicals that induce localized vasodilation or vasoconstriction. (Look for metabolic and myogenic controls in the text) What are precapillary sphincters?  Neural Regulation: Understand cardiac and vasomotor centers, and the role/function of baroreceptors and chemoreceptors. .  Hormonal Regulation: Understand the effects of: NE, Epi, ADH, Epo, Angiotensin II, and ANP on blood pressure. Also be able to explain the Renin-Angiotensin pathway, and the four ways angiotensin II affects blood pressure. Explain how ACE-inhibitors work to control blood pressure.

8. Explain the role of capillary hydrostatic pressure and blood colloidal osmotic pressure on net filtration pressure in capillary filtration. Define edema. What causes pulmonary edema?

Identify the following BLOOD VESSELS on models or diagrams (use text pages 722-744 as a guide), know both arteries and veins, if a vessel name pertains to both: inferior and superior vena cava, left and right pulmonary arteries and veins, thoracic and abdominal aorta, internal, external and common carotid, subclavian, brachiocephalic, coronary, celiac, renal, axillary, brachial, radial, ulnar, mesenteric, common iliac, fibular, femoral, popliteal, tibial (anterior), external and internal jugular, hepatic and great saphenous.