Read Chapter 1 in the Textbook (Pages 4 21)

Name: ______Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

Read Chapter 15, Section 2 in the textbook (pages 412 – 422). Fill in the blanks with a word or phrase that best completes each item.

Chapter 15 – Section 2: Crops and Soil

I) Agriculture: Traditional and Modern A) The basic processes of farming include: 1) ______2) ______3) ______4) ______B) In traditional agriculture: 1) Plows are ______2) Organic fertilizers are used to ______3) Fields are irrigated by ______4) Weeds are removed by ______C) Modern agricultural methods include: 1) Plowing done by machinery ______2) Synthetic ______are used as fertilizers 3) Sprinklers and drip-systems are used for ______4) Synthetic chemicals are also used to ______II) Fertile Soil: The Living Earth A) Soil that can support the growth of healthy plants is called ______1) Plant roots grow in ______2) Fertile topsoil is composed of ______3) Chemical weathering happens when ______4) Several layers of soil ______

1 Name: ______Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____

III) Soil Erosion: Global Problem A) Erosion is ______B) Eroded soil ______C) Without topsoil, ______IV)Land Degradation A) Land degradation happens when ______B) Desertification is the process by which ______

2 Name: ______Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____

V) Soil Conservation A) Many soil conservation methods are designed to prevent ______1) Building soil-retaining terraces ______2) The contour plowing method includes ______3) An even more effective method of plowing is ______B) In no-till farming, a crop is harvested without ______

VI)Enriching the Soil A) In traditional farming, the soil is enriched by adding ______B) Inorganic fertilizers that contain ______C) A modern method of enriching the soil is to use ______D) Compost is ______VII) Salinization A) Salinization is the accumulation of ______B) When water evaporates from irrigated land, ______C) Eventually, the soil may become so salty that ______3 Name: ______Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____

VIII) Pest Control A) Worldwide, pests destroy about _____% of the world’s potential food harvest. B) A pest is ______C) Wild plants often have more ______

IX)Pesticides A) Pesticides are ______B) Pesticides can also harm beneficial ______C) Pesticide Resistance 1) Resistance is the ability to ______2) More than ______species of insects have developed resistance to pesticides since the ______D) Human Health Concerns 1) Pesticides are designed to ______2) People who apply pesticides need to follow ______E) Pollution and Persistence 1) Persistent pesticides do not ______2) As a result, they accumulate ______4 Name: ______Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____

X) Biological Pest Control A) Biological pest control is ______B) Pathogens 1) Pathogens are ______2) One of the most common pathogens used to control pests is the bacterium ______(abbreviated ______) C) Plant Defenses 1) Scientists and farmers have bred plant varieties that have ______2) Examples of plant defenses include: (a) ______(b) ______D) Chemicals from Plants 1) Another type of biological pest control also makes use of plants’ ______2) These chemicals are designed for use in the home because ______3) These products are also ______E) Disrupting Insect Breeding 1) A growth regulator is ______2) Pheromones are ______3) Another way to prevent insects from reproducing is to make it ______5 Name: ______Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____

XI)Integrated Pest Management A) Integrated pest management is a ______B) The steps involved in integrated pest management are shown in the diagram below:

XII) Engineering a Better Crop A) Genetic engineering is ______B) The plants that result from genetic engineering are called ______(_____) plants.

6 Name: ______Block: _____ Date: _____/_____/_____

C) Implications of Genetic Engineering 1) Many genetically engineered agricultural products that we use everyday have not been fully tested for their ______. 2) Scientists warn that these products will ______XIII) Sustainable Agriculture A) Sustainable agriculture is ______B) Sustainable agriculture is also called ______C) Sustainable agriculture minimizes the use of: 1) ______2) ______3) ______4) ______