Unit 3.4 Segregation

 "______" Laws: laws passed in the South after the end of Reconstruction to ____the rights of freed blacks  Especially designed to keep southern blacks from exercising their voting rights  Examples:  ______: individuals must prove that they can read before being allowed to vote; usually also required that the voter explain what they had read to a judge, who was always white  ______: individuals must pay a special fee in order to vote; kept many poor people from voting  ______clause: if your grandfather could not vote, you were ineligible to vote OR if your grandfather could vote, you were exempt from the literacy test and/or poll tax  Other Jim Crow laws required segregation (______) in all public facilities  “ De jure” Segregation  Segregation ______ Many Southern states passed laws banning blacks and whites from mixing in public spaces such as restaurants, schools, hospitals, theaters, restrooms, etc.  “ De facto” Segregation  Segregation ______; not required by law, but rather due to social norms  For example, many churches and neighborhoods remain segregated today due to de facto segregation – by the ______ The Ku Klux Klan (KKK)  Organization founded in the 1860s to oppose ______ The Klan used violence to prevent blacks from voting and to intimidate them from seeking legal help  In worst cases, the Klan resorted to ______, a form of mob violence involving torture, mutilation, and hanging  The Klan's power and numbers have waxed and waned over the years, but the group still exists today  The Exoduster Movement  As Reconstruction ended in the late 1870s, many blacks left the South to seek a better life  Many took advantage of the opportunity ______in Kansas and other Great Plains states  Former slave Benjamin “Pap” Singleton (1809 – 1892) started this "Exoduster" movement, based on the idea that blacks would ______in the South, so they should build separate all- black communities on the Great Plains  About 50,000 "Exodusters" left the South in 1879 & 1880 alone  Late in life, Singleton tried unsuccessfully to get the US government to create a special “______” in the Oklahoma Territory  Black migration from the South to the Great Plains continued well into the 1900s  The Great Migration  Between 1910 and 1930, about 2 million blacks left the South in an effort to escape racism and to find good industrial jobs in Northern and Midwestern cities  This migration continued into the 1970s, but ______– today, many blacks are leaving the North and moving to the South for better opportunities and living conditions  Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)  Homer Plessy (who was 1/8th black) was arrested in Louisiana for sitting in a whites-only car on a train  Plessy sued, arguing the Louisiana law was unconstitutional, but the US Supreme Court ruled that so long as facilities were supplied to both blacks and whites that were “______” then segregation laws were ______ Only 1 Supreme Court Justice dissented with the ruling at the time and it would not be until the ______decision in 1954 that the Plessy decision would be reversed  The Wilmington (NC) Race Riot (November 10, 1898)  ______members and white supremacists illegally burned the offices of the black newspaper the Daily Record and ______the Republican-ran municipal government of Wilmington, NC, many of whom were black  A number of blacks were killed in the violence that followed (estimates range from 6 to over 100)  Both NC Gov. Russell and US Pres. McKinley ______to take any action against those responsible  Black Leaders Emerge  ______(1856 – 1915)  Launched the Tuskegee Institute, a vocational school for blacks in Alabama  Washington encouraged blacks to achieve their economic freedom by learning a blue-collar trade  Washington believed that racial equality ______, having to be earned over generations  Washington became a controversial figure for his ______in which he explained his educational philosophies to a mostly white audience  W.E.B. Du Bois (1868 – 1963)  Du Bois strongly opposed Booker T. Washington’s ideas, referring to Washington's famous speech as the ______ Du Bois argued that blacks should strive ______and white collar fields, and be strongly politically active to protect their legal rights  Du Bois refused to accept segregation as a social norm and refused to wait for social equality  Ida Wells-Barnett (1862 – 1931)  Wells rose to fame after refusing ______ Wells became an outspoken writer and newspaper editor who focused on racial relations and women's suffrage, as well as reporting the graphic details of lynchings  Marcus Garvey (1887 – 1940)  Jamaican born newspaper editor and race-activist  Garvey promoted his ______- the idea that most people of African descent should return to Africa and create an all-black society  Garvey created a sense of “______” in African cultural heritage for many African-Americans  Garvey lost support in the black community after meeting with the leader of the KKK (arguing that they should work together since they wanted the same thing) and after being convicted of mail fraud  The Niagara Movement  Civil rights movement founded in 1905, which sought a “mighty current” of change  The Niagara Movement called for an end to ______and openly opposed the beliefs of ______ The NAACP (The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)  Founded in 1909 “to promote equality of rights and to eradicate caste or race prejudice among the citizens of the United States; to advance the interest of colored citizens; to secure for them impartial suffrage; and to increase their opportunities for securing justice in the courts, education for the children, employment according to their ability and complete equality before law.”  Founders included W.E.B. Du Bois & Ida Wells; the NAACP replaced the Niagara Movement as the premiere ______in the US  ______a “blacks only” organization – has historically had as many Jewish members as black!  Native American Suffrage Act: (also known as the Snyder Act of 1924 or Indian Citizenship Act)  Gave US citizenship to all Native Americans without requiring them to surrender their ______affiliations  Act was pushed through by whites – Indians had learned enough not to trust the federal government’s promises!