The Epic of Gilgamesh: a Great Flood

The Search for Eternal Life in Mesopotamia

The Epic of Gilgamesh

Humans share many basic concerns, and among them two are of primary importance: finding meaning in life and confronting the reality of death. In Mesopotamia, where life and human fortune were so precarious, people deeply probed these issues and made them the subjects of numerous myths. The word myth derives from the ancient Greek word for "a poetic story." As understood by modern scholars, however, myths are not just any poetic stories, and they certainly are not deliberate pieces of fiction or stories told primarily to entertain, even though myths do have entertainment value. First and foremost, myths are vehicles through which prescientific societies explain the workings of the universe and humanity's place within it. Whereas the scientist objectifies nature, seeing the world as an “it,” the myth-maker lives in a world where everything has a soul, a personality, and its own story. A raging river is not a body of water responding to physical laws but an angry or capricious god. In the same manner, the fortunes of human society are not the consequences of chance, history, or any patterns discoverable by social scientists. Rather, the gods and other supernatural spirits intervene directly into human affairs, punishing and rewarding as they wish, and divine interventions become the subjects of mythic stories. The stories, in turn, provide insight into the ways of the gods, thereby largely satisfying the emotional and intellectual needs of the myth-maker's audience.

So far as the issues of the meaning of life and death were concerned, ancient Mesopotamia created its classic mythic answer in the form of its greatest work of literature, The Epic of Gilgamesh. An epic is a long narrative poem that celebrates the feats of some legendary hero who is involved in a journey or similar severe test. In the process of his trials, the hero gains wisdom and, because of that wisdom, greater heroic stature.

The most complete extant version of The Epic of Gilgamesh was discovered on twelve clay tablets in the ruins of an Assyrian library that dated to the late seventh century B.C.E. Other earlier versions of the epic, however, show that the story, at least in its basic outline, is Sumerian in origin and goes back to the third millennium B.C.E. (2000s).

The hero, Gilgamesh, was a historical figure who ruled the city-state of Uruk sometime between 2700 and 2500 B.C.E. and was remembered as a great warrior, as well as the builder of Uruk's massive walls and temple. His exploits were so impressive that he became the focal point of a series of oral sagas that recounted his legendary heroic deeds. Around 2000 B.C.E. an unknown Babylonian poet re-worked some of these tales, along with other stories — such as the adventure of Utnapishtim that appears in our selection — into an epic masterpiece that became widely popular and influential throughout Southwest Asia and beyond.

The epic contains a profound theme, the conflict between humanity's talents and aspirations and its mortal limitations. Gilgamesh, "two-thirds a god and one-third human," as the poem describes him, is a man of heroic proportions and appetites who still must face the inevitability of death.

As the epic opens, an arrogant Gilgamesh, not yet aware of his human limitations and his duties as king, is exhausting the people of Uruk with his manic energy. The people cry to Heaven for relief from his abuse of power, and the gods respond by creating Enkidu, a wild man who lives among the animals. Enkidu enters Uruk, where he challenges Gilgamesh to a contest of strength and fighting skill. When Gilgamesh triumphs, Enkidu embraces him as a brother, and the two heroes set out on a series of spectacular exploits.

In the course of their heroic adventures, they insult Ishtar, goddess of love and fertility, and for this a life is owed. The one chosen by the gods to die is Enkidu. As the selection that we will study opens, Enkidu, after having cursed his heroic past, which has brought him to this fate, tells Gilgamesh of a vision he has had of the place Mesopotamians knew as "the land of no return."

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Excerpts from “The Epic of Gilgamesh” -- A Great Flood (c. vampire face, his foot was a lions foot, his hand was an eagles 2700-2500 B.C.E.) talon. He fell on me and his claws were in my hair, he held me fast and I smothered; then he transformed me so that my arms [1] As Enkidu slept alone in his sickness, in bitterness of spirit he became wings covered with feathers. He turned his stare poured out his heart to his friend. "It was I who cut down the towards me, and he led me away to the palace of Irkalla, the cedar, I who leveled the forest, I who slew Humbaba1 and now see Queen of Darkness2 to the house from which none who enters what has become of me. Listen, my friend, this is the dream I ever returns, down the road from which there is no coming dreamed last night. The heavens roared, and earth rumbled back an back. answer; between them stood I before an awful being, the sombre- faced manbird; he had directed on me his purpose. His was a

1 The giant who guarded the cedar forest and was slain by Enkidu and Gilgamesh. 2 Goddess of the Underworld. 1 [2]"There is the house whose people sit in darkness; dust is their [6] Then Gilgamesh said to Utnapishtim the Faraway, "I look food and clay their meat. They are clothed like birds with wings at you now, Utnapishtim, and your appearance is no different for covering, they see no light, they sit in darkness. I entered the from mine; there is nothing strange in your features. I thought house of dust and I saw the kings of the earth, their crowns put I should find you like a hero prepared for battle, but you lie away forever; rulers and princes, all those who once wore kingly here taking your ease on your back. Tell me truly, how was it crowns and ruled the world in the days of old. They who had that you came to enter the company of the gods and to possess stood in the place of the gods like Anu and Enlil,3 stood now like everlasting life?" Utnapishtim said to Gilgamesh, "I will servants to fetch baked meats in the house of dust, to carry cooked reveal to you a myster, I will tell you a secret of the gods.” meat and cold water from the waterskin. In the house of dust which I entered were high priests and acolytes (assistants to the [7] “You know the city Shurrupak, it stands on the banks of priests), priests of the incantation and of ecstasy; there were Euphrates? That city grew old and the gods that were in it servers of the temple, and there was Etana, that king of Kish whom were old. There was Anu, Lord of the firmament (heavens), 4 the eagle carried to heaven in the days of old. There was their father, and warrior Enlil their counselor, Ninurta 8 the 5 Ereshkigal, the Queen of the Underworld; and Belit-Sheri squatted helper, and Ennugi 9 watcher over canals; and with them also in front of her, she who is recorder of the gods and keeps the book was Ea.10 In those days the world teemed, the people of death. She held a tablet from which she read. She raised her multiplied, the world bellowed like a wild bull, and the great head, she saw me and spoke: 'Who has brought this one here?' god was aroused by the clamour. Enlil heard the clamour and Then I awoke like a man drained of blood who wanders alone in a he said to the gods in council, ‘The uproar of mankind is waste of rushes; like one whom the bailiff has seized and his heart intolerable and sleep is no longer possible by reason of the pounds with terror. " babel.’ So the gods agreed to exterminate mankind. Enlil did ------this, but Ea because of his oath 11 warned me in a dream. He Author note: Enkidu dies, and Gilgamesh now realizes that heroic fame is whispered their words to my house of reeds, ‘Reed-house, no substitute for life. Facing the reality of his own death, he begins a reed-house! Wall, O wall, hearken reed-house, wall reflect; O desperate search for immortality. In the course of his search he meets Siduri, a goddess of wine, who advises him: man of Shurrupak, son of Ubara-Tutu; tear down your house ------and build a boat, abandon possessions and look for life, [3] "Gilgamesh, where are you hurrying to? You will never find despise worldly goods and save your soul alive. Tear down that life for which you are looking. When the gods created man your house, I say, and build a boat…..Then take up into the they allotted to him death, but life they retained in their own boat the seed of all living creatures.’ keeping. As for you, Gilgamesh, fill your belly with good things; day and night, night and day, dance and be merry, feast and [8] “When I had understood I said to my Lord, "Behold, what rejoice. Let your clothes be fresh, bathe yourself in water, cherish you have commanded I will honor and perform, but how shall the little child that holds your hand, and make your wife happy in I answer the people, the city, the elders?" Then Ea opened his your embrace; for this too is the lot of man." mouth and said to me, his servant, "Tell them this: I have ------learnt that Enlil is wrathful against me, I dare no longer walk Author note: Gilgamesh, however, refuses to be deflected from his quest. in his land nor live in his city; I will go down to the Gulf to After a series of harrowing experiences, he finally reaches Utnapishtim, a dwell with Ea my Lord. But on you he will rain down former mortal whom the gods had placed in an eternal paradise, and abundance, rare fish and shy wildfowl, a rich harvest-tide. In addresses him. the evening the rider of the storm will bring you wheat in ------torrents…..” [4] "Oh, father Utnapishtim, who have entered the assembly of the gods, I wish to question you concerning the living and the dead, [9] “On the seventh day the boat was complete….” how shall I find the life for which I am searching?" [10] “I loaded into her all that I had of gold and of living [5] Utnapishtim said, "There is no permanence. Do we build a things, my family, my kin, the beast of the field both wild and house to stand forever, do we seal a contract to hold for all time? tame, and all the craftsmen. I sent them on board…. The time Do brothers divide an inheritance to keep forever, does the flood- was fulfilled, the evening came, the rider of the storm sent time of rivers endure? It is only the nymph of the dragon-fly who down the rain. I looked out at the weather and it was terrible, sheds her larva and sees the sun in his glory. From the days of old so I too boarded the boat and battened her down….” there is no permanence. The sleeping and the dead, how alike they are, they are like a painted death. What is there between the master [11] “For six days and six nights the winds blew, torrent and and the servant when both have fulfilled their doom? When the tempest and flood overwhelmed the world, tempest and flood 6 7 Anunnaki, the judges, come together, and Mammetun the mother raged together like warring hosts. When the seventh day of destinies, together they decree the fates of men. Life and death dawned the storm from the south subsided, the sea grew calm, they allotbut the day of death they do not disclose." the flood was stilled; I looked at the face of the world and there was silence, all mankind was turned to clay. The surface 3 Dead earthly kings. Anu was the supreme king of the gods and the source of all order and government; Enlil was the storm god, who supported royal authority. 8 God or war. 4 A legendary king of the Sumerian city of Kish. 9 God of irrigation. 5 Another name for Irkalla, goddess of the Underworld. 10 God of wisdom and providence. 6 Gods of the Underworld who judge the dead. 11 Apparently, an oath to protect humanity, because Ea was the god of life- 7 Goddess of fate. giving water and good fortune. 2 of the sea stretched as flat as a roof-top; I opened a hatch and the Thus it was that the gods took me and placed me here to live light fell on my face. Then I bowed low, I sat down and I wept, the in the distance, at the mouth of the rivers.” tears streamed down my face, for on every side was the waste of water. I looked for land in vain, but fourteen leagues distant there [14] “Utnapishrim said, ‘As for you, Gilgamesh, who will appeared a mountain, and there the boat grounded; on the assemble the gods for your sake, so that you may find that life mountain of Nisir the boat held fast, she held fast and did not for which you are searching?” budge….. When the seventh day dawned I loosed a dove and let ------her go. She flew away, but finding no resting-place she returned. Author note : After telling his story, Utnapishtim challenges Then I loosed a swallow, and she flew away but finding no resting- Gilgamesh to resist sleep for six days and seven nights. When place she returned. I loosed a raven, she saw that the waters had Gilgamesh fails the test, Utnapishtim points out how preposterous it is to search for immortality when one cannot even resist sleep. Out of retreated, she ate, she flew around, she cawed, and she did not kindness. Utnapishtim does tell Gilgamesh where he can fmd a come back. Then I threw everything open to the four winds, I made submarine plant that will at least rejuvenate him. Consequently, the a sacrifice and poured out a libation12 on the mountain top. Seven hero dives to the bottom of the sea and plucks it. However, humanity is and again seven cauldrons I set up on their stands, I heaped up to be denied even the blessing of forestalling old age and decrepitude, because the plant is stolen from Gilgamesh by a serpent. His mission a wood and cane and cedar and myrtle. When the gods smelled the failure, Gilgamesh returns to Uruk. sweet savor, they gathered like flies over the sacrifice.13 Then, at ------last, Ishtar also came, she lifted her necklace with the jewels of [15] The destiny was fulfilled which the father of the gods, heaven that once Anu had made to please her. "O you gods here Enlil of the mountain, had decreed for Gilgamesh: "In nether- present, by the lapis lazuli round my neck I shall remember these earth the darkness will show him a light: of mankind, all that days as I remember the jewels of my throat; these last days I shall are known, none will leave a monument for generations to not forget.14 Let all the gods gather round the sacrifice, except come to compare with his. The heroes, the wise men, like the Enlil. He shall not approach this offering, for without reflection he new moon have their waxing and waning. Men will say, 'Who brought the flood; he consigned my people to destruction." has ever ruled with might and with power like him?' As in the dark month, the month of shadows, so without him there is no [12] “When Enlil had come, when he saw the boat, he was wrath light. O Gilgamesh, this was the meaning of your dream. You and swelled with anger at the gods, the host of heaven, ‘Has any of were given the kingship, such was your destiny, everlasting these mortals escaped? Not one was to have survived the life was not your destiny. Because of this do not be sad at destruction.’ Then the god of the wells and canals Ninurta opened heart, do not be grieved or oppressed; he has given you power his mouth and said to the warrior Enlil, ‘Who is there of the gods to bind and to loose, to be the darkness and the light of that can devise without Ea? It is Ea alone who knows all things.’ mankind. He has given unexampled supremacy over the Then Ea opened his mouth and spoke to warrior Enlil, ‘Wisest of people, victory in battle from which no fugitive returns, in gods, hero Enlil, how could you so senselessly bring down the forays and assaults from which there is no going back. But do flood? not abuse this power, deal justly with your servants in the palace, deal justly before the face of the Sun.” …. Lay upon the sinner his sin, Lay upon the transgressor his transgression, [16] Gilgamesh, the son of Ninsun, lies in the tomb. At the Punish him a little when he breaks loose, place of offerings he weighed the bread-offering, at the place Do not drive him too hard or he perishes; of libation he poured out the wine. In those days the lord Would that a lion had ravaged mankind Gilgamesh departed, the son of Ninsun, the king, peerless, Rather than the flood, without an equal among men, who did not neglect Enlil his 15 Would that a wolf had ravaged mankind master. O Gilgamesh, lord of Kullab, great is thy praise. Rather than the flood, Would that famine had wasted the world Rather than the flood, Would that pestilence had wasted mankind Rather than the flood.

“…It was not I that revealed the secret of the gods; the wise man learned it in a dream. Now take your counsel what shall be done with him.”

[13] “Then Enlil went up into the boat, he took me by the hand and my wife and made us enter the boat and kneel down on either side, he standing between us. He touched our foreheads to bless us saying, ‘In time past Utnapishtim was a mortal man; henceforth he and his wife shall live in the distance at the mouth of the rivers.’

12 Poured out wine or some other beverage as an offering to the gods. 13 Many myth-making people believe that the gods gain nourishment from the greasy smoke of burnt sacrifices. 14 The necklace is a rainbow. 15 Part of Uruk. 3