Unit 6: the Republican Era Fact Sheet Study Guide (Chp. 9)

Unit 6: The Republican Era Fact Sheet – Study Guide (Chp. 9)

Chp. 9 Section 1: Republicans Take Power  Election of 1800 – Jefferson/Burr vs. Adams/Pinckney = Jefferson and Burr tie  Electoral College Ties are decided by voting in the House of Representatives  12th Amendment passed 1803 – set presidential election requirements – separate ballots for President and Vice-President  Thomas Jefferson becomes 3rd US President – change in power from Federalist Party to Democratic-Republicans  Judiciary Act of 1801 – “midnight judges” – last minute Federalists judicial appointments by outgoing President John Adams o Adams appoints his Sect. of State John Marshall as new Chief Justice of the Supreme Court  Marbury v. Madison (1803) – Supreme Court Case established judicial review o William Marbury – did not receive his official – signed/sealed – appointment o Challenged in Supreme Court to try to force Jefferson’s Sect. of State James Madison to deliver his commission – failed o Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against Marbury – Supreme Court did not have jurisdiction and part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional – court overturned a federal law (judicial review – broadened power of Supreme Court)  Burr and Hamilton – Hamilton accused Burr of treason for rumors of helping NY secede from the Union – Burr blamed Hamilton for working against him in election of 1800 and run for NY governor challenged to a duel July 1804 – Hamilton wounded died day later

Chp. 9 Section 2: The Louisiana Purchase  Western Territory o 1800 western US border = Mississippi River o Louisiana Territory – land west of Mississippi River claimed by Spain – 1802 Spanish closed port city of New Orleans to US trade o 1802 Spain and France secret agreement gave control of LA Territory to France  French Threat o French leader Napoleon Bonaparte – planned empires in Europe and Americas o Revolt in Santo Domingo – Napoleon wanted to use Santo Domingo as Caribbean naval base to control planned American empire – Santo Domingo led a successful revolt and became independent o Napoleon no longer needed Louisiana Territory – willing to sell  Louisiana Purchase – doubled the size of the US o Robert Livingston and James Monroe negotiated with French foreign minister Charles de Talleyrand to buy the entire Louisiana Territory from the French for $15 million o Jefferson justified purchase of territory under treaty making powers granted to President by Constitution – expanded power of executive branch  Lewis and Clark o Meriwether Lewis and William Clark led expedition (1804-1806) to explore Louisiana Territory o Explored Missouri River to Pacific Ocean – kept journals of findings o Assisted by Sacagawea – Native American from the Shoshone tribe o Zebulon Pike – 2 more expeditions (1805 and 1807) through upper Mississippi River valley and into present day state of Colorado (Pike’s Peak) Chp. 9 Section 3: A Time of Conflict  1790s war between Britain and France boosted American trade – approx. 1000 Am. Merchant (trade) ships around the world by 1800  Barbary Pirates – attacked merchant ships in Mediterranean Sea – demanded tribute (protections money) for safe passage (Barbary Coast States like Tripoli – North Africa)  War with Tripoli – US tried to blockade Tripoli – US fleet not strong enough to defeat pirates o 1804 pirates seized US warship Philadelphia and jailed crew o Captain Stephen Decatur led US raiding party to burn captured ship o Conflict ended June 1805 – Tripoli agreed to stop tribute demands – US paid $60,000 ransom for release of captured sailors  Neutral rights – right to sail seas without taking sides in any conflicts between countries o US rights violated by British and French at war again 1803 – 1805 o Impressment – forcing people to serve in the Navy - British and French were kidnapping American sailors o June 1807 British warship Leopard attacked American ship Chesapeake  Embargo Act – Dec. 1807 – prohibit trade with another country – targeted British – banned imports/exports with ALL foreign countries o Embargo failed – hurt American trade more than others – repealed March 1809  Election of 1808 – James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Pinckney  Frontier Conflicts – Ohio gains statehood 1803 o American settlers violating treaties with Native Americans in Ohio Valley o Shawnee Chief Tecumseh built Native American confederacy in northwest – allied with British – supported by Prophet (Tecumseh’s brother)  Battle of Tippecanoe – 1811 Gen. William Henry Harrison attacked Prophetstown located on Tippecanoe River (Harrison waited until Tecumseh left to attack) – battle lasted around 2 hours – Prophet retreated – US claimed as great military victory  War Hawks – 1810 Republicans elected to Congress – pressured President Madison for to go to war against British – supported nationalism o Henry Clay (Kentucky); John Calhoun (South Carolina) o Urged major military spending and acquiring more land for US

Chp. 9 Section 4: War of 1812 (“Mr. Madison’s War)  June 1812 US declared war on Great Britain  US Military – US Army = less than 7,000 troops; state militias = 50,000 – 100,000 volunteers (poorly trained) – war effort not supported by all states  Francis Scott Key wrote a poem – “ The Star-Spangled Banner” during the night of Sept. 13-14, 1814 during bombardment of Ft. McHenry from Baltimore Harbor o Poem would become US national anthem in 1931  Treaty of Ghent – peace agreement signed in Dec. 1814 in Ghent, Belgium ending war  Battle of New Orleans - Jan. 8, 1815 – American forces led by Andrew Jackson – greatest American victory of War – Jackson becomes war hero and will use reputation to gain presidency in 1828

See War of 1812 Timeline Analysis Chart presentation for key facts on timeline of war – posted on class updates website