Chapter 6: the American Revolution (1776-1783) Notes

Chapter 6: The American Revolution (1776-1783) Notes  Section 1: The Early Years: o The American Revolution: . After the ______, war was unavoidable. Both sides thought the war would be ______. ______thought the British would give up after one or two losing battles. ______thought otherwise, “We shall have a long…and bloody war to go through.” The ______had great advantages. o British Advantages: . Strongest ______in the world, experienced and well trained army, wealth, ______, 8 million in Great Britain to 2.5 million in the United States o Colonists’ Disadvantages: . Lacked a regular ______and strong navy, American soldiers lacked ______, short supply of weapons and ammunition, most were militia, and fought for a short period of time before going home o More Patriot Struggles: . Not all ______the struggle for independence, some were ______, Quakers would not participate in the war, Many remained ______to Britain o Loyalists: . Loyal to Britain were also called ______. 1 in 5 (20%) were Loyalists. Some people changed sides depending on which army was closer. ______support was biggest in the ______and ______. Weakest in ______. o Why Were People Loyalists: . Some were members of the ______(headed by the king). Others depended on the British for their jobs. Others ______disorder of forming a new government. Others didn’t see why the colonies wanted ______. One Loyalists complained: No other country “faced a rebellion arising from such trivial causes.” o African Americans in the War: . Some sided with the ______. The Royal Governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore, announced that enslaved people who fought on the British side would be ______. Many answered the call. o Patriot Advantages: . Fighting on own ______and fought with determination to protect it. Britain was fighting in a faraway land. Britain relied on ______(hired soldiers) called Hessians. Better leadership (George Washington) o Raising an Army: . The Americans transferred the power to the ______. The American Revolution was really like 13 separate ______. Each state pursued their own ______. Continental Congress had a hard time enlisting ______and raising money to fight the war. Each state was to ______soldiers. o More of Raising an Army: . At first men signed up for ______of service. ______convinced some to enlist “for the whole term of the war.” Officers were also hard to recruit. The best officers were ______of previous wars. ______also fought with the Patriot forces. For example, ______and others. o Battle on Long Island: . Summer of 1776, ______sent 32,000 troops across the Atlantic under ______. Patriots had fewer than 20,000 troops. ______suffered serious defeat. ______proved himself a hero at Long Island. Hale spied on the British disguising himself as a Dutch ______. The British figured out his true identify and hanged him. Right before his hanging Hale said, “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.” o More of the Battle of Long Island: . ______fought with bravery, but ran short of supplies. A British soldier wrote that many of the Patriot soldiers killed had not been wearing ______, socks, or jackets. “They are also in great want of blankets,” predicting that the rebels would suffer during the winter. ______retreated to Manhattan and then to Pennsylvania. o A Low Point: . ______faced near collapse during the winter of 1776-1777. Size of the army dwindled as terms of service ended. Others ran away. ______pleaded with the ______for new troops. Washington wanted to allow free ______to fight, but many in the ______felt uncomfortable giving them guns. o African American Join the Fight: . As more ______were needed, many states ignored the ban and enlisted African Americans. ______had an all African regiment in 1778. By the end of the war, all states except ______had enlisted African Americans to fight. As many as 5,000 joined the Patriots including ______and Peter Salem. African Americans joined because the believed in the Patriot cause or they needed ______. o The British: . Settled in ______for the winter. Left some troops in Princeton and ______, New Jersey. Washington saw a way to catch the British off guard. December 25th, 1776 ______and 2,400 troops crossed the icy ______to Trenton and surprised the Hessians. Washington then marched to Princeton and drove out the British. “Late successes have turned the scale and now they are all liberty-mad again.” o A British Plan for Victory: . The British planned on taking ______, New York. Wanted to control the ______. This would separate New England from the ______. Involved a three-pronged attack: 1. General ______would lead 8,000 troops south from Canada. 2. Lt. Colonel Barry St. Leger would move east from ______. 3. General ______would move north from New York City. **The three groups would meet at ______and destroy the ______troops. o The British Capture Philadelphia: . ______won battles near and in Philadelphia in September 1777. The ______was forced to flee. Washington then attacked the British at ______, but had to withdraw. Howe decided to spend the winter in ______instead of going to Albany. Howe wanted to stay close to Washington’s troops. o Patriots Slow the British: . St. Leger’s forces approached Fort ______, New York. ______forced the British to retreat. General Burgoyne’s troops were not making much progress. Gentleman ______traveled with 30 wagons of luxury goods. Americans also cut down trees to block their path. ______needed supplies so he sent 800 troops to Bennington, Vermont. The ______attacked and defeated them. Burgoyne retreated to Saratoga, New York in October. o The Battle of Saratoga: . The British forces Burgoyne expected did not arrive. St. Leger was ______and Howe was still in Philadelphia. American troops under ______blocked Burgoyne’s path to the south. Burgoyne was surrounded by a large ______, but decided to attack. The American’s held together and forced Burgoyne to ______. Howe then ______as commander of British troops in America and replaced by ______. Saratoga was a ______in the war, Patriot victory now seemed possible.  Section 2: The War Continues: o After Saratoga: . ______was a turning point, Patriot victory now seemed possible. European nations, especially ______saw that the Americans might actually ______. ______went to Paris, France to seek French ______. The French gave to the Americans secretly. But were not their ______.... yet. o France: . After ______, France openly announced their support of the ______. February 1778, ______and the U.S. worked out a trade ______and an alliance. France declared ______on Britain. Also sent ______, equipment, and troops to aid (help) the ______. o Spain: . Other European nations helped as well, mainly because they hated the ______. ______did not recognize American ______, but still declared was on ______in 1779. The Spanish governor of Louisiana, ______, raised an army. This army forced the British out and captured forts at ______and Pensacola. This diverted British troops from other fronts of the war. o Winter of 1777-1778: . ______and the British spent the winter in comfort in ______. About 20 miles west, ______set up his camp at ______. Washington and the army endured terrible ______. Lacked ______, clothing, shelter, and medicine. ______biggest challenge was keeping the army together. o Valley Forge: . Due to ______and damaged roads, it was hard to get ______in. The ______built huts and gathered supplies from the countryside. Volunteers, including ______, made clothes and cared for the sick. ______said no army had ever suffered “such uncommon hardships: with such “patience and fortitude.” o Joseph Martin at Valley Forge: . ______, a young private from ______wrote: “Most of the men lacked blankets, shoes, and shirts.” Martin made a pair of rough ______and later wrote, “The only alternative I had, was to endure this inconvenience and go barefoot, as hundreds of my companions had to, till they might be tracked by their blood upon the rough frozen ground.” o More of Valley Forge: . Many men ______(left without permission). Some officers ______. The army was falling apart. With strong ______, the Continental Army survived the ______. Conditions improved and new recruits joined. “The army grows stronger everyday.” April 1778, ______told the troops of the alliance with ______. The army celebrated with a religious ______and a parade. o Help From Overseas: . Among the leaders at ______was a French nobleman, the ______. ______offered his help to Washington and became a trusted aide to him. Others also helped the American cause including polish engineer ______and cavalry officer Casimir Pulaski. o More Help From Overseas: . Prussian officer ______helped drill the Patriot troops at ______. Taught the soldiers military discipline. Turned the ragged group into an effective fighting force. Spaniard ______befriended the Patriot leaders and loaned ______to the cause. Other Europeans who had recently moved to the ______joined the Patriot cause. Even with help, the ______still needed large amounts of money to continue to fight the war. o Money Problems: . Getting ______to finance the war was a major problem. ______had no power to raise money through ______. Some money came from the states and other countries, but much more was needed. ______and the states printed hundreds of millions of dollars’ worth of paper money. There was not enough ______or silver backing them and they lost value. This led to ______. No one would take the money and Congress stopped making them. o Changing Attitude: . Ideals of ______and freedom inspired the American Revolution. These same ideals caused ______to question their place and treatment in American ______. ______argued that women’s minds are as good as men’s. Therefore women should also get an ______. ______also stood up for women’s interests. o Hope For Equality: . The ideals of the ______led some white Americans to question ______. Governor ______of New Jersey asked the legislature to free all enslaved people in the state. ______said slavery was “utterly inconsistent with the principles of Christianity and humanity.” Many other states attempted to end ______. The issue (matter) of slavery would remain unsettled for many years. o Treatment of Loyalists: . Thousands of ______fought for the British. Some spied on ______. Many fled the colonies. Those that remained faced difficult times. Shunned by neighbors. Became victims of mob violence.  Section 3: The War Moves West: o Native Americans: . Mohawk chief ______and other Native Americans were concerned about the events of the ______. Battles took place with Native Americans along the Western ______. Some sided with the ______. Most sided with the ______. The British seemed like less of a threat. o The British and Native Americans: . ______and allies raided American settlements. In ______and northern Pennsylvania. ______was the British commander at Detroit. Hamilton’s nickname was the “______” because he would pay for American scalps. o Vincennes: . ______from Virginia militia set out to stop the attacks on western settlers. July 1778, Clark and 175 soldiers went down the ______. Took Kaskaskia and then Vincennes. ______then took Vincennes back in December. ______vowed to get it back. February 1779, Clark surprised the ______and forced Hamilton to surrender. This strengthened the American position in the ______. o Glory at Sea: . Battles raged on at sea. The British ______kept the Patriot’s ships from entering or leaving American ______. The ______prevented supplies and reinforcements from reaching the ______. o Privateers: . Continental Congress ordered 13 warships built. Only two sailed, the other were captured by the ______. The American ______was too weak to operate effectively. ______authorized about 2,000 ships to sail as ______. Privately owned with weapons. Getting crews for these ships was easy because it was very ______. The privateers captures more British ______than the American ______. o John Paul Jones: . ______raided British ports. Near Great Britain in September 1779. Jones’ ship, the ______, met the British ship the ______escorting merchant ships. The two ships fought for hours. Jones’ ship was sinking and the British ______asked him to ______. Jones responded “I have not yet begun to fight.” In the end, the ______captain surrendered. o Struggle in the South: . In 1776, the Americans crushed the ______at the Battle of Moore’s creek. Also saved ______from the British. It was a small battle, but its impact (effect) was ______. 1778, the ______saw that they were no closer to victory, so they moved the war to the ______. There were more ______there. They could also use their sea power more in the South. o British Victories: . Late 1778, General ______sent 3,500 troops from NY to take ______, Georgia. The ______occupied the coastal cities and overran most of the state. Early 1780, ______himself headed south with a large army to attack ______. Charles Town surrendered in May. ______lost about 5,500 soldiers. Worst American defeat of the war. o New Commander in the South: . ______returned to NY, leaving ______in command of the British forces in the South. ______was sent to face Cornwallis. The armies met at ______, South Carolina. The British won. The British army soon met a new kind of warfare. o Guerrilla Warfare: . The ______didn’t get the Loyalists support they expected. Small forces of ______attacked the British as they moved across the countryside. These bands used ______(hit and run attacks). Caught the British off guard. ______, the Swamp Fox, operated out of the swamps in South Carolina. One British colonel grumbled that “the devil himself” could not match ______. o Help From Spain: . Bernado de Galvez loaned thousands of ______to the Americans. Galvez opened the port of ______. Tons of supplies and ammunition were shipped up the ______. With these supplies, George Rogers Clark captured key post. 1779, ______declared war on Britain. Galvez raised an army of Spanish ______along with Creoles, Native Americans, and African Americans. Captured key forts and opened supply line for military supplies from Spain, France, ______, and Mexico. o Patriot Victories: . The British moved northward through the ______in September 1780. Patriots defeated the British at Kings Mountain and brought new support for ______. October 1780, ______replaced Gates as commander in the South. Greene avoided full scale battles and split the army in two. The British were ______at the Battle of Cowpens under Patriot General ______. The forces were reunited in March and met ______army at Guilford Courthouse (Greensboro, NC). Green’s forces were forced to retreat. The British ______(suffered ) great losses. o British Retreat: . ______knew he had to act quickly to win the war. More ______troops were on the way. Lord Cornwallis marched to Virginia in April 1781. The British almost captured Governor ______and the Virginia legislature. ______fled on horseback. Washington sent ______and General Anthony Wayne to fight Cornwallis. Cornwallis set up camp at ______and waited for further orders from Clinton in New York.  Section 4: The War is Won: o The French Arrive: . July 1780, French ______appeared off the coast of Newport, Rhode Island. Carrying needed aid: soldiers commanded by ______. The British soon arrived and trapped the French troops. Autumn 1780, ______waited for a second fleet of French ships. ______also kept an eye on the British army in New York that General Clinton commanded. Washington planned to attack the British when the second ______fleet arrived. The French fleet did not set sail until summer of 1781. o Washington’s Plans: . ______heard that Cornwallis was camped at ______, Virginia. ______kept them on the Yorktown peninsula. Washington also learned that Admiral ______, was heading toward Chesapeake Bay instead of New York. Washington changed his plans and headed south to ______. Washington kept his new ______(plan of action) secret. o Washington’s Secret Plan: . ______wanted Clinton to think the Patriots still planned to attack the British in ______. This would keep Clinton from sending aid to Cornwallis. ______joined with Washington in July and the two armies moved south. The soldiers did not know where they were heading. ______marched 200 miles in 15 days. General ______didn’t detect the forces leaving. Three groups (Washington’s, Rochambeau’s, and de Grasse’s) would meet at ______. o The Siege of Yorktown: . The plan worked perfectly. The British were ______. End of September 1781, 14,000 American and French troops trapped Cornwallis’ 8,000 British and ______troops at Yorktown. ______fleet kept the Cornwallis from escaping by sea. ______and the rest of the British army was still in ______. o Battle of Yorktown: . October 9, Americans and ______began a bombardment. A ______soldier said “One saw men lying everywhere…whose heads, arms, and legs had been shot off.” British supplies began to run low. ______soldiers were wounded and sick. Cornwallis realized that the situation was hopeless. October 19, ______surrendered his troops to the Patriots at the ______. Patriots took 8,000 British prisoners and more than 200 guns. o After Yorktown: . Fighting did not end. The ______still held ______, Charles Town, and new York. A few more battles took place, but the victory at Yorktown convinced the ______that the war was too costly to ______(continue). Both sides sent delegates to ______to work out a treaty. The United States were represented by ______, John Adams, and John Jay. The American ______ratified (approved) the preliminary treaty in April 1783 and the final version of the ______on September 3, 1783. o The Treaty of Paris: . Triumph for the ______. Great Britain recognize the U.S. as an independent nation. The British agreed to withdraw all their troops. The U.S. also got fishing ______off the coast of Canada. The U.S. agreed that the British merchants could collect ______that Americans owed them. ______property was also to be returned. o The Newburgh Conspiracy: . ______army was headquartered in Newburgh, New York. The ______refused to fund the soldiers’ pensions and failed to provide them with other pay. The army got mad and said they would use force against the ______. Washington knew this was dangerous and he persuaded the angry soldiers to be ______. Washington urged Congress to meet their demands. ______responded to Washington and met the demands. o Washington Resigns: . November 1783, British troops left New York. December 4, Washington said ______to his troops. Washington formally ______three weeks later. “Having now finished the work assigned to me I retire…and take my leave of all the employments of public life.” Washington returned home to ______, Virginia in time for Christmas. He planned to remain and live quietly with his family. o Why the American Won: . They were fighting on their own ______. The British had to send troops from thousands of miles away. The British depended on the ______and once the French blocked their ships they were helpless. American knew the local terrain and where to lay an ______(Surprise attack). The British had trouble controlling the American ______once they occupied the cities. o More of Why the Americans Won: . Help from other ______. The French and Spanish helped the American cause. The American Revolution was a peoples movement. It depended on the determination and spirit of all ______. o Influence of the American Revolution: . The ideas of the ______influenced other revolutions. The French revolution. The French Colony Saint Domingue. The principles that “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights” guided these revolutions.