Unit 2Industrializationss8 Mrs. Francis

Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

Essential Question: How can rapid industrial and technological development be a blessing and a curse? Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

Railroads and Industry

Do Now:

Growth of Railroads

The period from 1865 to 1900 was the great age of railroad building. Coast-to-coast rail service, in particular, helped tie the nation together.

How did the railroads improve?

______

What impact did the railroad networks have on those that would ship goods?

How was Railroad travel improved?

______designed and sold an air brake that allowed a locomotive engineer to stop all railroad cars at once.

Before this invention each car had its own break and break operator and if they did not stop at the same time there would be serious accidents.

______designed a railroad sleeping car which made long distance travel more comfortable.

______, or combining, of Railroads. Large railroads bought smaller railroads.

If you were a railroad owner and you bought all of the other railroads would that be good or bad for you? Explain ______

Important People Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

______was a very tough businessman who believed in consolidation. He bought lines in NY first and then continued to buy more and more. He was a ruthless businessman.

______built the Great Northern Railroad. He did so with no help from the Government rather he worked with the farmers and people moving west.

What was the most important invention for the railroad? Why?

______

Document 1:

GROSS EARNINGS OF THE RAILROADS

$600,000,000 $550,000,000 $500,000,000 $450,000,000 $400,000,000 $350,000,000 $300,000,000 $250,000,000 $200,000,000 $150,000,000 $100,000,000 1861 1871 1879 Use the graph above to answer the following questions.

1. How much money was earned in 1861? 1879?

1861______1879______

2. What is the difference between 1861 and 1879?

3. What do you think is the reason for this? Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

4. How did the railroad effect industrialization?

Mark Twain wrote about his experiences living and working out West in his book Roughing It, published in 1872. Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

Describe the differences that Twain wrote about between his travel on the mail coach and the accounts from the railroad travel.

Reducing Competition

Define rebates: ______

Define pools: ______

Why were pools created?

Railroads and Farmers

How did rebates and pools affect farmers?

How did the farmers attempt to address the problem?

“With Rail lines in place, the United States was ready to become the greatest Industrial Nation the world had ever seen.” Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

Why? ______

Positives of the Railroad Negatives of the Railroad

Directions: You are to create your own political cartoon about the Railroad. You can portray either the negatives or the positives of the railroad.

Rise of Big Business

Do Now:

How would having a single company produce all of the video and computer games affect the variety, quality and pricing? ______Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

______

Why did the steel industry become important?

What was the Bessemer process and why was it important?

What new ways of doing business did Americans develop?

What are the pros and cons to Big Business? Pros Cons

Andrew Carnegie

Where did Carnegie build his mill?

Carnegie owned every process of making steel from the mining of iron ore to shipping the steel. This ability to gain control of all steps used to change raw materials into finished product is called______.

______- Carnegie’s idea or belief that the rich had a responsibility to help the poor and improve society. Gave millions to charities.

John D. Rockefeller Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

Oil is discovered in Pennsylvania, but Rockefeller believes the money is in ______.

He invests in an oil refinery at the age of 23. He believes competition is wasteful. He buys out other refineries. Why? ______.

Creates Standard Oil in 1870.

Rockefeller formed the Standard Oil trust in 1882. He had a monopoly in the oil industry.

Define monopoly: ______.

Rockefeller= Horizontal Integration Carnegie=Vertical Integration

Answer the Chart Skills Question: ______Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

Analyzing a Document

1. Who is the man in this cartoon?

2. What industry does he control?

3. What is made to look like a factory in the background?

4. What is the message of this cartoon?

5. What act was passed to try to prevent monopolies?

J.P. Morgan Morgan was the most powerful banker of the late 1800s. He used his profits from the banking industry to gain control of major corporations. ______first billion dollar corporation.

Social Darwinism Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

Definition:

Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company Cuts Prices to Kill Competition Throughout her life, muckraker Ida Tarbell was interested in the unfair competition between the small oil producers of Pennsylvania and the Standard Oil Company. In this excerpt, which is taken from Tarbell’s book The History of the Standard Oil Company, she wrote about how the Standard Oil Company dealt with competition. Her information is based on interviews with former Standard Oil Company employees. The marketing department of the Standard Oil Company is organized to cover the entire country, and aims to sell all of the oil sold in each of its divisions. To eliminate competition it had organized an elaborate secret service for locating the quantity, quality, and selling price of independent or competitor shipments. Having located an order for independent oil with a dealer, Standard Oil persuades the independent dealer, if possible, to cancel the order. If this impossible, Standard Oil threatens “predatory competition,” that is, to sell at cost (the amount spent in producing and manufacturing) or less until the rival is worn out… The sureness and promptness with which Standard Oil located their competitors’ shipments was remarkable. The ruthlessness (harshness) and persistency with which Standard Oil cut and continued to cut their prices drove small independent oil producers to despair.

1. According to Tarbell, how did Standard Oil eliminate competition?

2. If you were an independent oil producer in the late 1800s, how would you have responded to Rockefeller’s business methods? Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

Forms of Business Organization Form Advantages Disadvantages *owner close to customers ad *owner assumes all risks workers *limited capital available Proprietorship *has total control of *one manager’s perspective management *receives all profits *more capital can be raised *profits must be shared *risks are shared *unlimited liability for owners Partnership *more management *ends if one partner leaves perspective *increased capital through sale *state & federally regulated of shares (stocks) *subject to corporate taxes *losses limited to investment *management removed from *increased number of customers & workers managers Corporation *ownership transferable *larger growth potential *research facilities possible *risks shared

Government Response to Industrial Development and Abuses

The great strides in technology made Telephone and telegraph communication the remote geographic areas of the United and railroad transportation went beyond States more accessible to each other. state borders. However, in the industrial Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis age, the new interstate commerce required Food prices rose because it cost so much to national laws. The new laws made the bring crops to the market. national government grow increasingly stronger. The farmers pressed their states to regulate such railroad abuse. However, rich There were no laws to stop some and powerful railroad owners bribed companies from forming mergers legislators and prosecutors and found ways (combinations of several companies) so big around the regulations. The Supreme Court that they dominated the market for their of the United States said states could product. When one company eliminates all regulate the railroads but only within their others it becomes a monopoly or a trust. state boundaries. In Wabash RR v. Illinois Once a company controls the market, it can decision of 1886, the Court said Congress set the design, quality, and quantity of a alone could regulate interstate commerce. product. A monopoly can charge high prices because there is no competition to Farmers and the public turned to deep it in line by offering the product for a Congress for action. In 1887, Congress lower price. The trust becomes the dictator passed the Interstate Commerce Act. It of the market. regulated railroad rates. It also prohibited railroad pools. Shortly afterwards, Congress In the 1870s, farmers of prairie and passed the Sherman Anti-trust Act (1890). western states were at the mercy of railroad It outlawed monopolies in all industries by trusts. Railroad companies formed pools to forbidding “combinations in restraint of eliminate competition. The group of trade.” These acts were a weak start. companies conspired to control prices. Neither act was exceptionally strong, and Together they acted as a monopoly. corrupt officials worked to keep them weak. Railroad pools charged high prices to get Not until the Progressive Era were strong farmers produce to market. The farmers had laws passed to control monopolies. no alternatives. The public was hurt, too.

Define all bold terms from the reading above in the space below:

1. ______

2. ______

3. ______

4. ______

5. ______Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

6. ______

Rockefeller: Captain of Industry or Robber Baron? Directions: For each situation listed below, decide if you think Rockefeller was a Captain of Industry or a Robber Baron. Write your answer in the space provided. ______1. Rockefeller cut waste in the oil industry and thus was able to lower production costs. Lower production costs led to lower prices and higher wages for workers. ______2. Rockefeller forced railroads to give Standard Oil rebates, or kickbacks. In other words, owners had to pay him for using their railroads. ______3. Before Rockefeller built his trust, there were dozens of small companies competing against each other in the oil industry. In this confusing situation companies could not provide the oil needed to meet the nation’s needs. ______4. Rockefeller owned not only companies that refined oil, but also ships, barrels, and pipelines that carried oil. He had a complete monopoly of the oil industry. ______5. Rockefeller gave $500,000,000 to charity, the largest amount of money ever given by one person. ______6. During Rockefeller’s time, many people thought the United States was still a nation of small businesses. They failed to see that Americans were no long completely independent and self-sufficient. To build and manage Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

the great empire of railroads, oil, and steel, Americans had to form large groups. In other words, they had to realize that they were becoming increasingly interdependent. ______7. Rockefeller lived during a time of change. There were no laws or established business practices. He used the tools available to him as well as his own original ideas. ______8. Rockefeller used the rebates he received from railroads to lower prices and destroy competitors. ______9. Rockefeller was a hero of the age of industry, similar to the heroes of the age of exploration. Drake, Hawkins, Cavendish, and Cabot pursued new opportunities boldly and confidently, and some of them were good businessmen, too. ______10. Rockefeller was worth $1,000,000,000 at a time when the most able factory workers made $14 to $16 a week.

Case Study of John D. Rockefeller: Business Pioneer or Robber Baron? Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

Inventions Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

Do Now:

Name one invention that has had a major impact on the way people live today ______

Between 1860 and 1890 approximately ______patents were issued.

A ______is a license for an invention that allows you the rights to the invention and prevents people from copying what you have made.

What is necessary to experience the Industrial Revolution?

1. ______such as coal, iron ore, rich soil, timber, etc.

2. ______which are needed to work and purchase goods.

3. ______money to buy machines and pay workers.

4. ______willing to take risks to establish new businesses.

Identify two new sources of power:

1. ______

2. ______

Inventions that sped up Communication

In 1844, Samuel Morse received a patent for ______which improved communication in the United States. It sent ______based on a code of dots and dashes. 1866- ______ran an underwater cable across the Atlantic Ocean that could now connect the US to Europe. ______invented the telephone “talking machine” It improved business (no longer had to go to the telegraph office, quickly get prices, or check on supplies in inventory)

Thomas Edison Edison was known as the “Wizard of Menlo Park” He invented the ______, ______, and hundreds of other devices. He created the first______(1882 NYC) which gave people light.

Technology Takes Over Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

. It seemed like every day there was a new invention and with the new technology, businesses became more ______and life became more ______.

. Examples:

 Refrigerated Railroad Car (1880) – ______ Typewriter (1868) – ______ Lightweight Kodak camera(1888) – ______Automobiles No single person invented the automobile. Henry Ford made the first car that was affordable. In 1913, he introduced the ______. A method of production where workers stayed in one place and the product moved along. The assembly line allowed for ______.

What are two benefits to mass producing products? 1. ______2. ______

Airplanes

______invented the first plane. At the time, people saw no use for the “flying machine.”

New Technologies during Industrialization

Directions: Use your textbook (page 545) and your notes to complete the following chart.

Advancements in Advancements in Travel Advancements in Home/office Communication

Create an Advertisement Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

Directions: Choose one of the inventions above and create an advertisement for it that you could see in the newspaper during the time of industrialization. Remember, you want people to want to buy your product, so your advertisement should be catchy.

Letter Writing

Directions: On a separate sheet of paper, you are to write a letter pretending you were a person living in 1910 to someone who is alive today. In your letter, you have to explain how the inventions from 1860-1910 changed the way people lived. Explain how advancements in transportation, communication, and home/office changed your life (you were alive between 1860-1910). The letter should be at least a page long. Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

1876 Fair

At the 1876 Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, a celebration of our nations’ one hundredth birthday, nearly 200 buildings showcased the country‘s newest technology. Examine some inventions and innovations that were changing life and work in the United States at the time; then complete the exercise that follows. Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

Factory Conditions

Aim: Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

Do Now:

A New Workplace ______the Civil War, most factories were ______and ______. Bosses knew their workers. Most workers had skills that the factory needed, so they were able to ______. Working Conditions ______- is a workplace where people labor ______in ______for ______. Who worked in the sweatshops? Why?

What hazards could be found in the workplace?

Describe what life was like for children during this time period.

Who was Lewis Hine?

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire The Triangle Shirtwaist factory was located in the Asch Building in NYC. It’s workforce was made up of mainly young immigrant women, most of them Italians and Jews from Eastern Europe. Most workers earned $9 per week, with the most experienced making up to $12 per week. The younger workers, some only 13 years old, earned just $6 a week. Everybody was expected to work at least 59 hours a week. Working at the factory was unhealthy, uncomfortable, and unsafe. Managers seldom let workers leave to use the bathroom or drink from the dirty tap in the hallway. Fire hazards were everywhere. Workers stuffed leftover fabric into wooden bins where it sat for months.

1. Describe the workers and working conditions in the Triangle Shirtwaist factory, using at least three examples. ______Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

______On March 25th 1911, a fire swept through the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory. The cause of the fire was unknown. But suddenly people on the 8th floor began to cry “fire!” Within minutes, the entire floor was a mass of flames. Escaping workers rushed to the stairs, however, they were soon ablaze. The workers on the 9th floor had no warning. Some women died immediately. Fireman later found them as “skeletons bending over sewing machines.” Those who had time to escape found themselves trapped by the locked factory door. In desperation, they rushed to the windows and began to jump. The crowd that gathered outside the Asch building watched in horror as girls began to fall out of the sky – “fire streaming back from their hair and dresses.” Their bodies hit the pavement with sickening thuds. Firefighters arrive quickly, but had trouble because bodies had fallen on the hoses and their ladders did not extend further than the 7th floor. A total of 146 women died that day. Why did so many women die in the fire?

Could the fire have been prevented? Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

Analyzing a Document Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

Workers in the Age of Industry

Do Now:

Changes in the Workplace

 Factory life: ______

 Hazards on the job: ______

 Child labor: ______

Knights of Labor – Goals: 1. ______workday 2. ______pay for men and women

3. ______child labor

Haymarket Square

 Workers at McCormick Harvester went on Strike – The Knights ______

 McCormick hired strikebreakers, which are ______

 Workers and strikebreakers clashed and the police ______

 Thousands gathered in Haymarket Square the next day to protest. The rally was led by ______. (Definition: ______)

American Federation of Labor (AFL) was a union organized by ______.

It was made up of ______.

Goals:

1. ______wages

2. ______hours.

3. ______working conditions. Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

4. Collective bargaining: ______

Women at Work

Why would women need to organize in response to working conditions? Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

What union did the women join?

Government Response

How did the government respond to strikes?

Read the following articles and answer the questions below. Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

1. What role did the federal government play in the industrialization of the United States?

2. How did the formation of monopolies or trusts by big railroad, oil, and steel companies affect consumers in the United States? Workers in the United States? Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

3. Why do you suppose the government generally adopted a “hands-off” policy during this period?

4. Why did workers strike in 1894 at the Pullman Palace Car Factory?

5. How did the federal government respond to the Pullman Worker’s strike?

6. Was the government justified in sending troops to enforce the injunction against the Pullman strike? Why or why not? Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

Aim: How did the media portray industrialization?

Do now:

View scenes from Charlie Chaplin's Modern Times classic film. Answer questions while the film is shown.

1. Referring to the opening scene, what are people (going to work) compared to?

2. Describe the work done by Charlie Chaplin?

3. What were the effects of this type of work on the workers?

4. How are machines used in the film? a. b. c.

5. What is the relationship between the workers and the boss?

6. Does this film show industrialization as positive or negative? Explain. Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

Review for Test on Industrialization

Social Darwinism ______Large companies forced small companies out of business. Big Business Leaders ______Cornelius Vanderbilt – ______JP Morgan – ______Mass Production ______Increase in demand in steel and rubber Inventors ______Samuel Morse – Telegraph ______Inventions – helped factories to improve efficiency Railroads ______

Terms ______

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire After the fire – called for laws to regulate safety in factories Child labor Unit 2 Industrialization SS8 Mrs. Francis

______

Labor Unions Late 1800s – American opinion – striking workers didn’t need help Labor unions developed to ______Labor Unions ______Union for skilled and unskilled – Knights of Labor ______Terms ______Blacklist – ______