Final Exam Notes

FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET COURSE QUESTIONS - How did elements of culture change to go from the way they were to they way they are today? - What are themes which have woven through multiple units? LEARNING OBJECTIVES UNIT 0 1) Identify the contributions of the Greek City-States and the Roman Empire to western culture. 2) Identify and explain the causes of the fall of the Roman Empire. 3) Using examples, summarize why the “Dark Ages” where called the “Dark Ages” 4) List the main points of the feudal system, and compare it to our political and economic system today. 5) Identify and summarize the role of the Roman Catholic Church during the Dark Ages and early Middle Ages (until about 1300)

TERMS: Democracy, Barbarians, Sack of Rome, Rhine River, Absolute Monarchy, Roman Catholic Church, Pope, Peasant, Literacy, Crusades, Avignon Papacy, Black Plague, Christianity, Islam, Republic, Feudalism, Trade, Ancient Texts

Unit 1 = Renaissance & Reformation LEARNING OBJECTIVES UNIT 1

1. Identify, connect & explain the causes of the Renaissance 2. Explain why the Renaissance began where it did, and why/where it spread 3. Identify and give examples of cultural elements which grew during the Renaissance 4. Identify important Renaissance figures (people) and their individual contributions 5. Summarize the effects of cultural changes on Religion in Europe 6. Identify & explain the causes and effects of the Protestant Reformation

TERMS: Merchants, Trade, Florence, Brunelleschi, Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Donatello, Individualism, Humanism, Secularism, Perspective, Medici, Printing Press, Telescope, Silks, Spices, Ptolemy, Aristotle, Plato, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Isabella d’Este

Short Answer: 1. List 2 products new to Renaissance Europe, and describe briefly(1-2 sentences each) why each was important. 2. Describe 2 contributions of Martin Luther to the Reformation 3. List 3 clear, specific contributions of Greece and/or Rome on the Renaissance.

Essay. Clearly state what you believe changed about the role of the Catholic Church during the Era we’ve been studying. Use specific evidence (at least 3 pieces) to support your thesis (opinion). Use a standard essay format (intro, support paragraphs, conclusion).

UNIT 2 – Enlightenment & Exploration LEARNING OBJECTIVES UNIT 2 1) Identify the cultural causes of 30 years war, its effects on different elements of culture, and how the war could have been avoided. 2) Identify the fundamental ideas of absolute monarchy and describe how Monarchs we’ve discussed ran their countries (successes and failures). Compare their systems of government to each other, and to our government today. 3) Compare the exploratory accomplishments of the 5 major European Naval powers, and the impact of exploration/colonization on the culture of the colonizers and the places they colonized. 4) Assess the comparative power of the major cultures of the world in 1500, and identify the causes of the rise of European nations over American, African, and even Asian nations. 5) Identify the major personal contributors to the Scientific Revolution and their contributions. Be able to explain the impact each discovery had on the culture of the time and how the discovery changed culture from that point on. 6) Connect the ideas of different thinkers, philosophers and scientists to one another, and explain the cultural significance of their connections.

TERMS: 100 yrs. War, Joan of Arc, Cristopher Columbus, Queen Isabella, Martin Luther, Pope Leo X, Reformation, Protestant, Indulgences, 95 Theses, excommunication, colonization, absolute monarchy, great schism, Henry VIII, Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Queen Elizabeth, Louis XIV, King Phillip II, gold, cash crop, tobacco, tea, sugar cane, slave trade, Spain, Portugal, England, France, Netherlands

SHORT ANSWER 1. Rank the 5 major European Naval powers in order from strongest (most accomplished) to weakest (least accomplished) and give a sentence explaining each ranking. 2. Make a Venn diagram comparing absolute monarchies with our system of government in the U.S. today. Include at least 5 things total, at least 1 in each space of the diagram. 3. Describe in a brief (2-3 sentence) summary the connections between the people of 2 of the following 5 groups a. Aristotle, Newton & Locke b. Bacon, Newton, Fahrenheit c. Copernicus, Galileo & Kepler d. Beccaria, Montesquieu & Jefferson e. Galen, da Vinci, Vesalius & Leeuwenhoek

ESSAY Explain clearly & in an organized fashion the causes of the rise of European nations over Native American, Native African, and even Asian nations.

Unit 3 – Democratic Revolutions Learning Objectives: UNIT 3 1) Demonstrate clear connections between the ideas of the enlightenment thinkers and the actions which caused Revolution in England (1688), the United States (1776), and France (1789). 2) Describe the causes of the “Glorious” Revolution in England, its unique significance, and the effects it had on both England and other western countries. 3) Describe the causes of the American Revolution, its unique significance, and the effects it had on specific European countries. 4) Describe the causes of the French Revolution, its unique significance, and the effects it had on Europe, including the actions of Napoleon which culminated in the Congress of Vienna. 5) Compare and Contrast the European “cultural landscape” in 1800 (end of the era of Revolutions) with the “cultural landscape” in 1600.

TERMS : Magna Carta, Parliament, James I, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, Charles II, James II, William & Mary, John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, British Bill of Rights, Glorious Revolution, Puritans, Roundheads, Habeus Corpus, Divine Right, Absolute Monarchy, Constitutional Monarchy, Thomas Jefferson, Cesare Beccaria, Baron de Montesquieu, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Declaration of Independence, U.S. Constitution, Bill of Rights, Louis XVI, Bread Riots, Estates General, Tennis Court Oath, Declaration of the Rights of Man, Abbie de Sieyes, National Assembly, Great Fear, Bastille, Reign of Terror, Guillotine, Maximillien Robespierre, Committee on Public Safety, The Directory, Napoleon Bonaparte, Klemens von Metternich, Congress of Vienna, Scorched Earth, Russian Winter

SHORT ANSWER 1) List & Describe the 3 causes of Napoleon’s defeat. 2) Describe 2 ways that “Unmet expectations” played a role in the English Civil War & American Revolutions? 3) List the 3 revolutions in order and describe 1 specific thing that was unique about each. 4) List 3 important documents created during the time period 1600-1815 and give 1 important modern cultural ideal that we take from each document (NOTE: the idea must be different for each document) 5) What problems existed with the format of the Estates General? What was done about it?

ESSAY: The term “Revolution” fits the events we’ve been learning about in this unit well. UNIT 4 – Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial Revolutions

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1) Show the causes of the commercial and agricultural revolutions, and their effects on industry and culture in general. 2) Demonstrate how specific scientific and technological changes brought about massive changes in social structure, economics, government, and customs of people in newly industrialized areas. 3) Use examples to demonstrate the importance of location, resources, and new ideas in the development of Commercial, Agricultural and Industrial business to explain why these revolutionary models came to some areas before others. 4) Identify the causes and effects of population growth, urban migration and changing patterns of labor (slavery, factories, unions, etc.). 5) Analyze the short and long term effects of industrialization on the culture and people of industrialized nations.

TERMS : “Land, Labor & Capital”, Entrepreneur, Banking, Insurance, Assembly Line, Unions, Suffrage, Crop Rotation, Breeding, Factories, Child Labor, Field Enclosures, Corporation, Sports, Berlin Conference, Socialism, Communism, Capitalism, Theory of Evolution, Peppered Moth, Industrialization, Laissez Faire, Mass Culture , weekends, Workers’ Strike, Karl Marx, Luddites, Louis Pasteur, Charles Darwin, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison, Phonograph, Photograph, Radio, Psychology, Radioactivity, Bicycle, Steel Furnace, Railroads Cotton Gin, Mechanical Reaper, Morse Code, Steam Power, Seed Drill, Flying Shuttle, Spinning Jenny, Suez Canal Light Bulb, Electric Battery, Model T

ESSAY: Create a chain of events/ideas which incorporates as many of the ideas, people, and things we’ve discussed in this unit as possible, and trace back to the beginning of the unit, or even to previous units to find the source of the rise of mass culture. Explain in detail the reasons for the rise of Mass Culture during the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries, and how the new culture manifested (showed) itself.

Section 2: Short Answer: Write 1 paragraph or less on each of the following. 1. Describe the importance of “Land, Labor & Capital” on the causes of the Industrial Revolution in Britain. 2. Explain how the spinning mule (spinning jenny + water frame) changed textile manufacturing. 3. List and describe 3 changes to the making of textiles brought about by the factory model of production. 4. List and describe 3 legislative changes which improved the condition of the workers in England and explain why each was important. 5. List 2 problems which the I.R. brought about that we still deal with today (and why) and 2 problems we don’t have to worry about today (and why). 6. List & describe 3 effects of the Steam Engine on culture during this period. ESSAY In 1750, Western Europe and the United States were still entirely agriculturally based societies. By 1900, culture had changed dramatically because of the changes brought about during the industrial revolution. The question is . . . . Between 1750 and 1900, had people’s lives improved as a result of the industrial revolution? Make sure your opinion is CLEAR and you provide a significant amount of detailed evidence from the unit to support your claim.

UNIT 5 – Imperialism & Socialism LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 1) Identify the who, what, when, where and why of European Imperialism during the 2nd ½ of the 1800’s. 2) Explain the influence of Western ideas (ism’s and ocracy’s) and actions on the Russia. 3) Identify & describe the roles played by different social classes in the Russian population (Czars, aristocrats/nobles, middle class, industrial workers, peasants) in causing the Revolution. 4) Identify the major players in the Russian Revolution, their roles and relationships during the revolution

TERMS: Industry, Democracy, Autocracy, Socialism, Communism, Marxism, Capitalism, Command Economy, Imperialism, Karl Marx, Alexander I,II,III, Nicholas II, Rasputin, Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky, Czar, Serf, Duma, Proletariat, Bolshevik, Soviet, Trans-Siberian railway, Pogrom, Cheka, Bloody Sunday, Ruso-Japanese War, Petrograd Riots, World War I, , March Revolution, October Revolution, Red Army, White Army, Gulag, 5 Year Plan, Purges/Great Purge

SHORT ANSWERS 1. Describe 2 motivations for European Imperialism in the late 1800’s/early 1900’s. 2. Describe 2 reasons why the Marxist model for Socialism would OR 2 reasons why it wouldn’t work in Russia. 3. Describe 3 things the Czar’s did which helped cause the Revolution. 4. Give 2 examples supporting or refuting (prove false) the applicability of the following statement: “Leaders of revolutions often utilize the same methods and practices of the leaders they replace.” ESSAY Write a “5 paragraph” format essay (intro, supporting evidence, and conclusion) explaining whether Russia was better off with or without a Revolution.