Case Names and Uses:

Nominative – subject and predicate nominative. Grumio est coquus. Grumio est ebrius. Nom.Subj. = Pred. Noun Nom.Subj. = Pred. Adj. Genitive – possession (OF, ‘s, s’) canis puellae fugit. in villa ancillarum convenimus. (gen. s.) (gen. pl.) Dative – indirect object w/ verbs of giving, telling, showing & w/ special verbs: “to/for” pater filiae canem dedit. Grumio ancillis cenam paravit. Dat. Dat. Accusative – direct object (receives the action). Grumio cenam paravit. also w/ prep. (ad, prope, in = into, onto) Acc. Ablative – object of prepositions e/ex (from, out of), in (in, on), a/ab (from), sine (without), de (down from, about), pro (in front of). Quintus cum matre sedebat. Abl. Declensions and case endings: Singular first declension second declension third declension Nom. puella servus leo Gen. puellae servi leonis Dat. puellae servo leoni Acc. puellam servum leonem Abl. puella servo leone Plural Nom. puellae servi leones Gen. puellarum servorum leonum Dat. puellis servis leonibus Acc. puellas servos leones Abl. puellis servis leonibus *********************************************************************** Verbs: Present Personal endings: -o/-m = I -s = you -t = he, she, it -mus = we -tis = you (pl.) -nt = they ambulant = they walk, they are walking, they do walk ************************************************************************ Imperfect Personal endings: -bam = I [was]… -bas = you [were]… -bat = s/he… -bamus = we… -batis = you… -bant = they… ambulabant = they walked, they were walking, they used to walk Imperfect (-BA-) indicates incomplete action…it may still be happening. ************************************************************************ Perfect Personal endings (always attach to a perfect stem): -i = I...[-ed] -isti = you…[-ed] -it = s/he…[-ed] -imus = we… -istis = you… -erunt = they… ambulaverunt = they walked, they have walked, they did walk Perfect tense indicates complete action…the action itself is finished…the results of the action may still be in effect (“I baked bread yesterday…have a sandwich.") Pluperfect Personal endings are the imperfect of the verb “to be” and attach to the perfect stem: ambulav + eram, -eras, -erat, -eramus, -eratis, -erant The translation ALWAYS and ONLY uses HAD as a ‘helping verb’…the action always happens in the past in relation to some other action that is already in the past. ambulaverat = he had walked ambulaveramus – we had walked

The verb "to be": Present Imperfect sing. pl. sing. pl. 1. sum - I am sumus - we are eram - I was eramus - we were 2. es - you are estis - you are eras - you were eratis - you were 3. est - s/he, it is sunt - they are erat - s/he, it was erant - they were there is there are there was there were The verbs "possum, volo, and nolo" Present s. pl. s. pl. s. pl. 1. possum possumus volo volumus nolo nolumus 2. potes potestis vis vultis non vis non vultis 3. potest possunt vult volunt non vult nolunt

These verbs, along with necesse est and commodum est will always be associated with a complementary infinitive (" + -re = 'to') cantare potest - she is able to sing ************************************************************************ Vocative case - the case of direct address - looks just like the nominative, except for a man's name ending in -us (change -us to -e) or -ius (drop -us): nom. Anna cenam parat - Anna is preparing dinner. voc. Anna, cenam para - Anna, prepare dinner! nom. Marcus Annam amat. Marcus loves Anna. voc. Marce, amphoram ad villam porta. Marcus, carry the jar to the house! ************************************************************************ Imperative mood gives commands: singular - the conjugation vowel - pl. + -te porta amphoram, Marce! Carry the jar, Marcus! serpentem neca! Kill the snake! portate cenam, pueri! Carry the dinner, boys! serpentem necate! Kill the snake!

*********************************************************************** * Personal Pronouns {n.b. the pronoun se = himself, herself, themselves) first person singular second person plural first person plural second person plural Nom. ego = I tu = you nos = we vos = you Dat. mihi = to/for me tibi = to/for you nobis = to/for us vobis = to/for you Acc. me = me te = you nos = us vos = you ************************************************************************ Relative pronouns – qui, quae, quod – who, which – relate back to an antecedent (a word which goes before the relative pronoun). vir, qui sceptrum tenebat, erat rex. femina, quae coronam gerebat, erat regina. The man, who was holding a scepter, was the king. The woman, who was wearing a crown, was the queen. donum, quod Romani dederunt, erat equus nobilis. The present, which the Romans gave, was a noble hores. Asking questions: quis? = who? quis es tu? Who are you? quid? = what? quid mercator habet? What does the merchant have? ubi? = where? ubi est canis meus? Where is my dog? -ne = ? ambulatne infans? Is the baby walking? num = ? -> "no" num cenam coquis? You aren't cooking dinner, are you? nonne = ? -> "yes" nonne picturas moventes amas? You like movies, don't you?

Participles (adjectives which have been created out of verbs):

I. Present Active Participles: -ns, -nt- = -ing (pres. stem + -ns, etc.) – the action expressed by the participle happens at the same time as the main verb:

amans, amantem = loving debens, debentem = owing ducens, ducentes = leadingaudiens, audientes = hearing

milites, ad aulam victimas ducentes, statuam deae viderunt.

II. Perfect Active Participles: the 4th principal part of deponent verbs (passive in form, active in meaning) translate ‘having done’...the action – which happens before the action of the main verb – describes what someone has done.

egressus, -a, -um = having left precatus, -a, -um = having prayed conspicatus, -a, -um = having caught sight of locutus, -a, -um = having spoken

senex, e templo egressus, domum rediit.

III. Perfect Passive Participles: the 4th principal part of most verbs! The action expressed by the pf. pass. part. happpens before the main verb – and tells what has happened to someone.

missus, -a, -um = having been sent amatus, -a, -um = having been loved visus, -a, -um = having been seen factus, -a, -um = having been made/done

puer, a servo verbatus, lacrimis se dedit.

IV. Forms for the subjunctive mood.

Imperfect subjunctive = Pres. Act. Inf. (2nd prin. part) + personal endings: ambulo, AMBULARE, ambulavi, ambulatus, –a, -um

1. ambulare + m = I was walking ambulare + mus = we were… 2. ambulare + s = you were walking ambulare + tis = you were… 3. ambulare + t = s/he, it was walking ambulare + nt = they were… (Imperfect subjunctive happens at the same time as the main verb, when the main verb is in the past…pf./plupf./impf….this is “secondary sequence of tenses”)

Pluperfect subjunctive = perfect stem + isse + personal endings: ambulo, ambulare, AMBULAVI, ambulatus, –a, -um

1. ambulav + isse + m = I had walked ambulav + isse + mus = I had… 2. ambulav + isse + s = you had walked ambulav + isse + tis = you had… 3. ambulav + isse + t = s/he, it had walked ambulav + isse + nt = they had…

(Pluperfect subjunctive happens before the main verb, when the main verb is in the past… pf./plupf./impf….this is “secondary sequence of tenses”)

Uses of the subjunctive – CUM clauses – cum = when, since, although