American Pageant Chapter 24 Part I

American Pageant Chapter 24 p. 530-556

The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse 1. Which transportation method helped spur industrialization after the Civil War? 2. Why was government intervention in this internal improvement necessary? 3. How did Congress support the project? 4. How did the railroads profit from land grant?

Spanning the Continent with Rails 5. How did the Credit Mobilier make money? 6. Which immigrant group performed the labor on the Union Pacific? 7. Which immigrant group built the Central Pacific? 8. Where and when did these two railroads meet?

Binding the Country with Railroad 9. How many other transcontinental railroads were eventually built? 10. How did railroad expansion jeopardize investors’ money?

Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization 11. What three railroad improvements came into use after the Civil War?

Revolution by Railways 12. How did railroads affect American markets for raw materials and manufactured goods? 13. How did it affect the steel industry? 14. How did it affect western settlement? 15. How did the railroad contribute to an increase in urban populations? 16. How did the railroads spur immigration to the US? 17. What were the ecological effects of the railroads? 18. Why were time zones/ railroad “standard time” needed? 19. What was the effect of the railroad expansion on social classes in America?

Wrongdoing and Railroading 20. Who was Jay Gould? 21. How did railroad tycoons swindle innocent investors? 22. How did the railroad tycoons corrupt public officials? 23. What was the purpose of the “pool” or early trust?

Government Bridles the Iron Horse 24. Why were Americans hesitant to challenge economic injustice? 25. What finally prompted Midwestern farmers to act? 26. What did the Supreme Court decide in the Wabash case? 27. What were the five features of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887? 28. In what way was the act a success for the public? Miracles of Mechanization 29. How had the Civil War helped propel the US to industrial leadership? 30. Describe the labor source used by the steel mills. 31. What six new inventions helped to make business more efficient? 32. What did Alexander Graham Bell invent? 33. What invention was Thomas Alva Edison best known for?

The Trust Titan Emerges 34. What is vertical integration as practiced by Andrew Carnegie? 35. Why is horizontal integration less admirable as practiced by John D. Rockefeller? 36. What was J.P. Morgan’s favored method of business consolidation?

The Supremacy of Steel 37. How did America become the largest producer of steel in the world? 38. Which resources did America have in abundance?

Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel 39. Why is Andrew Carnegie considered a true “rags-to-riches” story? 40. How much were Andrew Carnegie and his Pittsburgh millionaires making? 41. How much did Morgan pay for what would become US Steel? 42. Why was Carnegie willing to sell? 43. What did Andrew Carnegie do with his money?

Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose 44. What had oil been used for in the early 19th century? 45. What was oil’s use in the 1870s? 46. What factors made kerosene obsolete? 47. When did gasoline become valuable for fuel? 48. What was the goal of John D. Rockefeller? 49. What methods did he use to gain control of 95% of the oil refining business? 50. What were the benefits of trust and monopolies? 51. Which other products were produced and sold by “trusts?”

The Gospel of Wealth 52. Who did John d. Rockefeller credit with giving him his money? 53. Explain survival-of-the-fittest according to Spencer. 54. What did this theory imply about the poor? 55. Why were the states unable to regulate the trusts? 56. How did the trusts’ lawyers interpret the 14th Amendment?

Government Tackles the Trust Evil 57. Why was the Sherman Anti-trust ineffective? 58. Who was the law used against, citing “restraint of trade?” 59. Which resident held office during the greatest expansion of trusts? 60. Which principle was established by the Sherman Act, although little actual regulation occurred until 1914?

The South in the Age of Industry 61. How successful were advocates of the “new South?” 62. How did railroad manipulation prevent the South from becoming competitive? 63. Why were textile manufacturers willing to move their factories to the South? 64. Did the employment conditions of “lint-heads” help move the South out of poverty? 65. Which members of white families worked in the mills? 66. How was mill work divided by race?

The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America 67. What happened to the “Jeffersonian ideal” as industry grew faster than agriculture? 68. In what ways did the European immigrants have to adjust to the new industrial environment? 69. Which two inventions altered women’s roles and opportunities in the workplace? 70. What kinds of jobs did most women have to take? 71. How did the % of self-employed and the % of wage earners change from 1860 to 1900? 72. What was the biggest threat facing the working class?

In Unions There is Strength 73. Describe the ways workers were de-humanized. 74. What effect did the influx of unskilled workers from Europe have on wages? 75. Explain the advantages large corporations had over individual workers in each of the following terms: scabs injunctions federal troops lockout yellow dog contracts black lists company towns 76. How did the middle class public respond to strike?

Labor Limps Along 77. How did the Civil War affect labor unions? 78. Who was allowed to join the National Labor Union? 79. What did they accomplish before the collapsed? 80. Who belonged to the Knights of Labor? 81. Who could not join the Knights of Labor?

Unhorsing the Knights of Labor 82. What happened at Haymarket Square in Chicago? 83. Who was held accountable and why were the Knights also blamed? 84. What was the fatal handicap of the Knights? 85. How did the desertion of the AFL affect the Knights?

The AF of L to the Fore 86. What was it about Gompers’ philosophy that might have reassured middle class business owners? 87. To what extent did the AFL represent all workers? 88. How many strikes were there from 1881 to 1900? 89. What was the biggest weakness of organized labor in this time period? 90. Was Labor Day a significant change or empty symbolism? 91. Had labor’s battle for a decent wage actually been won?