Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences s104

PROFORMA FOR REGESTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION

MR. MAJO JACOB PHILIP 1ST YEAR M.Sc NURSING COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING YEAR 2011-2013

PADMASHREE COLLEGE OF NURSING GURUKRUPA LAYOUT, NAGARBHAVI BANGALORE-560072

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES

1 BANGALORE, KARNATAKA

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION

1 1 NAME OF THE CANDIDATE Mr. Majo Jacob Philip 1 AND ADDRESS Ist year M.Sc. Nursing Padmashree College of Nursing No.23, 80 feet Road Gurukrupa Layout, Nagarbhavi Bangalore-560072 2 2 NAME OF THE INSTITUTION Padmashree College of Nursing 2 Bangalore 3 3 COURSE OF THE STUDY AND 1st year M.Sc Nursing 3 SUBJECT Community Health Nursing 4 4 DATE OF ADMISSION 13-6-2011

54 5 TITLE OF THE STUDY A descriptive study to assess the 5 knowledge and attitude of household members regarding the importance of kitchen garden in selected urban community, Bangalore. 6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK

6.1 INTRODUCTION 2 “The best place to seek God is in a garden.

You can dig for him there”

George Bernard Shaw, The Adventures of the Black Girl in Her Search for God, 1932.

Health is a precious possession and an asset for the individual, family, community and even the nation. Only healthy people are able to put in efforts and competencies for their own as well as nations socio economic and cultural development. Health as such is not static; it is a dynamic state which exists on a continuum from optimum health to death. It gets influenced by various factors related to human biology, lifestyle, environment and resources. People need to adopt and modify various factors to sustain a state of equilibrium and there by promote, protect, regain and maintain their health1.

Men have grown much in the past decade. From a premature cave man to an urban social being, we have grown. But, sadly this journey to the present, took us far from our nature. With growing technologies and facilities, Health problems too began to arise. It is alarming to know that, the world, as per a WHO survey in 2004, spent a total of US$ 4.1 trillion on health, which is equivalent to 4.9 trillion international Dollars- a part which is expected to double by 2030. A major portion of this can be attributed to nutritional problems2.

From the first day of our conception to the dying day, we need to nourish our body with good food and nutrients. But the modern world with its fast food mantra, food adulteration and pesticide usage has led us to innumerable health problem. The current status calls for a return journey- a walk, back to nature

It is worldly wisdom that we should eat our greens. That is the way to health, and if we grow our own greens, we will have health and happiness. Whenever you take up any creative activity you are bound to be happy, gardening included. Kitchen

3 gardening add so much spice to one's life. Our elders laid much emphasis on the importance of garden produce for good diet, well before doctors started advising us about vitamins, minerals, and fibers. These play an important role in health through the prevention of heart disease, cancer and diabetes etc3.

The global incidence of food borne diseases is difficult to estimate, WHO reports that in the year 2005, 1.8 million people died from diarrheal diseases that were mainly caused by contaminated food and drinking water. The number of people suffering from food borne diseases in developed countries is up to 30%. In the United States of America alone it is estimated that 76 million cases of food-borne diseases, resulting325,000 hospitalizations and 5000 deaths, occur each year4.

A case study in Hyderabad, India regarding Perceptions of women on food safety shows Infants and children are affected most by food borne illnesses. In India, about 400,000 children (<5 years) die every year due to diarrhoea. Many more suffer from Hepatitis A, enteric fever etc. caused by poor hygiene and unsafe food/drinking water (UNICEF, 2004)5.

A study conducted by Dept. of Community Medicine, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra on the knowledge and practices among food handlers 83 member who were involved in food serving cleaning and in food preparation. The level of knowledge was not satisfactory regarding food, food hygiene and about personal hygiene. Majority of food handlers were not practicing safe methods of food preparation and serving, and cleaning of food establishment6.

The World Bank estimates that India is ranked 2nd in the world for the number of children suffering from malnutrition, after Bangladesh (in 1998), where 47% of the children exhibit a degree of malnutrition. The prevalence of underweight children in India is among the highest in the world, and is nearly double that of Sub- Saharan Africa with dire consequences for mobility, mortality, productivity and economic growth7.

4 Even in all these rising problem, we live oblivious to the fact that the solution lies in our backyard and terrace. An article in news paper “THE HINDU” dated

9-07-11 says that 200-sq. ft space is all one need to get 300 days supply of vegetables8.

6.2 NEED FOR STUDY

Nations wealth and strength depend upon nation’s health. Food is the foundation of good health. Ensure good nutrition for the children for good healthy future generation. “Better nutrition, better life”9.

Health problems are many to count. Acute health problems may occur by exposing to pesticides, such as abdominal pain, dizziness, headaches, nausea, vomiting, as well as skin and eye problems. its long term exposure being a causative factor for cancer and neurological disorders too besides its obvious environmental effects10.

The global incidence of food borne diseases is difficult to estimate, WHO reports that in the year 2005, 1.8 million people died from diarrhoeal diseases that were mainly caused by contaminated food and drinking water. The number of people suffering from food borne diseases in developed countries is up to 30%. In the United States of America alone it is estimated that 76 million cases of food-borne diseases, resulting in 325,000 hospitalizations and 5000 deaths, occur each year11.

Fast food consumption has increased dramatically in the general population over the last 25 years. Americans currently consume an average of 0.27 fast food meals per day .Moreover, fast food consumption tends to be associated with an excess intake of undesirable nutrients (sugar, sodium, saturated and trans fats) and a reduced intake of desirable nutrients (e.g. vitamins and minerals from fruits and vegetables, calcium, fiber).

5 According to world health statistics leading causes of death in 2004 is Ischemic heart disease (12.2%), cerebrovascular disease (9.7%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (5.1%), cancer (3.7%), and diabetic mellitus (1.9%), and hypertensive heart disease (1.7%). They are expecting this statistical report would be increase gradually by 2030. It could be Ischemic heart disease (14.2%), cerebrovascular disease (12.1%), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (8.6%), cancer (10.5%), diabetic mellitus (3.3%), and hypertensive heart disease (2.1%). This underlines the need to raise a great alarm for the human race to change their food habits, for, a national nutrition survey research shows that daily consumption of fruits and vegetables decrease risk of stroke, cancer, and heart disease, improved memory and lower blood sugar levels11.

The basic advantages of having one’s own kitchen garden are environment friendly, promotes good health and co-efficient. Planting greens is always beneficial for both humans and the environment alike. Oxygen is produced by plants, and in general, creating your own kitchen garden promotes that purpose itself. Crops grown here do not rely on chemical additives that are harmful to the crop, the consumer, and the environment.

A good ecosystem promotes itself beneficial for other biological organisms along with the planted crop. The fact that kitchen gardens are grown naturally, one can be assured that no chemicals are added to promote long term sicknesses. Basically, what you see is what you get, and it’s a good feeling to know that you are eating what you planted and can be assured of safety.

Creating own kitchen garden saves a lot of money. Instead of buying fruits and vegetables in the market, you can grow your own; therefore, saving you a lot of money. Remember that healthy lifestyle is at high demand, so products that actually promote them have a high price tag on them. For those interested, you should not worry at all on how you can make your own kitchen garden. You do not need a huge strip of land to come up with one. This must be a good exercise for the house hold members and for old age peoples12.

6 An article in news paper “ECONOMIC TIMES” on 18th November 2010 says about the organic farm begins at city homes .It is unbelievable that the urban farmers are using every inches of available space for growing fresh vegetables that are salubrious for house hold budgets as well, especially in their times of food inflation. In Thiruvananthapuram’s Thaliyil colony, 75 families have begun growing vegetables on terraces.

In West Bengal one of the key vegetables producing state in the country.Bulders are producing special roof garden vegetables and house wife’s are attending classes on horticulture. Indian families are spending 6% of their monthly budget on fresh vegetables along , according to NSSO 2011 data .The centers are steps to boost supply of vegetables tame double digit food inflation, with an outlet of 300 crore to promote for the urban agriculture in 29 state capitals.80% of fresh vegetables in Cuba grown with in cities.

The United Nation estimate that urbanization in India will increase from 31% - 41% by 2025.The national horticulture says that , importance of urban agriculture will increase year by year as transportation cost keep increasing .Kerala horticulture mission which is implementing a pilot project in Thiruvananthapuram in kitchen garden. The department supply free vegetables seeds and organic chemicals in each house. In Bangalore around 200 houses that meet 1% city vegetable demands. In every cities a rush pulling can see towards kitchen gardening13.

One needs to segregate only a small portion of his/her home for ones own kitchen garden. If one does not have much space, then he/she can even plant the crops in pots and other recyclable containers. Brinjal on your balcony, beetroot in your backyard all you need is 20-sq.ft space to get 300 days’ supply of vegetable with hands reach. All these things emphasized the importance of study in our present scenario.

7 6.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A descriptive study to assess the knowledge and attitude of household members of the family regarding the importance of kitchen garden in selected urban community, Bangalore.

6.4 OBJECTIVES 1. To assess the existing knowledge regarding the importance of kitchen garden among household members.

2. To assess the existing attitude regarding the importance of kitchen garden among household members.

3. To correlate the knowledge and attitude regarding the importance of kitchen garden among household members.

4. To find out the association of knowledge and attitude of household members with selected demographic variables.

5. To prepare an informational booklet regarding the importance of kitchen garden.

6.5 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

1. Knowledge: It refers to the level of understanding or the awareness of household members on the importance of kitchen garden.

2. Attitude: It refers to the opinions or views of household members towards kitchen garden and its importance which will be measured by using a three point LIKERT scale.

3. Household member: It refers to any member of a family who are adult and have interest towards kitchen gardening.

8 4. Kitchen garden: It is an art of developing a garden within the space available around the house/on the roof by growing vegetable, plants, creepers and herbs.

6.6 ASSUMPTIONS

 Household members may have less knowledge and attitude regarding importance of kitchen garden.

 Household member’s knowledge may vary on economic background and space availability for kitchen garden.

6.7 HYPOTHESIS

H1-: There will be a significant correlation of the knowledge and attitude scores regarding the importance of kitchen garden among household members.

H2-: There will be a significant association of the knowledge and attitude regarding the importance of kitchen garden among household members with the selected demographic variables.

9 6.8 REVIEW OF LITERATURE The term literature review refers to the activities involved in identifying and searching information on a topic and developing an understanding of the state of knowledge on topic. Also review of literature is a written summary of the state and the art of a research problem. Literature review is an essential step in the whole process of research. Therefore the researcher has reviewed literature with regard to the problem by referring books, journals, thesis, etc.

In this study the relavant literature reviewed has been organized and presented under the following headings.

1. Literature related to importance of kitchen gardening.

2. Literature related to knowledge regarding the importance of nutrition.

1. Literature related to importance of kitchen gardening A study was conducted regarding urban food gardening in pacific islands as the basis for food security in rapidly urbanizing small-island states. It is an important means of overcoming problems caused by unemployment, inequality, poverty, falling real wages, malnutrition and nutrition-related degenerative diseases in the small- island states of the Pacific Ocean, such as Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Tonga, Kiribati and Nauru. This paper argues that the formal promotion, expansion and improvement of small-scale urban food gardening is a direct and economically, socially, technologically and nutritionally appropriate means of bringing about sustainable national development and promoting food security14.

A Longitudinal Study about the Agricultural Intensification and Labor Productivity in a Philippine Vegetable Gardening Community concerns the evolution of commercial vegetable gardening as a source of household livelihood in a Philippine 10 farming community during 1971-1988. This period was locally marked by dramatic population growth and agricultural intensification; Reasons for greater labor productivity in 1988 included increased market opportunity, improved efficiency in production and marketing, and technological change. These and other changes that have made gardening a more attractive production of choice today. The nutrition interventions, including kitchen gardens and nutrition education, offer a potentially approach to reduce the multiple nutritional deficiencies, in developing countries15.

A study done by the California Department of Education, to assess the kids' fitness levels may in their performance in school. It revealed that increased amounts of physical fitness translated into higher academic achievement. The benefits were most evident in tough subjects like math scores. It is also found that girls at a higher fitness level had better achievement than boys. The study was concluded that children working in garden help to build all sense and learn to work together and share.16

A study was conducted in a poor region of the terai in rural Nepal; to developed and evaluated the impact of a nutrition program added to the Market Access for Rural Development (MARD) Project. The objective of the nutrition program was to increase vitamin A and iron intakes by promoting kitchen gardens (training, technical assistance, and seed distribution) and nutrition education. The program was evaluated after 36 months by a cross-sectional nutrition survey in 430 MARD households with kitchen gardens and 389 non-MARD control households.. The result was concluded that, compared with, the kitchen-gardens group had significantly more nutrition knowledge (38% vs. 13% knew one of the causes of night-blindness, and 17% vs. 3% knew one of the causes of anemia), were more likely to feed special complementary foods to infants and to preserve food, and consumed more of 16 types of home-produced micronutrient-rich vegetables and fruits. Finally this program shows a clear opportunity to increase the intake of vitamin A through home production of vitamin A-rich plants17.

A study conducted for Youth (age 8–15 years) involved in a garden program in Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota completed a pre- (n=96) and a post-survey (n=66) assessing the theory's constructs with regard to eating and gardening behaviors. By survey questions and 24 hrs recall method fruit and vegetables conception were 11 assessed. The results indicated that attitude was most predictive of intention at both pre- and post-survey for both boys and girls with behavior associated to PBC in girls, but not for boys. A high level of intention for boys pre-survey marginally predicted some behavioral change post-survey, but girls with high levels of intention at pre- survey did not show positive behavioral changes at post-survey. Conclusion of the study is that youth in the garden program consumed more fruit and vegetables at post- survey compared to pre-survey, we find that garden programs may be a viable way to assist youth in making healthy lifestyle changes18.

A survey conducted in Institute of Planning Studies, University of Nottingham, UK discusses the role of women in the generation of additional income through the production of food from kitchen gardens to improve their domestic economy. The discussion is based on the findings of research in household productivity carried out in the University of Nottingham and funded by the Overseas Development Administration. In that they found that kitchen gardens should improve income generation; livestock, and household productivity; use of the extra income; and craft activities19.

A study conducted in modelling the consumption of home-produced vegetables with an application to French households the trade-off between purchases and home production of food. They developed a simple household production model which predicts a zero elasticity of home production with respect to total expenditure. The data was used from the 1991 French National Food Survey and limitations of data reduced form of the structural household production model are estimated. They used working lesser functional forms for the share of vegetables in total food consumption and the share of home production in vegetable consumption, conditional on the decision to maintain a kitchen garden. As predicted by the theoretical model, they estimated a zero elasticity of home production with respect to total vegetable outlay20.

A study was conducted to find out role of women in vegetable production area of SRSP. SRSP develops intuitional and technical models for poverty alleviation, sustainable and equitable development and raise the income and quality of people by providing them training in various aspects of agriculture to supplement food and income. This study was conducted in five villages i.e. Beer, Bodla, Poswal, Jungi

12 Mohri and Banda Sheikhan of district Abbottabad during 2002. Main target groups were women community organizations engaged in vegetable production and marketing. Eighty female respondents each of the selected four villages were interviewed. The results of the personal characteristics showed that majority of respondents were in age group of 20-40 years, 54% of the total respondents were educated, and 73% of the respondents had barani type of land. Education and adoption of vegetable growing practices were positively correlated. The results further showed that 54% of the respondents grew vegetable inside their houses, among which 47.5% grew vegetable for profit purpose and 47% of the female respondents grew vegetables themselves. Major constraints in vegetable production found in the study were lack of capital, credit availability and lack of marketing facilities21.

2. Literature related to knowledge regarding importance of nutrition A study done in Kumi District, Uganda focused on the iron and zinc content in selected foods and intake of the micronutrients iron and zinc among adolescence. The study was conducted over a period of 4 weeks through 24-hour dietary recalls interviews were carried out on convenience sample of178 adolescence (10-15years old). Finally study was concluded that iron content in the selected foods was high and variables in some vegetables and cereal exceeded the iron concentrations in meats. The iron content in the food samples reported in the present study is higher than in similar ingredients from Kenya and Mali. The nutritious intake is adequate according to RNI, but due to the chemical form the nutritious foods may have low bio availability22.

A study conducted in Dominican Republic based on vitamin A deficiency and malnutrition emphasizes the home garden. The purpose of this study was to establish a foundation for nutrition education efforts for caregivers of young children to prevent vitamin A deficiency in the Dominican Republic. A cross-sectional survey was administered to caregivers (N = 151) from rural/peri-urban villages in five provinces to assess vitamin A knowledge and attitudes, frequency of consumption of foods rich in vitamin A by an index child (age range 3–9 years), and food-related practices contributing to vitamin A intake. The study was concluded that majority of caregiver knowledge regarding vitamin A was low in all villages regardless of differences in

13 socio-economic status and level of education. 67% of caregivers reported having a garden, but produce from the garden was thought mainly to provide a financial benefit vs. a nutritional benefit for the family. Several vegetables rich in vitamin A used as seasoning, mango, and unripe banana and plantain were commonly consumed by children as reported by caregivers.23

A study was conducted in the registered slums under India Population Project- VIII, MCH, located in twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. The samples of the study were girls between age group of 10 and 19 years were covered to assess the nutritional status and nutritional knowledge of adolescent girls. From each of the 100 slums, a total of 2500 respondents were covered, which accounted for 63% of all adolescent girls available in the study areas. A combination of methods, anthropometry, biochemical analysis, dietary assessment and interview schedule was used for assessing the nutritional status and nutritional knowledge of adolescent girls. IES was given after assessing knowledge and its effectiveness was analyzed. Result of the study was revealed that most of the children suffered with nutritional problem. After IEC intervention significant proportion of girls could correctly identify the foods rich in various important nutrients. A marked increase in the intake of finger millet or 'Ragi' was observed which is a very rich source of calcium as well as iron and usage of vegetables prevent the nutritional problem. Finally study was concluded that IEC intervention resulted in improvement of nutritional knowledge of adolescent girls as well as behavioral pattern envisaged by better cooking methods and increase in the consumption of nutrient rich food24.

A study was carried out on 1142 adolescent girls residing in 16 slums of Pune from 2006-2009. The main objective was to increase the number of daily meals adolescent girls eat from 2 meals to 3-4 meals, and to encourage girls to consume iron rich foods on a daily basis. Weekly iron and folic acid tablets were given in the first 3 months; ongoing nutrition education through home visits and meetings was done by community health workers, participatory activities were undertaken such as food fairs, community projects were undertaken through IHMP’s life skills programme; audiovisual materials such as flash cards and posters were developed by the adolescent participants. Blood samples were collected at baseline and end of the

14 study, and haemoglobin was estimated. Findings showed that anaemia is significantly more likely among girls who eat two or fewer meals in a day, have been sick in the past year, and consume few iron rich foods. It was also found that intervention has influenced dietary behavior with a significant increase in the intervention site compared to the control site in the percentage of girls who eat more than 3 meals a day, eat lemon with their meals, as well as in the frequency of eating fruits. Blood testing showed that mean Hb levels increased from 5.8 to 9.5 gm/ dl for severely anemic girls, and from 8.9 to 11.2 gm/ dl for moderately anemic girls. It was suggested that Government’s Anaemia Prevention and Control Programme should focus on adolescents25.

A study was conducted to investigate nutritional status of 10-18 years school going children. A total of 150 school going children were selected from four different schools of Allahabad district, India and data on dietary intake was collected by using 3 days dietary recall method. Heights, weights and Mid Upper Arm Circumference were measured. Hemoglobin levels of children were estimated by cyanmethaemoglobin method. Clinical status assessing anemia was also recorded. Consumption of all the nutrients by majority of the students was comparatively less than the recommended dietary allowances. Data on anthropometry revealed that out of total children screened (N=150), mean height and weight in all the age group was significantly (p<0.05%) less than the National Center for Health Statistics standards. Hemoglobin test revealed that 65.33% had hemoglobin level below the normal (12 g dlG ) values, indicating anemia, out 1 of which approximately half (53.33%) were mild anemic and 12% were moderate anemic. It is concluded that poor anthropometric indices, under nutrition and iron deficiency anemia may be due to lower intake of food and nutrients than recommended26.

15 7. MATERIALS AND METHOD

7.1 Sources of data

The data will be collected from house hold members in the selected urban

community, Bangalore.

7.2 Methods of data collection

i. Research design:

Non-experimental descriptive correlation method will be used.

ii. Research variables:

 Study variables: Knowledge and attitude of urban people regarding the importance of kitchen garden.  Extraneous variables: Demographic data of household members such as age, sex, religion, education, space availability, family income, garden experience, and sources of information. iii. Settings: The study will be conducted in selected urban community, Bangalore. iv. Population: The populations will be the household members who are living in selected Urban area, Bangalore.

16 v. Sample: A sample of 90 household members who fulfill the inclusion criteria.

vi. Criteria for sample selection:

Inclusion criteria:  Household members who are residing in selected urban community, Bangalore.

 Household members who are interested to develop a kitchen garden.

 Household members who can read and write Kannada.

Exclusion criteria:  Household members who are not available at the time of data collection.  Household members who are not willing to participate in this study. vii. Sample technique: Non probability convenience sampling technique will be used viii. Tools for data collection: Data will be collected in following sections

Section A: Interview Schedule will be used to assess the demographic variables of the household members consisting of age, sex, religion, education, space availability, family income garden experience, and source of information.

Section B: Self Administered Questionnaire will be used to assess the knowledge of household members regarding the importance of kitchen garden.

Section C: A three point Likert scale will be use to measure the attitude of household members regarding kitchen garden.

17 ix. Method of data collection:

Phase 1: After obtaining the permission from concerned authorities and informed consent from the samples, the investigator will collect the baseline demographic data.

Phase2: The investigator will distribute a self administered questionnaire to assess the existing knowledge of household members on importance of kitchen garden.

Phase3: The investigator will administer a Three point LIKERT scale to assess the attitude of household members towards kitchen garden.

Phase4: Based on the study findings a book let will be prepared and distributed to the study samples on the various aspects on importance of kitchen garden.

x. Plan for data analysis: The data will be analyzed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics

Descriptive statistics:  Frequency and Percentage distribution will be used to analyse the demographic variables.  Mean and Standard deviation will be used to assess the level of knowledge and attitude of household members regarding the importance of kitchen garden.

Inferential statistics:  Correlation co-efficient will be used to compare knowledge and attitude score.  Chi-square test will be used to determine the association of knowledge and attitude with the selected demographic variables.

18 xi. Projected outcome:

After the study, the researcher will come to know the level of knowledge and attitude of urban household members about the importance of kitchen garden. Based on the study findings, the investigator will prepare and distribute a booklet to the study samples on the various aspects and the importance of kitchen garden.

7.3 Does the study require any investigations or interventions to the patients or other human beings or animals?

No, the study requires only assessment of knowledge and attitude of household members. The investigator is planning only for descriptive study and no active manipulation is involved in the study.

7.4. Has ethical clearance obtained from your institution?

Yes, the permission will be obtained from institution and concerned authorities of the selected setting. Consent will be obtained from the sample and privacy and confidentiality will be maintained. Ethical clearance certificate will be enclosed.

19 20 8. LIST OF REFERENCE

1. K. K. Gulani, Community health nursing. 2nd reprint. Kumar Publications;

552- 553.

2. World health statistics 2008,

http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2008/en/.

3. Dr. Salini Sehagal, Study on microbiological aspect of fruit and vegetables in and around national capital region.

4. WHO- food safety and food borne illness,

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/index.html.

5. R. V. Sudershan, Food control volume 9. 5 may 2008. 500-515.

6. Kasturwar N. B, Mohd Shafee. Knowledge practice and prevalence of MRSA among food handlers.889- 894.

7. Malnutrition in India.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnutrition_in_india

8. Roshan Rao, Brinjal on your balcony beetroot in your backyard. The Hindu.

9 july 2011.

9. Food Nutrition bulletin. Volume 18.Nov 1997.

21 10.Good nutrition and health,

https://www.starthealthystayhealthy.in/Home.

11.World health statistics 2004,

http://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/en/.

12.We Need A Kitchen Garden. Sept 2010,

http://www.thegardencentral.com/indoor-gardening/3-reasons-we-need-a- kitchen-garden/.

13.Nidhinath Srinivas, P.K. Krishnakumar, Vegetables in roof garden. Economic times 18thNovember 2010.

14.R.R. Thamen. Habitat International. Volume 19. Issue 2. 1995.209- 204.

15.Agricultural Intensification and labor productivity in Philippine. Vegetable Gardening Community.

16.Importance and benefits of kitchen gardening, http://www.articlesnatch.com/Article/Importance--- Benefits-Of- Gardening/1038585.

17.Jones Katherin, M. Parvati, Food and Nutrition Bulletin. Navin Schrimshaw Nutritionm Foundation. Volume 26. Jun 2005. 198- 208.

18.Lauren Lautin Schlager,hery Smith, Department of food science and nutrition. University of Minnesota.

22 19.Sharhad J. Agric, Department of Agricultural extension education and communication. Volume 23. Nov. 4. 2007.

20.France Caillavet, Veronique Nichele, Oxford journal. European Review of Agricultural Economics. Volume 25. Issue 2.170- 187.

21.Mansoor Ahmed, Uzma Zaid. Imtiaz Ali-Khan, Department of Entomology.

22.Dr.Frankie Phillips, independent nutrition consultant and registered dietician.

23.Jordan P. Mills, Timothy. A. Mills, Maternal and child nutrition.

Volume3. 58- 68.

24.Patwari A.K. Sachdev H.P.S (1998) “Frontiers in Social pediatrics” 1st Ed Jaypee, New Delhi, 26-29.

25.N. Mehta Department of Biochemistry, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India.

26.National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad.(2003). Prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies. Hyderabad. NIN. 66.

9. Signature of the candidate :

10. Remarks of the guide : This is the new emerging study to encourage the urban people to cultivate organic farming

23 to produce pesticide free and fresh vegetables.

11. Name and designation :

11.1 Guide : Mrs. Suseela J.R H.O.D, Community Health Nursing.

11.2 Signature :

11.3 Co-guide (if any) : Nil

11.4 Signature :

11.5 Head of the department : Mrs. Suseela J.R H.O.D, Community Health Nursing.

11.6 Signature :

12.1 Remarks of the principal : This study is relevant and appropriate to the field of nursing and specialty chosen.

12.2 Signature :