REVIEW EXERCISE for SECTION 31 Use Italics and Underlining Correctly

REVIEW EXERCISE FOR SECTION 31 Use italics and underlining correctly.

Underline any words that need italicization or underlining and remove any unnecessary underlining or quotation marks.

In the nineteenth century, phrenology—the study of bumps on the skull and their relation to the personality—was a popular pseudoscientific practice, and one of the best-known phrenologists was Lorenzo Fowler. Along with his brother Orson, Lorenzo Fowler headed the Phrenological Institute in New York City, where the two trained other phrenologists, and Lorenzo gave readings to celebrities such as Julia Ward Howe, author of The Battle Hymn of the Republic. The Fowler brothers saw themselves as leaders of a progressive movement; they ran the publishing company that put out the first edition of Walt Whitman’s “Leaves of Grass.” They also published the Phrenological Journal, hoping that phrenological analysis could lead people to correct defects of character that had been revealed by their cranial protrusions. In 1872, Samuel Clemens, who had written Huckleberry Finn and many other works under the nom de plume Mark Twain, visited Fowler under an assumed name and obtained a reading and a phrenological chart. Clemens, who was an early champion both of scientific innovations like fingerprinting (which is featured in his novel “Pudd’nhead Wilson”) and of inventions that proved to be dismal failures, wanted to put phrenology to the test. The results amused him: in “The Autobiography of Mark Twain,” Clemens notes that Fowler found a spot on his skull that “represented the total absence of the sense of humor.” Months later, Clemens returned for a second reading, identifying himself both as Clemens and as Mark Twain, and was given a reading and a chart that “contained several sharply defined details of my character, but [. . .] bore no recognizable resemblance to the earlier chart.” Clemens remained convinced that phrenology was quackery, and others soon agreed. By 1900, phrenology had fallen out of favor. Even in the twenty-first century, however, the use of terms such as highbrow and lowbrow, which came from phrenology, demonstrates the influence that this idea once had.