6. Brief Resume of the Intended Work s3

6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK 6.1 NEED FOR STUDY

DNA is the genetic material in all living systems and is responsible for establishing and maintaining genetic, hereditary, identity and the cellular and biochemical functions of an organism. DNA is made up of individual units called nucleotides that are linked to each other to form long chains. The simplest functional unit in a DNA molecule is termed as gene and they are ultimate units of heredity. Their normal expression and regulation is essential for all physiological functions and their abnormality /deficiency forms the basis for many clinical conditions. The most common cause for gene malfunction is DNA damage, which may result in mutation, carcinogenesis, teratogenicity in fetus, genetic disorder induced clinical conditions.

Even under the best of circumstances, DNA is constantly subjected to chemical modifications1 and one such agents that causes chemical modifications are ionizing radiations (including X- rays), where the radiations interact with mammalian cells either directly or indirectly. Direct effect of ionizing radiations on mammalian cells includes molecular damage due to absorption of them by DNA, or indirectly releases free radicals that damage the DNA cross linking, chromosomal REFERENCES 1. Sunitha kumara et al., DNA damage: detection strategies. EXCLI J. 2008Mar 4;7: 44-62.

2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/x-ray

3. Govindswamy kanimozhi et al., Umbelliferone modulates gamma-radiation induced reactive oxygen species generation and subsequent oxidative damage in human blood lymphocytes. European J of pharmacology.2011 Dec 15;672(1-3):20-29.

4. Thulasi G.pillai et al., prevention of radiation induced damages by aqueous extract of Gonoderma lucidium occurring in southern parts of India. Current science.2006 Aug 10;91(3):341-44. 5. Zuraini zakaria, Rais aziz, Yoga latha lachimanan, Sasidharan Sreenivasan, Xavir rathinam. Antioxidant Activity of Coleus blumei, Orthosiphon stamineus, Ocimumbasilicum and Mentha arvensis from Lamiaceae Family. International Journal of Natural and Engineering Sciences. 2008; 2(1): 93-95. 6. Sangameswaran B, Balakrishnan BR, Chumbhale Deshraj, Jayakar B. Invitro antioxidant activity of roots of Thespesia lampas Dalz and Gibs. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. October 2009; 22(4): 368-372.

7. Biological activities of lignin hydrolysate-related compounds Siseon Lee, Ajay Kalanjana Monnappa & Robert J. Mitchell School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-805, Korea

8. Nadji Belkheiria et al., synthesis and antioxidant activity evalution of a Syringic Hydrazone family. European J of Medical Chemistry 2010;45(7):3019-26. Mohammad Ibrahim (2012), 7(3). Bioresources.com. Accessed on 2 Jan 2013.

9. FarrukhAquil, Maryam zahin, Iqbal Ahmad. Antimutagenic activity of methanolic extracts of four

ayurvedic medicinal plants. Indian J Of Exprimental Biology 2008;46:668-72.

10. RadhakrishnaVinod Kumar, Vilwanathan Ravikumar et al. Inhibitory effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors depsipeptide on benzo (α) pyrene- and cyclophosphamide induced genotoxicity in albino mice. International J of Toxicology 2007;26:1-4. 11. Lei Yao et al. Protective effects of polysaccharides from soya bean meal against X-ray radiation induced damage in mouse spleen lymphocytes. International J of Molecular sciences.2011;12:8096-04.

12. Dhawan A, Bajpayee M, Pandey A K, Parmar D., Protocol for single cell Electrophoresis/ COMET assay for rapid Genotoxicity Assessment[Dissertation]. ITRC. Lucknow.

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14. Seetharama R, Narayana K. In vivo chromosome damaging effects of an inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor: Ribavirin in mice. Indian J Pharmacol 2005;37(2):90-5.

15. Sindhu, Setty R S. Evaluation of syringaldehyde and mangiferin on cyclophospamide induced genotoxicity in mice[Dissertation]. Dept of pharmacology. Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences.2013.