Grammar and Writing Notes

Parts of Speech

Noun - person, place, or thing ex: Ryan is wearing a shirt today. Frank went to Metrotown. verb - action ex: running, to eat, jumping adverb - word that describes a verb or another adjective ex: The bus got to school slowly. The garbage was very smelly. I am doing well. adjective - describes a noun ex: Jenny is beautiful. Metrotown is really big. pronoun - word that replaces a noun ex: She strutted through the aisle. He got to school very slowly. conjunction - a word that links two parts of a sentence ex: I like the colour green but prefer the colour blue. I like food and sleep. interjection - an exclamation of surprise, joy, delight, etc. ex: Ouch! Surprise! Whoah! preposition - a word that shows relationship such as time, position, direction, etc. ex: The book was on the table. The man with rugs for sale walked by our house this morning. "The Vampire Diaries" is on at 6 o'clock.

Sentence Structure subject - names who or what is doing the action in the sentence. ex. Ms. Braun's Humanities 8 class is fun and hard-working. simple vs. compound subjects - predicate - describes the action of the sentence. ex. Ms. Braun's Humanities 8 class is fun and hard-working. simple vs. compound predicates

Coordinating conjunctions - link phrases together in a sentence

"coordinate" - to plan, control, to join "conjunction" - a linking word examples of coordinating conjunctions:  and, or, but, yet, nor, for, because  The Tupper rugby team is hard-working (1st clause), and the teammates are the best (2nd clause)!  The ice-cream was tasty but it had nuts in it. phrase - not a complete idea; group of words ex. - went to the store - My friend Jaya independent clause - has a subject and predicate; can stand alone ex. I went to the store. My friend Jaya is funny. subordinate clause - has a subject and predicate but can't stand alone because it doesn't express a complete thought. ex. Because I love rugby when we meet up comma splice - linking two clauses with only a comma instead of a comma AND a coordinating conjunction. ex. I love ice-cream, it's yummy. (comma splice) I love ice-cream, because it's yummy. (proper sentence) heavy connectives - ALWAYS link two complete ideas or clauses; marked off by a semicolon before it and a comma after it; modify a complete idea by showing the reader its relation to the previous idea examples of heavy connectives: however, therefore, furthermore, consequently, besides ex: The car drove off (1st clause); however, it came back (2nd clause). ex. School is big (1st clause); consequently, it took a long time to build (2nd clause). direct objects - tells who or what receives the action ex. Ms. Braun handed me the pencil. indirect objects - noun or pronoun that tells who or for whom an action is done ex. Ms. Braun handed me the pencil.

Types of Sentences simple sentence - contains a subject and predicate compound sentence - contains 2 independent clauses separated by a comma and a conjunction complex sentence -contains one ore more subordinate clause and one or more independent clause inverted order sentence - run-on sentence - 2 sentences that run together without the correct punctuation; must be broken up into 2 sentences, separated by a comma and a coordinating conjunction, or a semicolon