Section Two: Africa S Carthage

Name:______Date:______period:______The Punic Wars Prequel 264BC-146BC

Rome and Carthage: Friends Forever? Carthage and Rome had not always been enemies. In the years before 264BC the two nations had been on friendly terms with one another. The relationship changed, however, soon after the Greek king, Pyrrhus entered southern Italy. Pyrrhus had come to help his fellow Greek colonists in the area. He wanted to oppose the advancing Roman troops. When he realized that his efforts were in vain, he left Italy and sailed for the island of Sicily. Here, too, Greeks felt threatened—not by advancing Romans, but by Carthaginians. At the time, Carthage controlled much of Sicily. When Pyrrhus failed to capture the important Sicilian town of Lilybaeum, he left the island and soon returned home to Greece.

1. Pyrrhus was the king of ______. After failing in his efforts to help the Greek colonists in Southern Italy he tried to help fellow Greeks in ______. He was unsuccessful here too. Once Pyrrhus left with his troops ______and ______no longer had a common enemy and so their relationship weakened.

The Romans were relieved to hear of Pyrrhus’ departure. Rome feared a Greek victory in Sicily because they thought it might encourage the Greeks in southern Italy to rebel against Rome. For this reason the Roman senate allied itself with Carthage against Pyrrhus and the Sicilian Greeks. Now, with Pyrrhus gone, the ties between the two cities weakened and the stage was set for a much more dangerous conflict.

2. Both Rome and Carthage wanted control of the island of Sicily. It was believed that if they controlled Sicily that they could also control ______on the Mediterranean Sea .

There was a series of political maneuvers as Carthage and Rome tried to take Sicily. In 264BC, the Romans signed a peace treaty with Hiero, king of the Sicilian city, Syracuse. The agreement allowed them to use Syracuse as a base of operations. Rome’s presence on the island upset the long-standing balance of power on the island. The Carthaginians felt that war was their only choice.

1 Section Two: Africa’s Carthage Directions- Turn to page 7 in the Hannibal vs. Rome book and read Africa’s Carthage. Then answer the following questions. 1. How did Carthage acquire wealth and prosperity? ______2. List the goods that Carthage traded. imports______exports______3. What countries did Carthage trade with? ______Section Three: The First Punic War 264BC-241BC

Directions- Read the Following and complete the finding the finish battle chart.

Carthage had already taken control of Sardinia Consequently, Carthage’s ruler ordered their and Corsica, two islands to the west of Italy. The generals to recruit mercenaries Mercenaries are Romans believed that the Carthaginians planned from Carthaginian settlements in professional soldiers to extend their rule over all of Sicily. If they did southern Spain and northern hired to serve in a so, only the narrow Straits of Messina would Africa. As their base of operation, theforeign army. separate a foreign, potentially hostile, power from Carthaginians chose the city of Agrigentum in Roman soil. southern Sicily. The Carthaginians did, indeed, hope to rule all Over the next several months, battles, sieges, of Sicily. Their goal, like Rome’s, was control of famine, and disease inflicted heavy losses on the western Mediterranean Sea. They believed both the Carthaginians and the Romans. that if they held Sicily, they would be able to However, when the Romans captured block any possible Greek expansion into these Agrigentum, Rome’s leader claimed the victory waters. What followed was a succession of as proof of their military superiority on land. To political and military maneuvers as Carthage and drive Carthage out of Sicily, the Romans Rome tried to take Sicily. In 264BC, the Romans realized they also had to control the sea. This signed a treaty with Hiero, king of the Sicilian would be difficult because the people of city of Syracuse, that allowed them to use Carthage were master shipbuilders and sailors. Syracuse as a base for their operations. Because Yet, the Romans were determined to beat the Rome’s presence on the island upset the long- Carthaginians at their own game. standing balance of power, the Carthaginians felt In 260BC, the Romans began… that war was their only choice.

2 Carthage Rome Soldiers and Military: Soldiers and Military:

Over the first several months of the First Over the first several months of the First Punic War ______, ______, Punic War ______, ______, ______, and ______inflicted ______, and ______inflicted heavy losses on both Rome and Carthage. heavy losses on both Rome and Carthage. Base of operations: Base of operations:

Goal for the war: Goal for the war:

Major Battle: Lost a land battle at the battle Major Battle: Won a land battle and of Agrigentum. captured Agrigentum.

Finding the Invention The Romans have established their dominance on land but still need to improve their weak navy. You are an inventor in the Roman army and it is your duty to create an invention that will bring your army’s land battle skills to the seas. The invention can not be any type of mechanized weapon (uzi, shotgun, etc.). It must be an invention that is designed to bring Rome’s army skills to the seas. Be creative and good luck!

Give a brief description of your invention- ______

______Draw a detailed diagram of your invention

Explain why your invention will work. ______

______

3 The Invention of the Romans With a little ingenuity, Roman shipbuilders Yet the corvus did not bring immediate devised a special boarding plank that had a victory. Instead, the war raged on and the large iron spike at one end. They nicknamed it number of casualties increased daily. Finally, “the raven” (corvus) because of its shape. In a after 22 years of fighting, the Romans sea battle, a Roman ship could now pull reconsidered their options. They could alongside a Carthaginian ship and drop the negotiate a peace settlement with Carthage, or plank onto the enemy vessel. The corvus make one last, all-out effort to win. The “grabbed” hold of the enemy ship and locked Romans chose the latter. In 241BC, the two the two ships together. Roman soldiers fleets met off the west coast of Sicily. The quickly walked the plank onto the Carthaginians lost this decisive battle. They Carthaginian ship and fought as if on land. authorized their commander-in-chief, Hamilcar Barca (father of Hannibal), to discuss This carving surrender terms with the Roman commander. shows a typical The terms of the treaty required Carthage to trireme. The withdraw form Sicily and Sardinia; to pay crocodile on the front 3,200 talents of silver; and to return all suggests that the ship prisoners of war. Officially, the first Punic War was from a had ended. However, the hostility between the fleet based on the Nile two powers lived on, and the seeds for a future River. conflict had been sown.

1. What is the corvus? Explain in complete sentences with detail ______2. Who won the first Punic Wars? What did the victor of this conflict gain? ______

This ship has ______decks of rowers.

4 The Second Punic War 218BC-201BC Throughout history, the element of surprise has been the key to success for many military leaders. In the next activity you will be Hannibal the military leader of Carthage. Your mission is to map out a route of attack against the rulers of the Mediterranean, Rome. On the map below use a colored pencil to map out your attack route. When you are finished tracing your attack route you must explain why you chose this as your attack route. Remember that your starting point is Carthage and you endpoint is Rome.

______

5 Why did you think this attack route will work? (Answer above) 1. What are the possible rewards and failures of Hannibal’s true attack route? Possible Rewards- ______

______

Possible Failures- ______

______2. Can Hannibal make it across the Alps? Explain.

______Doing the Impossible: Hannibal Crosses the ALPS Directions: Read pages 18 – 21 in Hannibal vs. Rome. Then answer the following questions in complete sentences.

1. What did Hannibal’s army consist of?

______

______2. How long was Hannibal’s trek to Rome? How long did it take him to reach Rome?

______

______3. Describe some of the problems Hannibal’s army had crossing the Alps.

______

______4. While Hannibal was passing over the Alps the Roman Army was planning to attack New Carthage in Spain. Why do you believe they wanted to do this?

______

6 Finding the Finish The Battle of Lake Trasimene “It was an unusually misty morning,” the Greek historian Polybius wrote, “On that day in 217 B.C. when Hannibal and his army met the Romans for the first time on Italian soil.” The Carthaginian general had already fought and defeated the Romans several times before, but this battle, the battle of Lake Trasimene, was different. Hannibal was no longer a distant threat. He was now at the very edge of the Roman territory and only a few days from Rome itself. Hoping to defeat this army once and for all, the Roman Senate sent two armies, each commanded by one of their best generals. Flaminius and Geminus were both experienced leaders. Several days before the battle, Hannibal made sure that he knew the exact position of the Roman armies. Then to avoid both, he then took a route that did not pass by either army. When Flaminius learned that Hannibal’s troops stood between his army Rome, he ordered his army to pursue Hannibal. “Are we to stay here while the enemy approaches our city?” Flaminius exclaimed. At sunrise, he marched his troops along the banks of the huge lake hoping to find Hannibal… Directions: Analyze the diagram of Lake Trasimene and complete the following.

1. Mark an X where Hannibal’s army should attack from. 2. Finding the Finish: Give a brief summary of how the battle ends. Remember to use the information in the paragraphs above and explanation for your designated attack point. ______

7 ______The Battle of Lake Trasimene-The Romans soon came to a spot where the mountains nearly touched the water. Only a handful of men could march side by side. The mist from the lake was thick, and the Romans did not see Hannibal’s men hiding behind the mountain slopes. They saw only the enemy troops ahead of them. The Romans charged. They thought it was an enemy camp they were about to attack, but it was only a decoy. At that moment, they heard the Carthaginian trumpets, and suddenly thousands of enemy soldiers descended upon them from the hills. By noon 15,000 Romans drowned or were killed in some other way. Ten Romans died for every one Carthaginian. 1. What factors helped Hannibal win the battle against the Romans. ______The senate was scared of Hannibal and thought that he was invincible. They employed a new strategy to stop Hannibal. The method was to never fight Hannibal in open battle. The man whom the Senate elected to carry out this new strategy was Fabius Maximus, “The Delayer”. 2. How do you think Fabius Maximus could delay Hannibal’s army without engaging him in open battle? ______Teacher will reveal the strategy of Fabius Maximus. 3. Why do you think the strategy of Fabius Maximus bothered the Roman Senate? ______4. What were the results of “The Delayer’s” strategy? Hannibal’s army- ______Roman Army- ______The Battle of Cannae Finding the Finish Directions- read the following and analyze the battle formation on the smart board. Once you have done this find the finish.

Fabius’ strategy, however, bothered the Senate. “Romans should not avoid battle,” they argued. “It had been a year since the battle of Lake Trasimene, Hannibal is weak, and we have rebuilt our army. It is now time to face Hannibal.” Fabius objected. “Hannibal has already a third of his army left,” he explained, “and more of his men have died of hunger than in battle. If you plunge straight into battle, there will be another and more terrible Trasimene.” The Roman Senate ignored Fabius and elected two new generals, Paullus and Varro, who, with 80,000 Roman soldiers wanted to fight the Carthaginians.

8 On August 2, 216BC, the Romans realized the wisdom of Fabius’ strategy. Hannibal sacked the town of Cannae in southern Italy where the Romans stored wheat and olive oil. The Romans immediately sent their army to recapture the town. In an open field just outside of the town, the armies met. The battle began just like most ancient battles. The two armies lined up facing each other and attacked straight on. Hannibal, however did something different.

Find the finish- Write a brief summary of how the battle will finish. Then wait for further instructions. Make sure to explain your ending. ______The Battle of Cannae: The End of the Second Punic War Directions: Read pages 28-29 in Hannibal VS Rome to answer the following questions. Answer in complete sentences. 1. Who won the Battle of Cannae? Explain in detail. ______2. Who eventually won the Second Punic War? Explain in detail. ______Elephants of War Directions: Read pages 22-23 in Hannibal vs. Rome, then answer the following questions in complete sentences. 1. List the many advantages of using elephants in warfare.

2. List any disadvantages when using elephants in warfare.

9 3. Does the US military use any type of weapon that compares to the elephants of Hannibal’s army? ______4. List at least 3 strategies that the Romans used to defeat Hannibal’s war elephants.  ______ ______ ______The Third Punic War 149B.C. -146 B.C. The End of Carthage Directions: Read pgs 42-43 in Hannibal VS. Rome & answer in complete sentences. 1. Describe the terms of the treaty that ended the second Punic War. ______2. What did Carthage do when they were attacked by Masinissa? ______3. What ultimatum (final demand) did the Romans give to the Carthaginians? ______4. Why did Rome decide to attack Carthage? ______5. ______won the third Punic War. 6. What actions did the Romans take to ensure that Carthage would never thrive again?

Punic Wars Assessment Review Activity #1 Write the story of the First Punic War using the following people, places, and locations. Use 1-4 in packet to complete this activity. Your summary will be four paragraphs. Below is a guide that explains which words must be included in these four paragraphs. All provided words must be underlined. Please only highlight the word the first time it is used in the paragraph. Structure Guide The Punic Wars (Pre-war) Paragraph One (use page one of the packet) Pyrrhus / Greek / Romans or Rome/ Carthage/ Sicily Paragraph Two- Tension builds between Rome and Carthage (page 2) Sicily/ Agrigentum / War/ Mediterranean/ Syracuse

10 Paragraph Three- The First Punic War (page 2 and 3) Land/ sailors / shipbuilders/ sea / Roman army / famine / disease/ sieges / battles Paragraph Four- Conclusion to the First Punic War (page 4) quinqueremes (five levels of rowers)/ corvus / Rome Activity 2- Short essays on the second Punic War in complete sentences 1. What is the key to success for many military leaders? 2. Describe at least three problems Hannibal’s army had crossing the Alps. 3. What did Scipio and the Roman Army do to win the second Punic War? Explain why Scipio’s strategy worked. Activity 3- The Third Punic War Describe the following- 1. Define ultimatum. 2. How did the Romans defeat Hannibal’s war elephants? 3. The terms of the treaty that ended the second Punic War. 4. Define Punic. 5. Write a one paragraph summary of the third Punic War.