Cell Models Project Name ______/ 100 Cells make up the smallest living organisms on Earth. They are said to be the basic unit of life. In order to understand the function of cells, it is necessary to visualize their structure. Therefore, you will construct a model of two eukaryotic cells (plant and animal) and one prokaryotic (bacterial) cell.
Materials: Glue/Clear Tape Scissors Online Textbook/Notes Colored Pencils
PLASMA MEMBRANE Directions: ***The plasma membrane is only shown in detail on the animal cell model but all cells have this plasma membrane.*** 1. Use your online textbook/notes to determine the name of each membrane structure. 2. Color each membrane structure using the color key below. Membrane Color Key: STRUCTURE COLOR Cholesterol Blue Carbohydrates Brown Proteins Purple Phospholipid heads Red Ion Pump Orange 3. What is the function of the plasma membrane?
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4. Why do the heads face away from each other?
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5. Why do the tails face towards each other?
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6. Cut out the two large protein channels. 7. Glue each so the one end is between two heads and the other end is between the opposite two heads. 8. What is the function of these openings in the protein channels?
______9. Cut out the two slightly smaller protein pieces. 10. Glue each so the one end is between two heads and the other end is between the opposite two heads. 11. Cut out the cholesterol. Randomly glue them into the membrane so they are oriented in the same direction as the tails. They must not stick out of the head areas. 12. What is the function of the cholesterol? ______
13. Cut out the proteins with the carbohydrates attached. 14. Glue them onto the membrane so that the protein is imbedded into the head/tail area and the “beads” stick out of the head area like an antenna towards the outside of the cell. 15. What is the function of the carbohydrate chains?
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16. Cut out the labels and glue them onto the model. 17. Why is this model called the Fluid Mosaic Model?
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INTERIOR Directions: ***For all cell models: Color the cytoplasm yellow. Write the function of the cytoplasm here:
Cytoplasm: ______
1. Fill out the functions of the organelles in the chart below. Color them the color shown in the chart. Also, make note of whether they are in prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells (plants and animals).
Eukaryote Prokaryote Organelle Name Function Color Plant Animal Nucleus blue
Rough ER blue
Smooth ER blue
Nucleolus blue Nuclear blue Envelope* Golgi Apparatus red
Mitochondrion red
Cristae* red
Lysosome red
Ribosome orange DNA/Chromatin* red
Vesicle red
Centriole red
Chloroplast green
Thylakoid* green Central Vacuole & Smaller green Vacuole Cell Wall brown
*these are not organelles (they are parts of organelles)
Animal Cell Interior
2. Cut out all copies of the organelles found on the ANIMAL CELL page. 3. Cut out and glue/tape the labels for each organelle to it (you only need one label per type of organelle). 4. Position the nucleus, smooth ER, and rough ER so the small ends of the ERs just touch the cell membrane and the large ends of the ERs are pointed towards the center of the cell. 5. Position the nucleus so that the ERs “cup” around it. 6. Glue/tape these pieces. 7. Glue/tape the remaining pieces from the ANIMAL CELL page close to the nucleus. 8. Add the “ANIMAL CELL (EUKARYOTE)” label to the top of the page as a title. Glue/tape it down.
Plant Cell Interior
9. Cut out all copies of the organelles found on the PLANT CELL page. 10. Cut out and glue/tape the labels for each organelle to it (you only need one label per type of organelle). 11. Position the central vacuole so the longest side is against one of the shorter sides of the rectangular- shaped cell. 12. Position the nucleus, smooth ER, and rough ER so the small ends of the ERs just touch the cell membrane and the large ends of the ERs are pointed towards the center of the cell. 13. Position the nucleus so that the ERs “cup” around it. 14. Glue/tape these pieces. 15. Glue/tape the remaining pieces from the PLANT CELL page close to the nucleus. 16. Add the “PLANT CELL (EUKARYOTE)” label to the top of the page as a title. Glue/tape it down.
Prokaryotic Cell Interior/Exterior
17. Color each pilus green. 18. Color the ribosomes orange. 19. Color/outline the nucleoid red. 20. Cut out all copies of the organelles found on the BACTERIAL CELL page. 21. Cut out and glue/tape the labels for each organelle to it (you only need one label per type of organelle). 22. Position the nucleoid in the center of the cytoplasm. 23. Position the ribosomes in the cytoplasm so they are not covering anything else. 24. Position each pilus and flagellum on the cell exterior. 25. Glue/tape these pieces. 26. Glue/tape the remaining pieces from the BACTERIAL CELL page close to the nucleus. 27. Add the “BACTERIAL CELL (PROKARYOTE)” label to the top of the page as a title. Glue/tape it down.
28. Give the functions of the following: a. Nucleoid: ______b. Pilus: ______c. Flagellum: ______d. Capsule: ______
QUESTIONS
29. What four parts are found in all types of cells?
30. Which type of cells appeared first on earth – prokaryotes or eukaryotes? Why do you think this?
31. Which type of cells appeared first on earth – animal cells or plant cells? Why do you think this?
32. What parts are unique to animal cells? (You should have 3 things listed.)
33. What parts are unique to plant cells? (You should have 3 things listed.)
34. Look at the ER and cristae. Both structures have lots of folds. Why do you think these structures are folded?
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35. Look up “surface area to volume ratio.” What does it mean?
______36. How does “surface area to volume ratio” apply to these folded structures?
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37. You’re done! 38. Turn in this packet and your cell models.