M.Sc. (Environmental Sciences) Part I

SYLLABUS

M.Sc. (Environmental Sciences) Part – I

Semester I & II

For 2016-17 & 2017-18 Sessions

1. The examination will consist of two semesters i.e., semester–I and semester–II.

2. Each semester shall be of maximum 500 marks.

3. In semester I & II, there shall be 4 theory papers each.

4. The evaluation by external and internal assessment will normally be in the ratio of

75:25 or as indicated. Internal assessment will include 20% weightage regarding

the attendance of the student as proposed by RUSA scheme.

M. Sc-I 2

SEMESTER-I July/August 2016-17 & 2017-18 SESSIONS

Theory Classes : 20 Hours per week

Practical Classes : 12 Hours per week

Seminars/Library Consultation : 03 Hours per week

THEORY PAPERS

Theory Paper-I (Environmental Physics & Climatology) : 70 Marks

Theory Paper-II (Environmental Chemistry and Eco-toxicology) : 70 Marks

Theory Paper-III (General Ecology) : 70 Marks

Theory Paper-IV (Natural Resources, Conservation & Management) : 70 Marks

Total: 280 Marks

PRACTICAL PAPERS

Practical paper-I

(Pertaining to theory papers I & II) : 75 Marks

Practical paper-II

(Pertaining to theory papers III & IV) : 75 Marks

Total: 150 Marks

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT (Theory & Practicals)

House Test (Separate tests for each paper @ 7 marks per paper) : 28 Marks

Seminar/Assignment/Tour : 28 Marks

Attendance : 14 Marks

Total: 70 Marks

The consolidated marks, out of maximum 70 marks, shall be supplied to the University through the Head of the Department under internal Assessment.

TOTAL MARKS FOR SEMESTER – I 3

Theory papers : 280 Marks

Practical Papers : 150 Marks

Internal Assessment : 70 Marks

Total: 500 Marks

SEMESTER-II November/December 2016-17 & 2017-18

Theory Classes : 20 Hours per week

Practical Classes : 12 Hours per week

Seminars/Library Consultation : 03 Hours per week

THEORY PAPERS

Theory Paper-V (Aquatic Environment) : 70 Marks

Theory Paper-VI (Environmental Microbiology) : 70 Marks

Theory Paper-VII (Wild Life Ecology) : 70 Marks

Theory Paper-VIII (Environment analysis and instrumentation): 70 Marks

Total: 280 Marks

PRACTICAL PAPERS

Practical paper-III

(Pertaining to theory papers V & VI) : 75 Marks

Practical paper-IV

(Pertaining to theory papers VII & VIII) : 75 Marks

Total: 150 Marks

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT (Theory & Practicals)

House Test (Separate tests for each paper @ 7 marks per Paper) : 28 Marks

Seminar/Assignment/Tour : 28 Marks

Attendance : 5 Marks 4

Total: 100 Marks

The consolidated marks, out of maximum 70 marks, shall be supplied to the University through the Head of the Department under Internal Assessment.

TOTAL MARKS FOR SEMESTER-II

Theory papers : 280 Marks

Practical papers : 150 Marks

Internal Assessment : 70 Marks

Total: 500 Marks

REMARKS

The topic of seminars shall be well spread so that it does not exactly replace the theory teaching course. Under internal assessment, two Mid Semester Tests shall be held by the concerned teacher, marks of the one best attempt will be included. To achieve total transparency, the students will be shown their attempt.

Practical papers of the first and second semester examination shall be set jointly by the External as well as Internal examiners at the time of commencement of practical Examination. The final award shall be signed by both the examiners jointly approved by the Head of the Department as Coordinator.

Semester – I

Theory Paper – I ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSICS & CLIMATOLOGY Maximum Marks: 70 Total Teaching Hrs: 45 Minimum Pass Marks: 35% Time Allowed: 3 hrs 5

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of three sections: A, B, & C. Section A & B will have four questions in each section from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 10 marks each. Section C will consist of 15 short-answer type questions covering the entire syllabus uniformly and each will carry 2 marks.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt two questions each from the section A and B of the question paper and the entire section C.

SECTION-A

I. EARTH INTERIOR AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES 1.1 Earth processes; concept of residence, time & rates of natural cycles 1.2 Types of seismic waves and their role in the study of Earth's interior. 1.3 Different zones in the Earth's interior and their composition. 1.4 The Earth’s Magnetic Field - Magnetic reversal and magnetic anomaly. 1.5 Rock cycle, Introduction to major rock types. 1.6 Physical weathering, chemical weathering and their types.

II. GEOMORPHOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 2.1 Factors affecting landform development. 2.2 Fluvial system - Factors affecting stream erosion and deposition, erosional and depositional landforms. 2.3 Underground water system - Water table, landforms formed by ground water action. 2.4 Aeolian system - Mechanism of wind erosion, erosional and depositional landforms. 2.5 Glacial system - Mechanism of glacial erosion, erosional and depositional landforms. SECTION-B

III. CLIMATE OF THE WORLD: Climatic features and native vegetation of the following: III.1 Equatorial III.2 Savanna III.3 Hot Desert III.4 Mediterranean III.5 Steppe

IV. CLIMATE AND HAZARDS 4.1 Catastrophic geological hazards 4.2 PredictionHazards - F&o gperception and thunderstorm. of hazards. 4.3 Climate of India, Indian monsoon, tropical cyclones 4.4 Climate and House types. 6

4.5 Climatic change-Indicators of past climate, Carbon dioxide theory, Volcanic dust theory. LITERATURE RECOMMENDED: (A) Books:- 1. Cooke, R.U. and D o o r n k a mp , J.C. (1974). Geomorphology in Environmental Management- An Introduction, Clarendon Press, Oxford, U.K. 2. Easterbrooke, D.J. (1969).Principles of Geomorphology. McGraw Hill, New York. 3. Keller, E.A. (1999).Introduction to Environmental Geology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 4. Press, F. and Siever. R. (1994) .Understanding Earth. W.H. Freeman & Co., U.S.A. 5. Ritter, D.F.; Kochel, R.C. and Miller, J.R. (1995). Process Geomorphology. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, U.S.A. 6. Singh, S. (2000). Physical Geography. Prayag Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad. 7. Smithson, P .; A d d i s o n , K . and A t k i n s o n , K . (2002). Fundamentals o f the P h y s i c a l Environment. Routledge Publishers, London. 8. Strahler, A.H. and Strahler, A.N. (1992). Modern Physical Geography. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 9. Wild, R. (1993). the Earth Care Annual. National Wildlife Federation, Rodale Press, Pennsylvania. 10. Cunningham, W.P. and Saigo, B.W. (1999). Environmental Science - A Global Concern WCB McGraw- Hill, U.S.A. 11. Emiliani, C. (1992). Planet Earth. Cambridge University Press, U.K. 12. Fellmann, J.; Getis, A. and Getis, J. (1996). Human Geography-Landscapes of Human activities.WCB McGraw-Hill, USA. 13. Houghton, J. (1997).Global Warming - The complete Briefing. Cambridge Univ. Press, U.K. 14. Lean, G. & Hinrichsen, D. (1994). Atlas of the Environment. Harper Perennial Pub., New York. 15. Lundgren, L. (1986). Environmental Geology. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 16. Lunine, J.I. (1999).Earth-Evolution of a Habitable World. Cambridge Univ. Press, U.K. 17. McKnight, T.L. (1993).Physical Geography-A Landscape Appreciation. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 18. Pearce, F. (1989). Climate and Man - From the Ice Ages to the Global Greenhouse. Ivision Books, London. 19. Rogers, J.J .W . and F e i s s , P.GG. (1998). People and the Earth - Basic Issues in the Sustainability of Resources and Environment. Cambridge University. Press, U.K. 20. Smithson, P.; Addison, K. and Atkinson, K. (2002). Fundamentals of the Physical Environment. Routledge Publishers, London. 21. Wellburn, A. (1996). Air Pollution and Climate Change- The Biological Impact. Longman Publishers, Singapore. (B) Web Sites: 1. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/ 2. http://www.usgs.gov/network/science/earth/earth.html/ 3. h t t p: / / ec o s y s . d r d r. v i r g i n i a .E DU: 80/atm.html/ 4. h t t p: / /www . i s l a n d n e t . c o m /~ skies/

Theory Paper - II 7

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND ECOTOXICOLOGY

Maximum Marks: 70 Total Teaching Hrs: 45 Minimum Pass Marks: 35% Time Allowed: 3 hrs INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of three sections: A, B, & C. Section A & B will have four questions in each section from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 10 marks each. Section C will consist of 15 short-answer type questions covering the entire syllabus uniformly and each will carry 2 marks.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt two questions each from the section A and B of the question paper and the entire section C. SECTION-A

I. CONCEPT, CHEMISTRY AND COMPOSITION OF ENVIRONMENT 1.1 Concept and scope of Environmental Chemistry - Pollutant, Contaminant, Receptor, Sink, Pathways of a pollutant, Speciation, Threshold limit value, Stoichiometry, Gibb’s Energy. 1.2 Composition of atmosphere and atmosphere structure. 1.3 Cycling of primary gaseous pollutants and chemistry of methane cycle. 1.4 Chemical and photochemical reactions in atmosphere. 1.5 Chemistry of ozone and alternatives for CFC’s.

II. CHEMISTRY OF COMPONENTS 2.1 Chemistry of water: Acid base equilibria, pH and buffers, oxidation-reduction, redox potential, ionization. 2.2 Concept of DO, BOD, COD, Sedimentation, Coagulation, filtration. 2.3 Inorganic and organic components of soil. 2.4 Introduction to Radiochemistry-α β γ radiations, nomenclature and classification of nuclides. 2.5 Applications of radioisotopes in agriculture and industry.

SECTION-B

III. ROUTES AND KINETICS OF TOXICANT UPTAKE 3.1 Toxico Kinetics - Absorption, distribution and elimination of toxicants. 3.2 Route of toxicant uptake - skin, lungs, GIT, gills, toxicant uptake in plants. 3.3 Biochemical effects of Mercury, Lead, Chromium, Cadmium, Arsenic and their relation to toxicity. 3.4 Toxic chemicals in the Environment.

IV. COMPLEX ISSUES 4.1. Antidotal procedure in toxicology. 4.2. Bioassays & its application 4.3. Biological indicator of toxicants. 8

4.4. Environmental toxicology of fertilizers. 4.5 Concept of major, Trace & Rare Earth Elements 4.6 Classification & mobility of trace elements

LITERATURE RECOMMENDED 1. Baird, C (2000). Environmental Chemistry. W. H. Freeman and Company, USA. 2. De, A. K. (2003). Environmental Chemistry. New Age International Ltd., New Delhi. 3. Eisenbund, M. and Gesell, T. (1997). Environmental Radioactivity-from natural, industrial and military sources. Acad. Press, USA. 4. Mido, Y. and Satake, M. (1995). Chemicals in the environment. Discovery Pub. House, New Delhi. 5. Harrison, R. M. and Mora, S. J. De. (1996). Introductory chemistry for the Environmental Chemistry. Cambridge University, Press. 6. Girard, J. E. (2005). Principals of Environmental Chemistry. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. 7. Sodhi, G. S. (2006). Fundamental concepts of environmental chemistry. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. 8. Sharma, B. K. (2001). Environmental Chemistry. Krishna Prakashan Media Pvt. Ltd. Meerut. 9. Wright, D.A. & P. Welbowin (2002)-Environmental Toxicology, Cambridge Univ. Press, U.K. 10. Banerjii, S.K. (20010. Environmental Chemistry 2001. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 11. Satake, M.Y. Mldo; H. Ysuhisa, S.; Taguchi, M.S.; Sethi, S.A., Iqbal (1997). Environmental Toxicology, Discovery Pub. House, New Delhi. 12. De, A.K. (2003) Environmental Chemistry, New Age Int. Lts. N. Delhi. 13. Sood, A. (1999). Toxicology, Sampand Songs, N. Delhi. 9

Theory Paper - III GENERAL ECOLOGY Maximum Marks: 70 Total Teaching Hrs: 45 Minimum Pass Marks: 35% Time Allowed: 3 hrs INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of three sections: A, B, & C. Section A & B will have four questions in each section from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 10 marks each. Section C will consist of 15 short-answer type questions covering the entire syllabus uniformly and each will carry 2 marks.

I. ECOSYSTEM AND ITS COMPONENTS 1.1 Ecosystem - Concept, components and characteristics. 1.2. Laws of Thermodynamic and generalized model of energy flow through an ecosystem. 1.3. Concepts of primary productivity and secondary productivity, Law of minimum and Law of tolerance. 1.4. Food chain, food webs & ecological pyramids. 1.5 General relationship between Landscape, biomes and climate.

II. BIOTIC COMMUNITY - PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS 2.1. Concept of biotic community. 2.2. Intra community - classification & the phenomenon of ecological dominance. ` 2.3. Community analysis. 2.4. Species diversity within community. 2.5. Patterns in communities.

SECTION-B

IV. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS & DYNAMICS 3.1. Group properties (Intra specific interactions). 3.2. Attributes of population - density, natality and mortality. 3.3. Age distribution. 3.4. Population growth vis-a-vis the concept of carrying capacity. 3.5. Density as a factor in regulating population - density independent and density dependent factors.

IV. POPULATION REGULATION STRUCTURE AND INTERACTION 4.1. Population dispersal. 4.2. Population structure. Internal Distribution Patterns, Aggregation and Allee’s 10

principle, Isolation and territoriality. 4.3. Interaction within population.- Negative Interactions and Positive Interactions 4.4. Population Behaviour-Basic behaviour patterns, Regulatory and compensatory behaviours and Social behaviour. 4.5. Linear regression models; Models of population growth & interaction: Lotka- Volterra and Leslie’s matrix model.

LITERATURE RECOMMENDED:

1. Benton, A.H. And Werner, W.E. (1976). Field Biology and Ecology. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi. 2. Chapman, J.L. And Reiss, M.J. (1995). Ecology- Principles and applications. 3. Claude Fauric; C.Ferra; Medori, P. & Devaux, J. (2001). Ecology. Sciences & Practice. Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd. (N. Delhi). 4. Dash, M.C. (1993). Fundamentals of Ecology. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd. New Delhi. 5. Kormondy, E.J. (1986). Concept of Ecology. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi. 6. Odum, E.P. (1996). Fundamentals of Ecology. Natraj Publishers, Dehradun. 7. Southwick, H.C. (1972). Ecology & Quality of our Env. Van No. Strand Reinhold Company, New York. 11

Theory Paper - IV

NATURAL RESOURCES, CONSERVATION & MANAGEMENT

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt two questions each from the section A and B of the question paper and the entire section C.

SECTION-A

I. NATURAL RESOURCES - PLANTS AND ANIMALS 1.1 Natural resources: introduction, characteristics & classification. 1.2 Concept of endemic, extinct and threatened species (endangered, rare, Vulnerable & interminate species). 1.3 Plants as a natural resource: a general account with reference to Timber, food & medicines. 1.4 Animals as a natural resources: a general account with reference to game, Wildlife & food. I.5 Depletion of P l a n t s a n d Animal resources: Causes & consequences

II. NATURAL RESOURCES - WATER, SOIL AND MINERALS 2.1 Water as a natural resource: as a medium for life and as a life support system. 2.2 Soil as a natural resource: a general account with reference to nutrients & soil biota 2.2 Role of agricultural practices, wind & water erosion 2.4 Origin, distribution & uses of economic minerals. 2.5 Exploitation of mineral resources from oceans with special reference to India. 12

SECTION-B

II. NATURAL RESOURCES - ENERGY 3.1 Energy: Sun as source of energy, solar radiation and its spectral characteristics 3.2 Fossil fuels: Coal, oil & natural gas 3.3 Hydro-electric power, tidal, wind energy and geothermal energy. 3.4 Nuclear energy, Bio-energy-biomass, biogas 3.5 Energy scenario in India

III. NATURAL RESOURCES-CONSERVATION STRATEGIES AND MANAGEMENT 4.1 In situ conservation of plants & animal species: Natural Parks, Biosphere reserves & sanctuaries. 4.2 Ex situ conservation: Botanical gardens, Zoological parks, tissue culture techniques, cryo - preservation of pollen, seeds & sperms 4.3 Conservation of soil. 4.4 Management of Grasslands. 4.5 Conservation of Forest, social forestry & agro forestry.

LITERATURE RECOMMENDED: 1. Bandhu, Desh (1987). Env. Education for conservation & Development. Indian Environment Society New Delhi. 2. Brady, N.C. (1974).The nature & properties of soil McMillan & Co. 3. Chaturvedi, A.N. (1994). Management of India's forest resources. Khanna Bandhu, Dehradun. 4. Dar, G.H.; Bhagat, R.C.; Khan, M.A. (2002). Biodiversity of the Kashmir Himalaya. Anmol Publication, Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 5. Dasmann, R.F. (1981). Wildlife Biology.2nd edition. John Wiley & Sons. New York 6. Frankle, O.H. & Hawkel, J.G. (1975) .Plant genetic resources. International Biological Programme-2, Cambridge Univ. Press London. 7. Gautam, A. & Rastogi, S. (2003). Resource Geography. International Publishing House, Meerut 8. Gupta, K.C. (2002). Energy & Environment in India - A study of Energy Management. Gyan Publishing House, New Delhi. 9. Heywood, V.H. (1995). Global Biodiversity Assessment. Cambridge University Press, UK 10. Jadhav, H.V. (1997) Energy & Environment. Himalaya Publishing House. Delhi. 11. Jairajpuri, M.S. (1991). Animal Resources of India - Protozoa to mammalia - State of the Art. Zoological survey of India. XI-XXVII. 12. Kathiresan, S.B. (1986). Essentials of forest management. Natraj Publishers Dehradun. 13. Kumar, H.D. (1995). Modern concepts of Ecology. Vikas Pub. House, Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 13

14. MaDicken, K.G. & Vergora, N.T. (1990). Agroforestry: classification & Management, John Wiley & sons, New York. 15. Nautiyal, S. & Kaul, A.K. (1999). Forest Biodiversity & its Conservation Practices in India. Oriental Enterprises, Dehradun, India. 16. Negi, S.S. (1992). Himalayan Wildlife, Habitat & Conservation. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi. 17. Owen, O.S. & Chiras, D.D. (1995). Natural Resources Conservation. Prentice Hall India 18. Rana, S.V.S. (2003). Essentials of ecology & Environmental sciences. Prentice Hall Of India. 19. Singh, M.P. (2004). Natural Resources & renewable Energy. Daya Publishing House, Delhi. 20. Tiwari, P.C. (1995) .Natural Resources & sustainable development in Himalaya. Shree Almora Book Depot., India. 14

Practical Paper I: Pertaining to theory papers I & II Paper – I 1. Study of different types of rocks. 2. Study of structures of physical & chemical weathering. 3. Project/Assignments on following biomes: Savannah, Deserts, Tropical Rain forests and Steppes. 4. Project on different house types in relation to climate. 5. Project on Climatic catastrophes caused by climate change. 6. Project on impact of man-made ecological changes on the Himalayan ecosystem. 7. Project on impact of change of urban ecology on different birds. Paper - II 1 1. To measure the pH of a given sample of water/soil by electrometric method. 2 2. To determine the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) in a sample of water. 3 3. To determine the amount of free CO2 in a sample of water. 4 4. To determine the total alkalinity of a sample of water. 5 5. To measure the total hardness of a given sample of water. 6 6. To measure the Biochemical Oxygen Demand of a given sample of water. 7 7. Assignment

Practical Paper II: Pertaining to theory III & IV Paper -III 1 1. To study the soil fauna. 2 2. To calculate population density of Animal species in grassland using quadrate method. 3 3. To calculate important value of index of species. 4 4. To study inter specific interactions. 5 5. To study and enlist various biotic and abiotic components of pond and forest ecosystem. 6 6. To study flow of energy in an ecosystem with the help of generalized models. 7 7. Assignment Paper - IV 1. Estimating soil texture by measurement –sandy, loamy or clayey 2. To compare the chemical characteristics of soil: moisture content, pH, Organic Carbon (OC), Ammonium nitrate, available Phosphate (as P2O5), Nitrate Nitrogen and Available Potassium (K2O) 3. To determine the minimum size of the quadrate by 'Species-Area Curve' Method. 4. To collect data of land-use in India. 5. To prepare a list of herbicides/pesticidal products available in the market. 6. To prepare a list of wild and cultivated varieties of cereal crops (maize, wheat and rice), vegetables and oil seed crops in Patiala and its adjoining areas. 7. Map work related to natural resources. 8. Assignment/projects as assigned by the teacher.

*Minor changes in the practical syllabus can be done as per availability of the material 15

SEMESTER II Theory Paper - V AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT Maximum Marks: 70 Total Teaching Hrs: 45 Minimum Pass Marks: 35% Time Allowed: 3 hrs INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of three sections: A, B, & C. Section A & B will have four questions in each section from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 10 marks each. Section C will consist of 15 short-answer type questions covering the entire syllabus uniformly and each will carry 2 marks.

I. AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT, HYDROLOGY AND CONSERVATION 1.1 Water resources and their status. 1.2 Runoff: factors affecting runoff, Measurement of runoff and stream gauging 1.3 Causes for dwindling of fresh water resources 1.4 Water conservation. 1.5 National Water Policy

II. WETLANDS AND THEIR CONSERVATION 2.1 Wetland in India. 2.2. Wetland Assessment. 2.3 Wetland Monitoring. 2.4 Ramsar framework for wetland management. 2.5 National Wetland Policy (as per Ramsar convention).

SECTION-B

III. LOTIC AND LENTIC ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Lakes: Origin and Classification. 3.2 Springs: origin, characteristics, importance and classification 3.3 Physical and chemical characteristics of Lakes 3.4 Physical and chemical characteristics of rivers 3.5 Stratification in lakes and rivers: thermal and chemical.

IV. AQUATIC ORGANISMS 4.1 Ecological classification of fresh water organisms. 4.2 Plankton: importance and management. 4.3 Macrophytes: importance, classification and management. 4.4 Aquatic organisms- Fishes, importance, causes of their depletion & conservation. 4.5 Aquatic birds: Importance and causes of their depletion. 16

LITERATURE RECOMMENDED 1. Wetzel, R. G. (2002). Limnology Lakes and River Ecosystem. Academic Press, London. 2. Schowoerbel, J. (1991). Handbook of limnology. Scientific publ. Jodhpur. 3. Goldman, C. R. and Horne, A. J. (1994). Limnology. McGraw Hill Int. Book Co., New Delhi. 4. Hutchinson, G. E. (2004). Treatise on Limnology. Vol. I, part-2, Vol. II. John Willey and Sons, New York. 5. Jhingran, V. G. (1992). Fish and Fishes of India. Hindustan Publishing Corporation, India. 6. Aggarwal, S. C. (1999). Limnology. APH Publ. Corp., New Delhi. 7. Garg, S. K. (1998). Hydrology and water resources engineering. Khanna Publishers, Delhi. 8. Bal, A.S (2005). An Introduction to Environment Management. Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai. 9. India’s Wetlands Mangroves and Coral Reefs (1992). WWF India. 10. Dugan, P. (1993). A Mitchell Beazley World Conservation Atlas. Wetlands in Danger. Mitchell Beazley, London. 11. Abbasi, S. A. (1997). Wetlands of India. Discovery Publishing House. New Delhi. 12. Sinha, P. C. and Mohanty, R. (2002). Wetland Management Policy and Law. Kanishka Publishers, Distributors, New Delhi. 17

Theory Paper - VI

ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY

I. MICROBIAL ENVIRONMENT 1.1 Nature and function of micro-organisms in soil 1.2 Nature and function of micro-organisms in air 1.3 Microbes and Biogeochemical cycles - Carbon cycle, Sulphur cycle, Nitrogen cycle, Phosphorus cycle and iron cycle 1.4 Aquatic Microbiology - Microbes of marine, fresh water & polluted environment 1.5 Potability of water - Microbial assessment of water quality

II. FOOD MICROBIOLOGY 2.1 Initial contamination and microbial spoilage of food 2.2 Sources and types of microbes in milk 2.3 Pasteurization of milk 2.4 Preservation and dehydration of food 2.5 Fermented foods: Vegetables and dairy products

SECTION-B

III. INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY 3.1 Types of fermentation process 3.2 Alcoholic fermentation 3.3 Production of vinegar, lactic acid and citric acid 3.4 Production of antibiotics, amino-acids, vitamins, vaccines, steroid transformation 3.5 Microorganisms in Bioassays

IV. DEVELOPMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY 18

4.1 White - rot fungal (WRF) technology for treatment of hazardous wastes. 4.2 Bioremediation - concept, types, advantages and disadvantages. 4.3 Vermiculture technology 4.4 Bioventing and Air sparging 4.5 Biofertilizers types, production and applications

LITERATURE RECOMMENDED: 1. Agarwal, I.K. and I.K. Nene (1985). Seed borne diseases of field crops and their control. Publication and information Division, I.C.A.R. 2. Agries, G.N. (1988). Plant Pathology, Acad Press, Inc. 3. Alemander, M. (1983). Soil Microbiology, Wiley Eastern Limited. 4. Frazier, W.C. and D.C. Westheff (1978). Food Microbiology, TATA McGraw Hill Pub. Co. Ltd. 5. Frobisher; M.R.D., Hinsdill, K.T. Crabtree, C.R. Goodheart (1974). Fundamentals of Microbiology, W.B. Saunders Company. 6. Hinchee, R.E. And Olfenbuttel, R.F. (1991). In Situ Bioreclamation: Applications and Investigations for Hydrocarbons and Contaminated Site Remediation. Butterworth- Heinemann, U.S.A. 7. Meyers, R.A. (1999). Encyclopedia of Environmental Pollution and Cleanup. Iiiol. 2. John Wiley & Sons, U.S.A. 8. Pelzcar, M.J.; Reid, R.D. & E.C.S. Chan (1977). Microbiology. MCGRAW Hill, New York. 9. Schlegel, H.G. (1985). General Microbiology, Cambridge University Press 10. Shukla, S.B. And Shantharam (2000). General Microbiology. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Ltd. N. Delhi. 11. Stainer, R.Y.; J.L. Ingraham; M.L. Wheels and P.R. Painter (1995). General Microbiology. McMillan Press Hong Kong. 12. Subha Rao, N.S. (1986). Soil Micro-Organisms and Plant growth. Oxford and IBH Pub. Co. 13. Tortora, G.J.; Funke, B.R. & Case, C.L. (1995). Microbiology - An Introduction. The Benjamin / Cummings Pub. Co., USA. 19

Theory Paper - VII

WILD LIFE ECOLOGY Maximum Marks: 70 Total Teaching Hrs: 45 Minimum Pass Marks: 35% Time Allowed: 3 hrs INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of three sections: A, B, & C. Section A & B will have four questions in each section from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 10 marks each. Section C will consist of 15 short-answer type questions covering the entire syllabus uniformly and each will carry 2 marks.

I. WILDLIFE AND WILDLIFE HABITAT 1.1 Wildlife: Definition, concepts & importance of wildlife in biological studies. 1.2 Methods of studying wildlife (Birds & Mammals) in their natural habitat 1.3 Wildlife as a Natural Resource. 1.4 Wildlife Habitat: Forest, Desert & Grassland with their characteristics wildlife. 1.5 Forest: Types, ecological characteristics & distribution pattern in India

II. ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION & WILDLIFE 2.1 Impact of Environment pollutants on wildlife. 2.2 Changed land use pattern and its effect on wildlife. 2.3 Wildlife diseases (Viral, Bacterial, Protozoan, Helminthes and Ticks). 2.4 Man & Wildlife conflict. 2.5 Wildlife management principle.

SECTION-B

III. SOCIOBIOLOGY OF WILD ANIMALS 3.1 Social organization in wild animals. 3.2 Evolution of Societies: Cost and benefit of social living. 3.3 Role of social behaviour in population regulation. 3.4 Sexual selection: Intrasexual selection (Male-male competition), Inter sexual selection (Female choice). 20

3.5 Social life in Primates.

IV. STATUS & DISTRIBUTION OF WILDLIFE IN INDIA 4.1 Habitat management with respect to cover & water 4.2 Food habit analysis of wildlife species 4.3 Zoo-geographic subdivisions of India based on important mammalian fauna. 4.4 Endangered Wildlife species (Birds & Mammals) of India. 4.5 Important National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries & Biosphere Reserves in India with characteristic Wildlife.

LITERATURE RECOMMENDED:

1. Berwick, S.H. & Sharma, V.B. (1995).Wildlife Research & Management, Oxford Univ. Press, Delhi. 2. Champion, H. C. & Sheth, S.K. (1968). A revised Survey of the Forest Types of India Pub. Manager, Col. Press- Nasik/Manager of Publication Delhi-6. 3. Dassman, R.F. (1982). Wildlife Biology (II Ed.). Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi. 4. Giles, R.H. (1984).Wildlife Management Techniques. The Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C. 5. Leopld, A. (1933).Game Management. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, London. 6. Odum, E.P. (1971). Fundamentals of Ecology. W.B. Saunder Co./ Toppan Co. Ltd. 7. Prater, S.H. (1980). The Book on Indian Animals. BNHS, Bombay. 8. Schaller, G. B. (1987). The Dear & the Tiger. ZSI, Calcutta. 9. Sparke, J. (1970). Bird Behaviour. Govosset & Dulop, Inc. New York. 10. Stoddart, A.I. (1975). Range Management: Pub. McGraw Hill, Col. Inc. New York 11. Teague, R.D. (1971). A manual of Wildlife Conservation Pub. The Wildlife Society, Washington, D.C. 12. Tikader, B.K. (1983). Threatened Animals of India. ZSI, Calcutta. 21

Theory Paper - VIII

ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS AND INSTRUMENTATION Maximum Marks: 70 Total Teaching Hrs: 45 Minimum Pass Marks: 35% Time Allowed: 3 hrs INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PAPER-SETTER The question paper will consist of three sections: A, B, & C. Section A & B will have four questions in each section from the respective sections of the syllabus and will carry 10 marks each. Section C will consist of 15 short-answer type questions covering the entire syllabus uniformly and each will carry 2 marks.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CANDIDATES Candidates are required to attempt two questions each from the section A and B of the question paper and the entire section C. . SECTION-A I. AIR AND SOIL ANALYSIS: 1.1. Air Sampling 1.2. Soil Sampling 1.3. Analysis of physico-chemical parameters of Air : SPM, NO2, SO2 & Relative humidity 1.4. Analysis of biological parameters of Air and Soil.

II. WATER ANALYSIS: 2.1. Sampling & Analysis of physical parameters of water: movement, colour, temperature, annual heat budget, transparency, turbidity 2.2 Analysis of Chemical Parameters of water: COD, BOD, Total dissolved solid, Total suspended solid

2.3 Analysis of Chemical Parameters of water: Na, K, P, NO3, PO4, HCO3, CO3 2.4 Bacteriological sampling and analysis of water quality standards

SECTION-B III. PHOTOMETRY: 3.1. Principle, Operation & Application of Colorimetry. 22

3.2. Principle, Operation & Application of Spectrophotometer 3.3. Principle & instrumentation of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. 3.4. Principle, instrumentation & application of Flame Photometer. 3.5. Principle & application of Infrared Spectrophotometer. 3.6 Electrophoresis, X-ray fluorescence & diffraction

IV. CHROMATOGRAPHY: 4.1. Paper Chromatography- Principle, types, experimental procedures & application. 4.2. Thin Layer Chromatography- Principle, experimental procedures & application 4.3. Gas Liquid Chromatography - Principle & experimental procedures 4.4 Gas Chromatography - Components of Gas Chromatography & their description. 4.5. High Pressure liquid Chromatography- Principle, instrumentation & Application.

BOOKS RECOMMENDED:- Rajvaidya, N. & Markenday, D.K. : Environmental Analysis & Instrumentation (Vol.2) A.P.H. Pub.Co.5, Ansari Road, DaryaGanj, N. Delhi. A.P.H.A. : Standard Methods for the examination of water & wastewater, 20th edition. Am. Pub. Hlth. Asso. , Washington. 23

Practical Paper III: Pertaining to theory V & VI Paper V 1 1. To compare dissolved oxygen content in standing and running water samples. 2 2. To study the free carbon dioxide content in the water sample. 3 3. Study of alkalinity in the water sample. 4 4. Study of total hardness in the water sample. 5 5. Collection of plankton: plankton nets. 6 6. Collection of Zoobenthos: Scoop sampler, Ekman Dredge grab and Vanveen's grab 7 7. Counting of plankton and zoobenthos 0 8. Study of plankton in given water sample: Phytoplankton, Zooplankton 8 9. Study of Zoobenthos. Paper - VI 1. Sterilization of glassware used in microbiology laboratory. 2. Preparation of nutrient broth and nutrient agar. 1 3. Preparation of nutrient agar plates and swabbing to obtain colonies. 2 4. Differential staining of given culture to identify gram positive and gram negative bacteria. 3 5. Perform hanging drop mount method to examine the motility of bacteria. 4 6. Determine the total number of microorganisms per ml of given milk sample by direct microscopic count. 5 7. Determine the quality of given milk sample by using Methylene Blue test. 6 8. Perform stormy clot fermentation test to detect the presence of anaerobic bacteria in given milk sample. 7 9. Demonstration of Catalase activity for H2O2 production in the given bacterial colony. Practical Paper IV: Pertaining to theory papers VII & VIII Paper - VII 1 1. To prepare project/assignment on impact of changing ecology on wild life. 2 2. To prepare project/assignment on role of wild animal in an ecosystem. 3 3. To prepare project/assignment on documentation of wild life of Harike bird Sanctuary. 24

4 4. Project report on Wild life of a National Park (Raja Ji National Park/Jim Corbett National Park) 5 5. To study the wild animals in the laboratory. 6 6. An assignment on ecology of biological invasions in India. Paper - VIII 1 1. To study different methods of air monitoring 2 2. To study the different methods of water sampling. 3 3. A visit to nearby Sewage Treatment Plant 4 4. To separate a sample of amino acids with the help of paper chromatography and TLC. 5 5. Demonstration of working of Spectrophotometer and Gas Chromatography. 6 6. Project work as assigned by the teacher.

*Minor changes in the practical syllabus can be done as per availability of the material.