Appendix 4. Description of the Priorities for Burkina Faso and Niger

Appendix 4

Request for Applications (RFA) No. RFA AID-OAA-L-15-00003-LSIL-03 Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems Page 1 of 11

APPENDIX 4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIORITIES FOR BURKINA FASO AND NIGER

These priorities were developed during the multi-stakeholder Innovation Platform meetings in Burkina Faso and Niger. When relevant, research should consider issues relevant to consumption, including (1) development of products that are appropriate to resource-poor consumers in terms of quantity, affordability, shelf life, and potential to improve nutritional outcomes, and (2) strategies that will overcome sociocultural constraints and elicit behavior changes that will result in increased ASF consumption. Although country priorities are presented separately in this RFA, proposals that involve studies in or are relevant to both countries will be preferred. Priorities for Burkina Faso

Almost 82% of Burkinabe households have livestock (APESS, 2014)). Livestock’s contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was on average 19% in the period 2004-2011, and 11% in 2013. Although livestock contributed 35% of the added value in agriculture in 2004-2011, it only received 7% of the agriculture budget, or only 1% of the total government budget (APESS, 2014). Burkina Faso’s livestock numbers for 2014 were estimated at 13.9 million goats, 9.3 million sheep, 9.1 million heads of cattle, and 2.3 million swine, as well as 33.8 million chickens and 8.5 million Guinea fowls (MRA, 2015). These numbers are based on annual adjustments of 2% (for cattle) to 3% (e.g., sheep, goats). Burkina Faso’s livestock resources make it the third largest producer in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS; after Nigeria and Mali), and it is the second largest exporter (after Mali). Official numbers of Burkinabe exports in 2014 were 514,000 sheep, 401,000 goats, and 344,000 cattle, with the largest number of livestock exported to Nigeria, Ghana, Côte d’Ivoire, Benin, and Niger (order varying by livestock species; MRA, 2015). Official export numbers likely underestimate the exports. For example, Josserand (2013) estimated that export statistics may underestimate outflows by a factor of 4 to 8.

All proposed interventions in Burkina Faso should fall under the Politique Nationale de Développement Durable de l’Elevage au Burkina Faso (2010 – 2025), Plan National de Développement Ėconomique et Social (PNDES; 2016-2020), the upcoming Programme National du Secteur Rural (PNSR) II and the Plan National de Développement Sanitaire (2011-2020). Research efforts involving pertinent resource issues need to also consider the 2009 Land Tenure Law and the different policy instruments governing pastoral corridors. Interventions should also support activities from the USAID Mission and U.S.- government funded Resilience in the Sahel Enhanced (RISE) project.

The top-ranked Area of Inquiry – specific priorities determined in a participatory manner by the LSIL multi-stakeholder platform in Burkina Faso include the following. To the extent possible, issues involving the economic and environmental sustainability of the interventions and gender should be emphasized in the design of the research and capacity building interventions. Particular attention should be paid to how research results can be scaled and sustained by the private sector. Please note: Although country priorities are presented separately in this RFA, proposals that involve studies in or are relevant to both countries will be preferred.

Animal Source Food (ASF) Production and Marketing

 Evaluate feed and water quality, safety, and quantity, and their use in animal feeding. Burkina Faso’s livestock has in general low productivity and high mortality, which are linked to poor Appendix 4

Request for Applications (RFA) No. RFA AID-OAA-L-15-00003-LSIL-03 Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems Page 2 of 11 nutrition and management and diseases. The majority of feeds come from natural range. For example, for sheep and goats, 80-84% of feed is from natural pastures and 12-15% from crop residues. Lack of good quality feed and water are the most important constraints to livestock sector development in Burkina Faso. Some general assessments have been done on the animal feed resource base in Burkina Faso (e.g., Kagone, 2001) and more focused projects have explored specific aspects of quality or availability (e.g., Sanon et al., 2005; Soulama et al., 2014; Sanou et al., 2014). However, there are no recent systematic assessments of the availability, quality, or safety of the commonly used feed and water resources. There is therefore a need to evaluate the current feed and water resources and their use in livestock systems. Resources considered can be domestically produced feeds and imported feeds with potential to be cost effectively used. Efforts should focus on technologies that improve production and quality of livestock feeds. These could include, among others, identification and establishment of appropriate forage cultivars like drought-resistant and brown midrib hybrids, improving grazing management strategies, incorporation of appropriate legumes in pastures and diets, supplementation with mineral-vitamin premixes, supplementation with urea-molasses blocks, developing shade structures at watering sites, and reducing bush encroachment on grazing sites. In addition to agronomic and animal nutrition aspects, research should consider production costs and profitability, market characteristics, value chain structure, and ways to add value.

 Support development of systems for improving quality and traceability of meat, milk, and eggs. Improved quality of ASF will contribute to human health but can also increase markets for ASF and profits for the different actors in the value chains. Current production and processing practices for meat, milk, and eggs constrain quality. Inputs, including veterinary products and feed, are of unknown quality and mismanagement of veterinary products is common (Chapon and Diop, 2011). In addition, animal management practices and animal product hygiene, handling, and processing practices can further reduce quality. There are no traceability systems in Burkina Faso, which makes it difficult to prevent and control diseases and restricts access to profitable markets. Development of systems that improve ASF quality through high quality feeds and veterinary products, as well as good management should be coupled with developing traceability systems to allow for value addition from the management investments. Research should therefore also focus on studying the validity, cost effectiveness, and efficacy of pilot traceability systems. Economic and social aspects of the technologies should be considered as well as how they can be sustained and scaled by the private sector. See also the second research priority under Livestock Disease Management and Safety Area of Inquiry. Additional priority

 Improve the quality of crop residues and agro-industrial byproducts as well as the production of natural and cultivated fodder. The quality of animal feeds used in Burkina Faso is general low. Most of Burkina Faso’s livestock are reared in extensive and nomadic pastoralist systems; estimations are that about 80% of the livestock are in these systems, which produce 77% of the meat and 92% of the milk in the country (APESS, 2014). Consequently, most of the livestock feed is from natural range. For example, for sheep and goats, 80-84% of feed is from natural pastures and 12-15% is from crop residues. Due to reliance on natural pastures, there is limited fodder conservation, storage and use of alternative high quality feeds. In addition, little data is available on certain feed resources, such as the quality of widely used agro-industrial byproducts, causing concern about the safety of such products as cottonseed cake originating from small processing facilities, due to potentially high content of gossypol. Improved production and quality should be a focus of efforts for different types of fodder and feed. This could include development of dual purpose and/or drought tolerant varieties, introduction of processing methods that enhance feed quality, and increasing access to quality forage seeds for crops or for improving pastures. Appendix 4

Livestock Disease Management and Food Safety  Improve knowledge of Tuberculosis and Brucellosis at the national level to inform development of control strategies. Although there is limited evidence that Tuberculosis and Brucellosis are present in the dairy farms around Ouagaoudougou (Boussini et al., 2012), no national data is available on the prevalence of these diseases, which complicates the development of mitigation and control strategies. Intensification of the dairy sector will exacerbate current problems, and controlling these animal diseases now is more cost-effective than control after intensification. Both diseases affect animal health and productivity, but also have important public health implications as they are zoonotic in nature. Proposals should enhance the national government’s capacity for diagnosis, epidemiology, surveillance, and risk management of these transboundary livestock diseases. Research should focus on developing and testing strategies for control and prevention of these diseases, and can include the use of observational (retrospective) approaches for measuring disease burden and to identify factors that affect the frequency and distribution of these two diseases. Other appropriate research approaches can be proposed. Emphasis should also be given to building capacity of private sector veterinarians and Community Animal Health Workers (CAHW).

 Evaluate the quality of veterinary medicines and identify entry points for microbial resistance and residues in ASF. There is currently no in-country testing capacity for drug quality, anti-microbial resistance, and residues. Research is needed to foster development and adoption of effective strategies for regulation of veterinary medicines. There are reports of poor quality drugs and uncontrolled use of veterinary medicines, as well as some evidence of residues of veterinary medicines in ASF (Samandoulougou et al., 2015; Habibata, 2013; Zerbo, 2014). The quality of veterinary medicines sold at different markets and quantities of residues in ASF, as well as risks stemming from their use should be evaluated and quantified. These approaches should inform strategies to improve quality of veterinary medicines sold and administered. Emphasis should also be given to building capacity of private sector veterinarians and Community Animal Health Workers (CAHW). Additional priority  Improve poultry management systems to reduce environmental enteric dysfunction among children and pregnant and breastfeeding women. Backyard and semi-intensive poultry rearing is gaining popularity in Burkina Faso, but little attention has been paid to the potential negative impacts they may have on young children who ingest pathogens with poultry droppings in the backyard. Infection with some of these pathogens can cause stunting and associated long-term adverse effects on the children (Mbuya and Humphrey, 2016). Research should focus on understanding the relationship between poultry management at different intensities and with different management interventions, and the prevalence and severity of environmental enteric dysfunction.

Enabling Policies and Future Livestock Systems  Quality standards and norms in livestock systems. The 1989 regulation AN VII-0114/FP/AGRI- EL governs the sanitary inspection of the animals and ASF destined for human consumption. However, many quality standards and norms are lacking or are not implemented across the value chains, including for feed, and for various practices related to production, processing, transport, and retail of livestock products. In addition, the quality of the final livestock products is commonly Appendix 4

Request for Applications (RFA) No. RFA AID-OAA-L-15-00003-LSIL-03 Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems Page 4 of 11 unknown, including their content of harmful compounds. Research is therefore needed to advance the development of quality standards and norms and to incentivize their adoption. Development of such standards will also increase revenues from high quality livestock products sold for a premium price in domestic and foreign markets.  Resource access in relation to conflict management. Conflicts have always existed in the region over diminishing resources needed for livestock production, particularly land and water (Shettima and Tar, 2008), despite diverse laws governing land use. In Burkina Faso, the 2002 Pastoral Policy Act guarantees pastoralists the right to pastoral land and to herd movement, as well as equitable natural resource use. More broadly, the 2009 Rural Land Tenure Law (Act. No 034) also ensures equitable access to rural land and promotes investments both in agriculture and pastoralism, in addition to aiming to prevent land conflicts by codifying customary rights through rural land charters, and by providing a governing framework to them through local land charters involving representatives of the different community members. At the regional level, there is an agreement on trans-border transhumance, from 1998, by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) (Hughes, 2014). Conflicts over resources are, however, worsening, particularly among pastoralists and crop farmers due to climate change and other factors. FAO (2012) outlines a number of challenges regarding transhumance through various countries; several of which are related to access to water and feed along the transhumance routes. There is a need for improved understanding of the impacts of such conflicts, including possible connections with extremism. There is also a need to develop understanding of the profitability of land use within and between different groups using the land (e.g., agriculturalists, pastoralists), and develop institutional mechanisms and models for ensuring and improving access to the forage/crop resources and to prevent and/or manage the conflicts.

Priorities for Niger

According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, 87% of the population in Niger keeps livestock (Ministere d’Elevage, 2013). Four out of the eight ethnic groups present in the country (Peul, Tuareg, Arab, and Toubou) depend almost exclusively on livestock for their livelihoods. (Ministere d’Elevage, 2014). Livestock contribute 11% to the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 35% to the agricultural GDP (Ministere d’Elevage, 2014). Sales of livestock contribute to 15% of household income and 25% of the household nutritional needs. In addition, livestock exports contribute 22% of the total export value and are the second most important export product after mineral resources (Ministere d’Elevage, 2014). According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO. 2014), Niger has 11.3 million cattle, 1.7 million camels, 18 million poultry, 25.9 million sheep and goats, and 425,000 pigs. Four regions of the country have 77% of the total livestock population: Zinder (25%), Tahoua (20.6%), Maradi (16.41%) and Tillabéry (15.07%) (Ministere d’Elevage, 2014).

All proposed interventions in Niger should be aligned with the Strategy of the High Commission Initiative 3N (HC3N) on Food and Nutritional Security and the Strategy for Sustainable Livestock Development (SDDEL 2013-2035) developed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. Interventions should also support activities of the USAID Mission and the U.S. government-funded Resilience in the Sahel Enhanced (RISE) project.

The top-ranked Area of Inquiry – specific priorities determined in a participatory manner by the LSIL multi-stakeholder platform in Niger include the following. Please note that although country priorities are presented separately in this RFA, proposals that involve studies in or are relevant to both countries Appendix 4

Request for Applications (RFA) No. RFA AID-OAA-L-15-00003-LSIL-03 Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems Page 5 of 11 will be preferred. To the extent possible, issues involving the economic and environmental sustainability of the interventions and household economy should be emphasized in the design of the research and capacity building interventions, and particular attention should be paid to how research results can be scaled and sustained by the private sector. Animal Source Food (ASF) Production and Marketing  Improve access to and quality of feed and fodder. There is considerable seasonal variability in the availability and quality of feed and fodder for livestock, both from Niger’s mainly rain-fed cropping systems and from fodder collected from rangeland, due to limited use of forage conservation and fodder quality enhancement techniques. This is of particular concern for cattle but also applies to other species, and has a significant impact on the availability of milk, a culturally and nutritionally significant part of the diet of some Nigeriens. Efforts should focus on technologies that improve production and quality of livestock feeds. These could include identification and establishment of appropriate forage cultivars like drought-resistant and brown midrib hybrids, improving grazing management strategies, incorporation of appropriate legumes in diets, supplementation with mineral- vitamin premixes, supplementation with urea-molasses blocks, provision of shade structures at watering sites, reducing bush encroachment on grazing sites, etc. In addition to agronomic and animal nutrition aspects, research should consider production costs and profitability, market characteristics, value chain structure, value addition, and potential for scaling and sustenance of proposed technologies and approaches by the private sector.

 Improve the quantity and the quality of meat and milk. The reliance on unimproved grazing lands, forages, and feeds in addition to the use of traditional livestock breeds constrains meat and milk production in Niger. The seasonal forage and feed supply also causes important variations in the price and quality of meat and milk. For example, milk sales drop significantly in the dry season when animal feed is limited and milk production is low. While small ruminant fattening is increasingly practiced in Niger, most animals have fluctuating growth patterns due to the inconsistent feed supply throughout the year. The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique du Niger (INRAN) have conducted research into optimal rations for fattening small ruminants but more research is needed on mapping strategic fattening locations, with adjacent areas for feed production, further developing or adapting existing low-cost balanced rations, reducing transaction costs, increasing animal welfare during transport to enhance meat quality, and reducing disease occurrence that compromises the value of hides and skins for export markets. The animal science-focused research should also consider production costs and profitability, market characteristics, value chain structure, inefficiencies value addition, and potential for scaling and sustenance of proposed technologies and approaches by the private sector.

Additional priority  Ensure the preservation and efficient use of crop residues. The quality of crop residues is often inherently low and it declines further due to delayed harvesting and poor harvest and post-harvest management. Research is needed on effective strategies for improving the quality and preservation of crop residues. These could include research on biological, physical, or chemical treatments or on breeding to develop improved dual-purpose varieties for animal and human consumption such as those with high stover digestibility or protein content. Economic aspects should be incorporated in the research when appropriate. The animal science-focused research should consider production costs and profitability, market characteristics, value chain structure, inefficiencies, value addition and potential for scaling and sustenance of proposed technologies and approaches by the private sector. Appendix 4

Livestock Disease Management and Food Safety Please note: All proposals should build on but should not duplicate existing efforts and should strengthen the existing national surveillance networks, particularly the following:  Official Control Service (Service Officiel de Control, SOC)  Epidemiological Network (Réseau Epidémiologique, RESEPI)

 Improve understanding of the most common diseases in small ruminants, such as Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR), Pasteurellosis, and Sheep and Goat Pox. According to Ministere d’Elevage (2014), disease morbidity and mortality continue to be an important constraint to livestock production due to a variety of reasons, such as weak surveillance systems, challenging access to quality veterinary drugs and vaccines, as well as animal health services that are not sufficiently adapted to the frequently mobile nature of the livestock population. Importantly, small ruminants constitute 45% of the livestock population in Niger, but a number of diseases affect them, such as PPR, Pasteurellosis, Sheep Pox, and Goat pox. Proposals should enhance the national government’s capacity for diagnosis, epidemiology, surveillance and risk management of transboundary diseases in livestock. Research should focus on developing and testing strategies for control and prevention of these diseases, and can include (but is not limited to) the use of observational (retrospective) methods for measuring disease burden and to identify factors that can affect the frequency and distribution of these diseases. Emphasis should also be given to building capacity of private sector veterinarians and CAHW.

 Develop understanding of the main zoonotic diseases in Niger, i.e., Tuberculosis (TB) / Brucellosis, Rift Valley Fever (RVF), Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI H5N1), and Newcastle’s Disease. Some data exists on the prevalence of Brucellosis and TB at herd level (Boukary et al., 2013) and on turberculin in meats (Boukary et al., 2011). However, comprehensive country-level information is lacking, at a time when intensification of the dairy sector will likely exacerbate current problems. Proposals should enhance the national government’s capacity for diagnosis, epidemiology, surveillance, and risk management of these transboundary diseases, with a view to developing and testing strategies for control and prevention of these diseases, including through use of the observational (retrospective) methods. Additionally, Niger reported its most recent HPAI H5N1 outbreak in February 2016 in Tillaberi (OIE, 2016a). Newcastle’s Disease is the most commonly reported poultry disease, despite various vaccination efforts. Proposals should focus on developing effective control strategies for these two diseases. Finally, Niger experienced a RVF outbreak in August 2016, the first time there has been a clinical report since 1992 (OIE, 2016b; WHO, 2016). The national authorities with FAO, WHO, and UNICEF, as well as local NGOs, are working on the outbreak response. Research on this topic should take place in close coordination with the ministries and agencies that are involved and should not duplicate nor hamper any ongoing activities. Emphasis should also be given to building capacity of private sector veterinarians and CAHW. Additional priority Appendix 4

Request for Applications (RFA) No. RFA AID-OAA-L-15-00003-LSIL-03 Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems Page 7 of 11  Help develop and strengthen a national food safety system and support efforts to understand impacts of environmental enteric dysfunction. According to WHO estimates (Havelaar et al., 2015), the 2010 burden of foodborne diseases in the AFR D region where Niger belongs is 1,300 Disability Adjusted Live Years (DALYs) per 100,000 population. This is the highest DALY of all WHO regions, but, as pointed out by the authors, it may be an underestimation due to lack of reliable data. The current food safety system in Niger includes trained inspectors, Central Veterinary Laboratory, and LABOCEL at the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. However, the system is in general limited in scope and reach. Research efforts should support development of a system and capacities that consider the entire meat and or milk value chain. Additionally, in the backyard and semi-intensive poultry rearing systems in Niger, children are exposed to poultry droppings, which is associated with environmental enteric dysfunction and stunting of children. Research should focus on understanding the relationship between poultry management at different intensities and with different management interventions, and the prevalence and severity of environmental enteric dysfunction. Enabling Policies and Future Livestock Systems  Analyze the efficacy and impacts of existing policies affecting livestock. In the past 20 years, there have been successive policies on livestock in Niger, each with somewhat different emphases. An analysis of their implementation and the economic, livelihood, and environmental impacts is needed to guide future policy making processes. In particular, research is needed to develop the evidence base for policy makers to enact or implement policies that will strengthen the livestock sector.

 Analysis of the transformation of livestock systems. Nigerien livestock systems are undergoing a profound transformation, including, among others, the increasing conflict between nomadic livestock rearing and crop production. Other challenges include monetarization of complementary services, increasing pressure on existing grazing lands and corridors by nomadic animals due to increasing populations, agricultural expansion, ranching, climate change, and resource degradation. In addition, there is a need to assess the profitability of land use (both within groups and between different groups which use land (e.g., pastoralists, agriculturalists) and whether and how this transformation is contributing to violent extremism. More recently, given the export-orientation towards Nigeria, the devaluation of the Naira is reportedly greatly affecting the Nigerien livestock sector, but the diverse impacts on livelihoods of the producers and other value chain actors as well as on livestock sector (e.g., through impacts on off-take rates) have not been fully understood or documented. An analysis of the processes and impacts should be done with a view to guide future policy development processes in Niger. Additional priority

 Support “One Health” policies1. Despite the great need, there is a relative scarcity of efforts in One Health in Niger, including at the policy level. Research should be conducted to aid policy processes by analyzing areas of need and sustainable and effective approaches and strategies for One Health implementation.

1 According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): “One Health recognizes that the health of people is connected to the health of animals and the environment. The goal of One Health is to encourage the collaborative efforts of multiple disciplines-working locally, nationally, and globally-to achieve the best health for people, animals, and our environment. A One Health approach is important because 6 out of every 10 infectious diseases in humans are spread from animals.” (CDC, 2017). Appendix 4

Request for Applications (RFA) No. RFA AID-OAA-L-15-00003-LSIL-03 Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems Page 8 of 11 Appendix 4

Request for Applications (RFA) No. RFA AID-OAA-L-15-00003-LSIL-03 Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems Page 9 of 11 References APESS [Association pour la Promotion de l'Elevage au Sahel et en Savane]. 2014. Eléments de bilan du soutien public à l’élevage au Burkina-Faso depuis Maputo. Document de travail.

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ZERBO, L.H. 2014. Etude préliminaire sur l'utilisation des antibiotiques dans les élevages de poules pondeuses et la présence de résidus d'antibiotiques dans les œufs commercialisés à Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Université de Dakar; Available from http://www.beep.ird.fr/collect/eismv/index/assoc/MEM14-17.dir/MEM14-17.pdf. (Accessed 22 January 2017).