Chapter 36—The Cold War Begins, 1945-1952

COMPLETION

Locate the following places by reference number on the map:

1. ____ Bulgaria

2. ____ Albania

© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 3. ____ Estonia

4. ____ Hungary

5. ____ Poland

6. ____ German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

7. ____ Romania

8. ____ Yugoslavia

9. ____ Latvia

10. ____ Lithuania

11. ____ Czechoslovakia

50 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. Locate the following places by reference number on the map:

1. ____ China

2. ____ Mongolia

3. ____ South Sakhalin Island

4. ____ North Korea

5. ____ Kuril Islands

51 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Many Americans feared that the end of World War II would bring a. heightened racial tensions. b. a return of the Great Depression. c. moral and religious decline. d. continued fascist resistance in Germany. e. a new war with the Soviet Union. p. 830

2. The Taft-Hartley Act delivered a major blow to labor by a. outlawing strikes by public employees. b. creating a serious inflationary spiral. c. banning labor's political action committees. d. outlawing closed (all-union) shops. e. forbidding union organizers to enter workplaces. p. 830

3. The passage of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill of Rights) was partly motivated by a. fear of postwar veterans' protests. b. memories of the mistreatment of the veterans' Bonus Army in the 1930s. c. fear that the labor markets could not absorb millions of discharged veterans. d. a desire to expand the social diversity of American colleges and universities. e. the need of American business for a more highly educated workforce. p. 831

4. Which of these is NOT a true statement about the GI Bill? a. It included provisions to help veterans gain an education. b. Benefits included $16 million in loans for veterans to buy farms, homes or businesses. c. The GI Bill nurtured the nation's economic expansion in the postwar era. d. Benefits were only available in the first three months after leaving the military. e. Millions of veterans took advantage of the GI Bill programs. p. 831

5. The growth of organized labor in the post-World War II era was slowed by all of the following except the a. Taft-Hartley Act. b. rapidly growing number of service-sector workers. c. failure of Operation Dixie. d. reduced number of women in the work force. e. growing number of part-time workers. p. 830

6. In an effort to forestall an economic downturn, the Truman administration did all of the following except a. create the President's Council of Economic Advisers. b. sell war factories and other government installations to private businesses at very low prices. c. pass the Employment Act, which made it government policy to promote maximum employment. 52 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. d. pass the Servicemen's Readjustment Act, known as the GI Bill of Rights. e. continue wartime wage and price controls. p. 831

7. The post-World War II prosperity in the United States was most beneficial to a. African Americans. b. labor unions. c. women. d. Hispanics. e. farmers. p. 832

8. One striking consequence of the postwar economic boom was a. the continued exclusion of most women from the workplace. b. the growing split between urban and rural America. c. the growing concentration of wealth at the top of society. d. a vast expansion of the homeowning middle class. e. the growth of blue-collar employment. p. 832

9. The prosperity of the postwar decades paved the way for all of the following social transformations except a. the civil rights movement. b. new welfare programs like Medicare. c. America's international leadership. d. the migration of people to the North. e. increased opportunity to move up economically. p. 832

10. The majority of the new jobs created in the postwar era went to a. men. b. women. c. African Americans. d. Hispanics. e. New immigrants. p. 832

11. "Planned obsolescence" was a marketing tool invented in the postwar era that a. pushed families to buy a second car, rather than owning just one. b. encouraged manufacturers to make products that would break or wear out every two years. c. meant changing the design of goods frequently enough so that customers would replace older versions with newer ones. d. was the reason more and more mothers entered or re-entered the workforce. e. barraged consumers with repetitive advertising campaigns designed to make them purchase more. p. 833

53 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 12. The long economic boom from World War II to about 1970 was especially fueled by a. low energy costs. b. reduced military expenditures. c. low inflation. d. low taxes. e. a more highly educated work force. p. 834

13. Much of the prosperity of the 1950s and 1960s rested on the underpinnings of a. foreign aid. b. a rising stock market. c. foreign trade. d. a thriving automobile industry. e. colossal military budgets. p. 832

14. One sign of the stress that the widespread post-World War II geographic mobility placed on American families was the a. redistribution of income. b. popularity of advice books on child-rearing. c. increasing reliance on television as a baby sitter. d. increased number of long-distance telephone calls. e. dramatic rise in divorces. p. 835

15. The dramatically reduced number of American farms and farmers in the postwar era was accompanied by a. growing poverty in rural America. b. increasing shortages of American-grown food and fiber. c. radical protests by farmers and farm laborers. d. a romantic "back to the land" movement among city dwellers. e. spectacular gains in American agricultural productivity and food growing. p. 834

16. Since 1945, population in the United States has grown most rapidly in the a. Northeast. b. Midwest. c. Sunbelt. d. Frostbelt. e. Pacific Northwest. p. 834

17. Much of the Sunbelt's new prosperity was based on its a. tremendous influx of money from the federal government. b. policy of high state taxes. c. regulated economic growth.

54 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. d. cooperative effort rather than unbridled individualism. e. attention to environmental issues. p. 835

18. All of the following encouraged many post-1945 Americans to move to the suburbs except a. development of fuel-efficient automobiles. b. home-loan guarantees from the Federal Housing Authority and the Veterans' Administration. c. government-built highways. d. tax deductions for interest payments on home mortgages. e. white flight from racial change. p. 835-836

19. Which of the following did not contribute to the rapid rise of suburbia in post-World War II America? a. The baby boom b. Government mortgage guarantees c. New federally funded highways d. White flight e. Urban environmental problems p. 836-838

20. By 1960, the proportion of Americans who lived in areas classified as metropolitan suburbs was approximately a. three out of four (75 percent). b. one out of four (25 percent). c. half (50 percent). d. one out of ten (10 percent). e. four out of ten (40 percent). p. 835 | p. 838

21. The continued growth of the suburbs led to a. increased school integration. b. better entertainment opportunities in the cities. c. an increase in urban poverty. d. a decrease in urban crime. e. more efficient transportation. p. 836-837

22. Population distribution after World War II followed a pattern of a. movement into the Northeast and out of the South. b. mass migration of blacks from the West to the Midwest. c. movement from the Southwest to Appalachia. d. movement out of the cities and into small towns. e. an urban-suburban segregation of blacks and whites in major metropolitan areas. p. 836-837

55 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 23. The refusal of the Federal Housing Authority to grant home loans to blacks contributed to a. the growth of savings and loan institutions exclusively for blacks. b. driving many blacks into public housing. c. the development of exclusively black suburbs. d. a decline in black migration to the cities. e. All of these p. 838

24. The huge postwar baby boom reached its peak in the a. late 1940s. b. early 1950s. c. late 1950s. d. mid-1960s. e. early 1970s. p. 838

25. Children of the baby boom a. comprised a lucrative market for prepared baby food and other infant products. b. grew into teenagers who spend $20 billion a year on clothes and music. c. became the foundation of the youth movements of the 1960s and 1970s. d. All of these e. None of these p. 838

26. Before he was elected vice president of the United States in 1944, Harry S Truman had served as all of the following except a. a haberdashery store owner. b. secretary of the navy. c. a World War I artillery officer. d. a Missouri judge. e. a United States senator. p. 838

27. Harry Truman possessed all of the following personal characteristics except a. willingness to admit mistakes. b. few pretensions. c. willingness to accept responsibility. d. honesty. e. courage. p. 839

56 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 28. In early 1945, the United States was extremely eager to secure the Soviet Union's participation in the projected invasion of Japan because a. the Soviets would become so engaged in East Asia that they would not expand further into central Europe. b. without Soviet help, the Japanese could not be defeated. c. American casualties were expected to be high if only Americans were involved. d. Roosevelt believed that Stalin's involvement in Japan could help to control the communists in China. e. Roosevelt did not want Stalin to become aware of the atomic bomb secret. p. 839-840

29. The crucial origins of the Cold War lay in a fundamental disagreement between the United States and the Soviet Union over postwar arrangements in a. North Africa. b. East Asia. c. the Middle East. d. the Third World. e. Eastern Europe. p. 840

30. Which of the following were not among the key decisions made by Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill at the Yalta Conference? a. The Soviet Union would attack Japan within three months in exchange for territorial concessions. b. The Soviet Union would sponsor free elections in Poland, Bulgaria, and Romania. c. Occupation zones in Germany would be assigned to each of the victorious great powers. d. The Soviets and Americans would militarily withdraw from Europe after a peace treaty was signed. e. A new international peacekeeping organization, the United Nations, would be set up. p. 839-840

31. Despite their political and strategic differences, the United States and the Soviet Union strongly resembled one another in 1945 in that they a. had long experience as great powers in Europe. b. accepted the idea of balance of power and spheres of influence. c. believed that control of the Middle East was essential to maintaining their national security. d. had been largely isolated from world affairs and practiced an ideological missionary foreign policy. e. both believed that Britain and France must be destroyed as major powers. p. 840

32. Unlike the failed League of Nations, the new United Nations a. denied the power of veto to any party in an international dispute. b. established no forum for the smaller nations besides the great powers. c. assumed that there would eventually be conflict among the great powers. d. was unable to achieve approval by the United States Senate. e. was established in a spirit of cooperation before the war's actual end. p. 844

57 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 33. One of the most significant structural differences between the old League of Nations and the new United Nations was that the U.N. a. did not attempt to include all the independent nations of the world in its membership. b. gave a veto in the powerful Security Council to the five Great Powers. c. did not try to address the question of colonialism. d. developed its own independent military force controlled by the Security Council. e. established a powerful independent executive branch in the Secretary General. p. 844

34. Which of the following was not among the early successes of the United Nations? a. Stopping the spread of atomic weapons b. Preventing warfare over Kashmir and Iran c. Creating the new state of Israel d. Guiding former European colonies to independence e. Enhancing global health, food production, and cultural development p. 844

35. The victorious World War II Allies quickly agreed that a. Germany should pay economically crippling war reparations. b. Nazism should be destroyed in Germany and high-ranking Nazis should be tried and punished for war crimes. c. occupied Germany should be reunited as soon as possible. d. Germany should receive massive economic aid. e. Germany should be divided into two nations, East and West Germany. p. 844-845

36. When the Soviet Union denied the United States, Britain, and France access to Berlin in 1948, President Truman responded by a. asking the United Nations to intervene. b. denying the Soviets access to West Germany. c. declaring that an iron curtain had descended across Central Europe. d. organizing a gigantic airlift of supplies to Berlin. e. sending an armed convoy to Berlin. p. 846

37. Soviet specialist George F. Kennan framed a coherent approach for America in the Cold War by advising a policy of a. détente. b. appeasement. c. containment. d. limited war. e. negotiation. p. 846

38. The fundamental idea of the containment doctrine, embraced by President Truman, was a. the Soviet Union should be gradually forced to give up its sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. b. the Soviet Union should be prevented from trading with nations in Africa and Asia.

58 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. c. the West and the Soviet Union should seek to contain the spread of nuclear weapons. d. Soviet expansion should be blocked by firm but not aggressive military and diplomatic strength. e. military competition between the West and the Soviets should be replaced by economic competition. . 846

39. The immediate crisis that prompted the announcement of the Truman Doctrine was related to the threat of a communist takeover in a. Iran. b. Greece and Turkey. c. Communist China. d. Czechoslovakia. e. Berlin. p. 846-847

40. Under the Truman Doctrine, the United States pledged to a. refrain from polarizing the world into pro-Soviet and pro-American camps. b. maintain prosperity in America after World War II. c. give very limited assistance to nations fighting communism. d. support those who were resisting subjugation by communists. e. work to liberate the captive nations of Eastern Europe. p. 847

41. Match each postwar American program below with its primary purpose.

A. Point Four 1. assist communist-threatened Greece and Turkey B. NATO 2. promote economic recovery of Europe C. Truman Doctrine 3. aid underdeveloped nations of Latin America, Asia, and D. Marshall Plan Africa 4. resist Soviet military threat

a. A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2 b. A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4 c. A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 d. A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 e. A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 p. 846-847 | p. 849 | p. 854

42. A leading American theologian who urged a vigorous American foreign policy and a return to Christian foundations was a. Paul Tillich. b. Billy Graham. c. Benjamin Spock. d. Reinhold Nieburh. e. Norman Vincent Peale. p. 847

59 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 43. President Truman's Marshall Plan called for a. military supplies for Britain and France. b. substantial financial assistance to rebuild Western Europe. c. economic aid for Japan. d. foreign aid for Third World countries to resist communism. e. an alliance to contain the Soviet Union. . 847

44. The Marshall Plan succeeded in reviving Europe's economy and thwarting the large internal Communist parties threatening to take over a. Italy and France. b. West Germany and East Germany. c. Britain and Ireland. d. Spain and Italy. e. Greece and Turkey. p. 848

45. President Truman risked American access to Middle Eastern oil supplies when he a. sent U.S. military forces into Lebanon. b. refused to recognize the authoritarian Saudi Arabian monarchy. c. supported British control of the Suez Canal. d. tried to force the Soviet Union out of the Middle East. e. recognized the new Jewish state of Israel. p. 848 46. American membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization did all of the following for the country except a. strengthen the containment of the Soviet Union. b. help reintegrate Germany into the European family. c. reduce our defense expenditures, since we would get help from other countries. d. reassure Europeans that the United States would not abandon them. e. strike a major blow to American isolationists. p. 849

47. The United States' participation in NATO a. reaffirmed America's long-standing commitment to the defense of Western Europe. b. marked a dramatic departure from traditional American isolationism. c. reduced the need for increased military spending. d. helped to resolve the problem of Germany. e. All of these p. 849

48. Postwar Japan a. was, like Germany, divided into Allied occupation zones. b. was destabilized by a civil war between nationalist and communist elements. c. resisted the imposition of American-style democracy. d. was governed from the island of Formosa (Taiwan) until 1949. e. had its military leaders tried for war crimes, as had occurred in Germany. p. 850

60 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 49. Which of the following was not true of the new Japanese government installed by General Douglas MacArthur in 1946? a. It joined an American military alliance to prevent the spread of communism in East Asia. b. It pledged itself to providing for women's equality. c. It introduced a Western-style democratic constitution. d. It paved the way for a spectacular economic recovery. e. It renounced militarism. p. 850

50. Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalist government lost the Chinese civil war to the communists and Mao Ze- dong mainly because a. Jiang lost the support and confidence of the Chinese people. b. the United States failed to give Jiang enough aid. c. Mao received much assistance from the Soviet Union. d. communists within the Truman administration undermined Jiang's efforts. e. the communists were closer to traditional Chinese culture. p. 850

51. Republicans used the Communist victory in the Chinese civil war to claim that a. China now posed a greater threat to the United States than the Soviet Union. b. the United States should force a showdown with China over Korea. c. Japan should be given access to nuclear weapons as soon as possible. d. pro-Communist elements in the Truman administration had prevented Jiang Jieshi from winning. e. East Asia should be given a lesser priority in American policy than Europe. p. 851

52. In an effort to detect communists within the federal government, President Harry Truman established the a. Committee on Un-American Activities. b. Central Intelligence Agency. c. Smith Act. d. McCarran Internal Security Act. e. Loyalty Review Board. p. 852

53. Which of the following was not among the features of the increasing domestic anticommunist uproar in the late 1940s? a. The Federal Bureau of Investigation successfully prevented the Soviets from stealing American atomic secrets. b. Two American citizens, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, were executed as Soviet spies. c. The House Un-American Activities Committee successfully exposed the State Department's Alger Hiss as a Communist agent. d. Conservative local politicians used communism to attack changes in sexual and cultural values. e. Teachers and other employees in many states were forced to sign loyalty oaths.

61 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. p. 852-853

54. In 1948, many southern Democrats split from their party to support Governor J. Strom Thurmond because a. China had fallen to the communists. b. they opposed American membership in the United Nations. c. President Truman took a strong stand in favor of civil rights. d. they found the Republican candidate, Thomas E. Dewey, more sympathetic to their conservative ideology. e. Truman appointed an ambassador to the Catholic Vatican City. p. 853

55. Match each 1948 presidential candidate below with his political party.

A. J. Strom Thurmond 1. Progressive B. Henry Wallace 2. Democratic C. Harry S Truman 3. States' Rights D. Thomas E. Dewey 4. Republican

a. A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4 b. A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3 c. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4 d. A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2 e. A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1 p. 853-854

56. Even by the end of the 1948 presidential campaign, almost everyone expected Governor Thomas Dewey to win because a. the Republicans had finally united their northeastern internationalist and midwestern isolationist wings. b. Truman had run a listless and defensive campaign. c. Dewey was such a charming and charismatic candidate. d. President Truman seemed unpopular and the Democrats had split three ways. e. the Republicans had developed a stronger and more progressive domestic platform. p. 854

57. President Truman's domestic legislative plan was dubbed the a. Square Deal. b. New Deal. c. Fair Deal. d. Redeal. e. New Frontier. p. 854

62 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 58. President Truman's action upon hearing of the invasion of South Korea illustrated his commitment to a foreign policy of a. appeasement. b. liberation. c. détente. d. multilateralism. e. containment. p. 855

59. NSC-68 called for a. the invasion of North Korea by United Nations troops. b. a blockade of the China coast and bombing of Manchuria. c. a program of spying on the Soviet Union. d. the reorganization of the Defense Department. e. a massive increase in military spending. p. 855 60. The NSC-68 document reflected the American belief a. in the limitless capabilities of the American economy and society. b. that we needed help to fight the spread of communism. c. that huge sacrifices would be needed by Americans to fight the Cold War. d. in the futility of containment. e. that military spending would help the economy. p. 855

61. President Harry Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur from command of United Nations troops in Korea when a. MacArthur continued to lose crucial battles. b. MacArthur crossed the 38th parallel and entered North Korea. c. the Chinese entered the Korean War after MacArthur said they would not. d. MacArthur began to openly criticize Truman's orders on military policy. e. MacArthur began to mock Truman for having been only a captain in the army. p. 856

62. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) Berlin airlift, (B) Korean War, and (C) fall of China. a. A, C, B b. B, C, A c. A, B, C d. C, A, B e. C, B, A p. 846 | p. 851 | p. 855

Chapter 37—The Eisenhower Era, 1952-1960

63. Which of the following was not true of the changing nature of work in the 1950s? a. Science and technology drove economic growth. b. There were fewer jobs in the military-related aerospace industry. c. White collar workers were surpassing blue collar workers in numbers. 63 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. d. Labor unions reached a peak and then began to decline. e. Job opportunities were opening to women in the white collar work force. p. 860

64. After World War II ended, most American women a. held part-time jobs in relatively poorly paid occupations. b. cared for their families and did not work outside the home. c. pressed for full equality in the workplace. d. worked full time outside the home. e. pursued college education or formal job training. p. 861

65. The vast expansion of employment opportunities for women in the 1950s a. led to the advent of the "pink collar ghetto" of occupations. b. created a dual role for women as homemakers and workers. c. fueled a social revolution that raised questions about gender roles. d. All of these e. None of these p. 861

66. The 1963 best-seller The Feminine Mystique a. is often credited with inspiring the modern women's movement. b. spoke to working women struggling against being labeled as "unfeminine." c. appealed to educated women who felt bored by the limitations of the housewife role. d. None of these e. All of these p. 861-862

67. The impact of mass media on religion was reflected in the rise of religious televangelists like a. Joseph McCarthy and Richard Nixon. b. Betty Friedan and Josephine Baker. c. David Riesman and John Kenneth Galbraith. d. Jackie Robinson and Paul Robeson. e. Billy Graham and Oral Roberts. p. 863

68. The fundamental criticism directed against the new popular mass media culture in the 1950s, by such social critics as David Riesman and William H. Whyte,Jr., was that a. affluence tended to erode Americans' moral character. b. Americans had become affluent conformists unable to think for themselves. c. the wealth produced by the new mass economy was unevenly distributed. d. the open sexual displays of figures like Elvis Presley and Marilyn Monroe were morally dangerous. e. Americans were becoming too soft to be able to fight the Cold War effectively. p. 864

64 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 69. Which of these were NOT among the aspects of 1950s popular culture that conservatives found troubling? a. Rock 'n roll music b. Elvis Presley c. Marilyn Monroe d. Playboy magazine e. Novels such as The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit p. 863-864

70. Richard Nixon was selected as Dwight Eisenhower's vice-presidential running mate in 1952 as a concession to the a. isolationists. b. liberal Republicans. c. hard-line anticommunists. d. moderate Republicans. e. southern Republicans. p. 864

71. Richard Nixon's Checkers speech, during the 1952 presidential campaign a. was an eloquent appeal that demonstrated Nixon's ethical seriousness. b. demonstrated the new power of television and kept him on the Republican ticket. c. won Nixon enormous support among American animal lovers. d. led Dwight Eisenhower to tone down Nixon's attacks on Democrats for being soft on Communism. e. proved that Nixon had the political skills and leadership to become president if necessary. p. 864

72. During the 1952 presidential campaign, Republican candidate Dwight Eisenhower declared that he would ____ to help to end the Korean War. a. use atomic weapons b. blockade the China coast and bomb Manchuria c. open negotiations with Mao Zedong d. order United Nations troops to invade North Korea e. personally go to Korea p. 865

73. In terms of politics, television did all of the following except a. threaten the traditional role of political parties. b. apply the standards of show business and commercialism to political messages. c. enable political parties to continue their role of educating and mobilizing the electorate. d. allow politicians to address voters directly. e. encourage reliance on short slogans and sound bites. p. 864-865

74. Dwight Eisenhower's greatest asset as president was his a. vast military experience.

65 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. b. willingness to take a partisan stand. c. commitment to social justice. d. willingness to involve himself in rough campaigning. e. enjoyment of the affection and respect of the American people. p. 865

75. Among anticommunists, Senator Joseph R. McCarthy was the a. most effective. b. first Republican. c. only true World War II hero. d. one who most damaged free speech and fair play. e. one who organized a national movement. p. 866

76. The record would seem to indicate that President Eisenhower's strongest commitment during his presidency was to a. social justice. b. social harmony. c. party loyalty. d. racial desegregation. e. political reform. p. 866

77. In response to Senator Joseph McCarthy's anticommunist attacks, President Eisenhower a. publicly denounced him only after he attacked General George Marshall. b. quietly encouraged him to continue his attacks on Democrats. c. publicly opposed his ruthless tactics but privately enjoyed his personal charm. d. effectively allowed him to control personnel policy at the State Department. e. privately supported him but publicly kept his distance. p. 866

78. Senator Joseph McCarthy first rose to national prominence by a. revealing that communist spies were passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. b. charging that there was extensive communist influence in Hollywood and the media. c. asserting that General George Marshall was part of a vast communist conspiracy within the U.S. Army. d. mobilizing Republicans to demand a stronger anticommunist foreign policy in East Asia. e. charging that dozens of known communists were working within the U.S. State Department. p. 866

79. As a result of Senator McCarthy's crusade against communist subversion in America a. the FBI was shown to have had several spies working as communist agents. b. the United States Army was forced to give dishonorable discharges to more than one hundred officers.

66 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. c. the State Department lost a number of Asian specialists who might have counseled a wiser course in Vietnam. d. Eisenhower nearly lost the Republican presidential nomination in 1956. e. the United States achieved a stronger settlement in Korea. p. 866

80. Senator McCarthy's anticommunist crusade ended when he a. began to attack the personal integrity of General George C. Marshall. b. alleged that there were communists in Hollywood. c. alleged that there were communists in the Foreign Service. d. alleged that many college professors were communists. e. attacked the United States Army for allegedly sheltering communists. p. 867

81. The new militancy and restlessness among many members of the African American community after 1945 was especially generated by a. the growing moral criticism of segregation by white church leaders. b. blacks' increasing awareness during and after the war of the gap between American democratic ideals and racial practices. c. the appointment of Thurgood Marshall, chief legal counsel of the NAACP, to the Supreme Court. d. Dwight Eisenhower's commitment to civil rights. e. the agitation of A. Philip Randolph. p. 871

82. In an effort to overturn Jim Crow laws and the segregated system that they had created, African Americans used all of the following methods except a. economic boycotts. b. legal attacks on the underpinnings of segregation in the courts. c. appeals to foreign governments to pressure the United States to establish racial justice. d. mobilization of black churches on behalf of black rights. e. use of the nonviolent tactics of Mohandas Gandhi. p. 868-869

83. When singer Paul Robeson began to criticize American racial policies in Europe a. Robeson's career took off. b. conservative elements in Europe became more sympathetic to southern racial practices. c. the State Department revoked Robeson's passport. d. the government sent Frank Sinatra to Europe to defend American policies. e. Robeson decided to become a French citizen. p. 868

84. Swedish writer Gunnar Myrdal's An American Dilemma essentially argued that a. altering racial segregation would create great problems for America's neighborhoods and schools. b. the divisions over race might well lead to a new North-South conflict. c. the civil rights movement was bound to overturn segregation.

67 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. d. the United States would become a more and more racist society. e. America's racial segregation was a hypocritical contradiction of its democratic ideals. p. 868

85. The Supreme Court began to advance the cause of civil rights in the 1950s because a. the Court was the only branch of government with the constitutional authority to do so. b. the courts were dominated by New Deal liberals. c. President Eisenhower had requested the Court's assistance. d. Congress and the presidency had largely abdicated their responsibilities by keeping hands off the issue. e. the Constitution clearly prohibited any segregation. p. 868

86. In the epochal 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the Supreme Court a. declared that the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites was unconstitutional. b. upheld its earlier decision in Plessy v. Ferguson. c. rejected desegregation. d. supported the "Declaration of Constitutional Principles" issued by Congress. e. ordered immediate and total integration of all American schools. p. 868

87. The 1954 Supreme Court case that ruled racially segregated school systems inherently unequal was a. Roe v. Wade. b. Plessy v. Ferguson. c. Sweatt v. Painter. d. Johnson v. Little Rock School District. e. Brown v. Board of Education. p. 868

88. On the subject of racial justice, President Eisenhower a. had demanded the integration of the armed forces as early as 1948. b. publicly endorsed the 1954 Supreme Court school-desegregation decision. c. vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1957. d. had advised against integrating the armed forces. e. admired the Christian philosophy of Martin Luther King. p. 869

89. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was an outgrowth of the a. antiwar movement of the 1960s. b. black power movement of the 1960s. c. ban-the-bomb movement of the 1950s. d. Civil Rights Act of 1957. e. sit-in movement launched by young southern blacks. p. 872

68 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 90. As president, Dwight Eisenhower supported a. putting the brakes on military spending. b. the abolition of the Social Security system. c. the dismissal of his secretary of health, education, and welfare for condemning free distribution on the Salk polio vaccine as socialized medicine. d. the continuation of the Tennessee Valley Authority. e. a stronger voice for organized labor. p. 872 | p. 874

91. President Eisenhower defined the domestic philosophy of his administration as a. the Fair Deal. b. the silent majority. c. dynamic conservatism. d. two cars in every garage. e. compassionate conservatism. p. 872

92. Dwight Eisenhower's policies toward Native Americans included a. efforts at tribal preservation. b. the establishment of tribes as legal entities. c. incentives for tribes to hold onto their land. d. a return to the assimilation goals of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. e. an emphasis on education and job training for Indians. p. 873

93. The Eisenhower-promoted public works project that was far larger and more expensive than anything in Roosevelt's New Deal was the a. interstate highway system. b. Grand Coulee dam project. c. St. Lawrence seaway. d. airport construction program. e. public housing system. p. 873

94. During his presidency, Dwight Eisenhower accepted the principle and extended the benefits of a. federal health care programs. b. the Tennessee Valley Authority. c. deficit spending. d. racial equality. e. the Social Security system. p. 873

69 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. 95. As a part of his New Look foreign policy, President Eisenhower a. sought an alliance with China. b. refused to talk with leaders of the Soviet Union. c. called for open skies over both the United States and the Soviet Union. d. sent help to the Hungarian freedom fighters. e. allied with Israel against the Arab states. p. 874

96. As the French fortress of Dien Bien Phu was about to fall to Ho Chi Minh's communist forces in 1954, President Eisenhower a. agreed to send small military units to aid the French. b. relied on the advice of Vice President Nixon and Secretary of State Dulles. c. sought a compromise settlement at Geneva. d. refused to permit any American military involvement. e. threatened nuclear attack on the Vietnamese communists. p. 875

97. President Eisenhower's vehemently anticommunist secretary of state, through most of his two administrations, was a. John Bricker. b. John Foster Dulles. c. Christian Herter. d. Dean Acheson. e. George C. Marshall. p. 874 | p. 875

98. The basic military strategy of Eisenhower's and Dulles's New Look foreign policy in the 1950s aimed at a. the dismantling of the military-industrial complex. b. massive new military spending. c. greater reliance on air power and the deterrent power of nuclear weapons than on the army and navy. d. a buildup of unconventional and guerrilla-warfare forces. e. the rapid deployment of the navy and marines to trouble spots. p. 874

99. In 1956, when Hungary revolted against continued domination by the Soviet Union, the United States under Dwight Eisenhower a. sent money to the rebels. b. quickly recognized the new Hungarian government. c. refused to admit any Hungarian refugees. d. gave only outdated military equipment to the Hungarian freedom fighters. e. did nothing to help to defeat the communists. p. 874

100. The leader of the nationalist movement in Vietnam since World War I was

70 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. a. Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung). b. Ngo Dinh Diem. c. Dienbienphu. d. Ho Chi Minh. e. Nguyen Cao Ky. p. 874

101. The 1955 Geneva Conference a. unified the two Vietnams. b. made Ngo Dinh Diem president of Vietnam. c. called for the two Vietnams to hold national elections within two years. d. created the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. e. established a permanent division of Vietnam.

p. p875

102. In response to a supposed Soviet threat to Middle Eastern oil, the American Central Intelligence Agency in 1953 a. began seeking alternative sources of energy. b. staged a coup to overthrow the Iranian government and install Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi as dictator-like monarch. c. engaged in sabotage against pro-Soviet governments in the region. d. developed close cooperation with Israeli intelligence agencies. e. gathered conclusive evidence of the Soviets' plans to control Egypt. p. 875

103. In 1956, the United States condemned ____ as the aggressors in the Suez Canal crisis. a. Egypt and Jordan b. the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact members c. Israel and Turkey d. Lebanon and Syria e. Britain and France . 875-876

104. During the 1950s, the Central Intelligence Agency engineered pro-American political coups in both a. Iran and Guatemala. b. Iraq and Nicaragua. c. Lebanon and El Salvador. d. Libya and Costa Rica. e. Egypt and Cuba. p. 875 | p. 878

105. The Suez crisis marked the last time in history that the United States could a. use the threat of nuclear war to win concessions. b. criticize Israel's foreign policy. c. condemn its allies for their actions in the Middle East.

71 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. d. invoke the Eisenhower Doctrine. e. use its oil weapon to make foreign policy demands. p. 876

106. The 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine empowered the president to extend economic and military aid to nations of ____ that wanted help to resist communist aggression. a. Southeast Asia b. Africa c. Central and Eastern Europe d. the Middle East e. Latin America p. 876

107. During his second term, President Eisenhower a. no longer trusted his vice president, Richard Nixon, to lend assistance. b. hoped that he would be able to win a third term. c. took a more active personal role in governing. d. believed that the civil rights movement needed his personal involvement if it were to succeed. e. recognized that only he had the experience to deal with the Soviets. p. 877

108. In response to the launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957 a. Harry Truman condemned the Republicans for allowing a scientific gap to occur. b. the federal government began spending billions of dollars to improve American science and language education. c. the United States spent nearly a decade trying to equal this achievement. d. the Republican party took responsibility for the fact that the United States had fallen behind the Soviets in this area of scientific discovery. e. scientists blamed America's slowness on poor math and science education in the schools. p. 877

109. The Paris summit conference, scheduled for 1960, collapsed because of the a. Suez crisis. b. Bay of Pigs. c. Quemoy episode. d. launching of Sputnik. e. U-2 incident. p. 878

110. By the end of the 1950s, Latin American anger toward the United States had intensified because Washington had done all of the following except a. extend massive aid to Europe and little to Latin America. b. continue to intervene in Latin American affairs. c. support bloody dictators who claimed to be fighting communism. d. provide encouragement to Fidel Castro's communist government in Cuba. e. sponsored the CIA-directed coup in Guatemala.

72 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. p. 878

111. The factor that may well have tipped the electoral scales for John F. Kennedy in the presidential election of 1960 was a. his age. b. his religion. c. his televised debates with Richard M. Nixon. d. President Eisenhower's heavy loss of popularity in his last two years in office. e. his family. p. 879

112. When Dwight Eisenhower left the presidency in 1961 a. it was noted that his second term had produced little of value, since he was a "lame duck." b. Congress was firmly in the hands of the Republicans. c. he was unhappy with Vice President Nixon's unbending anticommunism. d. he had clearly lost control of the Democratic-dominated Congress. e. he remained an extraordinarily popular figure. p. 880

113. Two postwar American fiction writers, who explored the problems and anxieties of affluence, were a. John Updike and John Cheever. b. Joseph Heller and Kurt Vonnegut. c. Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller. d. Ralph Ellison and James Baldwin. e. Eudora Welty and Flannery O'Connor. p. 883

114. The title of Ralph Ellison's novel Invisible Man refers to a(n) a. anticommunist agent who is forced to live underground. b. World War II bomber pilot who is ignored upon his return home. c. victim of nuclear testing who is dying of radiation. d. father who is disrespected by his family. e. African American whose supposed supporters are unable to see him as a real man. p. 886

115. Compared to World War I, the literary outpouring after World War II tended to be a. more focused on realistic portrayals of war. b. less focused on realistic portrayals of war. c. more simplistic. d. less realistic. e. less confessional in tone. p. 883

116. Some of the better-known American poets in the post-World War II era

73 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use. a. actually produced second-rate verse. b. consisted mainly of those who wrote before the war. c. ended their lives through suicide. d. left the country to live in Paris. e. turned to nature for subject matter. p. 883

117. The Beat Generation can be described in all of the following ways except a. they formed the protest culture of the late 1950s and early 1960s. b. they promoted interest in bebop jazz and Eastern religious mysticism. c. in founding their own movement, the hippies later rejected many of the Beat notions. d. they embraced sexual liberation. e. their name came from the term "beatnik," meant as a Cold War insult. p. 885

74 © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.