Chapter One – Biology: The Study Of Life

Biology Notes: Chapter 1 and 14.2

Chapter 1 Vocabulary word list: Science, Biology, organism, Hierarchy of Life, organization, reproduction, species, growth, development, environment, stimulus, response, adaptation, homeostasis, energy, anabolism, catabolism, metabolism, evolution, Scientific method, Quantitative research, Descriptive research, Qualitative research, hypothesis, inductive reasoning, deductive reasoning, experimentation (experiment), control, independent variable, dependent variable, safety symbol, Raw data, Quantitative data, Qualitative data, Observations, Results, Analysis, Conclusion theory, law, ethics, and technology

Chapter 14.2 Vocabulary word list: spontaneous generation, biogenesis, primordial soup, protocell, anaerobes, producers, autotrophs, Archaebacteria, prokaryotes, aerobic, eukaryotes, consumers, heterotrophs

Section 1.1: What is Biology? .A Science is any topic that deals with asking questions .B Biology is the study of living things. .1 Life is diverse and anything that possesses all the characteristics of life is known as an organism. .2 Living things do not exist in isolation; are parts in the balance of nature. .3 Biologists study this diversity and interaction. .C Characteristics of living things .1 Living things have an orderly structure-Hierarchy of Life

Biosphere ______

Ecosystem ______

Community ______

Population ______

Organism

a. They are made up of one or more cells. b. They contain DNA.

1 c. The cell parts function together in an orderly, living system-organization

Human Body ______

Organ Systems ______

Organs ______

Tissues ______

.2 Living things reproduce a. Is necessary for the survival of the species (a group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring) b. Two types of reproduction 1) sexual - requires two cells from two different individuals to unite to form the first cell of the new organism (ex. animals, trees, insects) 2) asexual - single organism can reproduce without the aid of another (ex. some unicellular organisms divide in two) .3 Living things grow and develop. a. Growth is an increase in the amount of living material and structures. b. The changes that occur during a lifetime are known as development. .4 Living things adjust to changes in the environment. a. The environment includes air, water, weather, temperature, and any other organisms in the area b. Anything in an organism’s environment (internal or external) that causes a reaction is called a stimulus; the reaction to the stimulus is called a response. 1) If they respond to stimuli and better survival in the environment occurs-adaptation has taken place c. Homeostasis is the regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for life. d. Reproduction, growth, response, and homeostasis all require energy. 1) Energy is the ability to do work or the ability to make things move. a. It provides the power for life processes 2) Food provides the energy needed by all organisms.

2 3) Some organisms make food (photosynthesis or chemosynthesis)-producers and some eat food-consumers. 4) Organisms put together the substances that make up their cells a) anabolism - process of putting together (synthesizing) complex substances from simple ones (ex. photosynthesis) b) catabolism - process of breaking down complex substances to simpler ones to obtain energy (ex. digestion) c) metabolism - the balance of anabolism and catabolism that keeps organisms balanced .5 Living things adapt and evolve. a. An adaptation is any structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to factors in the environment and survive to reproduce. b. Adaptations are inherited from previous generations. c. Evolution is the gradual change in a species through adaptations over time.

Section 1.2: The Methods of Biology A. What is Scientific Method? The way scientists gather information to solve a problem B. The steps of Scientific Method 1. Stating the problem 2. Research a. Quantitative –numerical data (1, 2, 3, etc.) b. Descriptive-purely observational data ( the color changed from blue to red) c. Qualitative-done through surveys (descriptive) 3. Hypothesis – An educated guess using a form of reasoning a. Inductive reasoning –The development of a hypothesis based on a set of facts to obtain a general rule. b. Deductive reasoning-Involves suggesting that something may be true about a specific case from general rules. “If …then” statement 1) Hypothesis may be changed. 4. Experimentation-Testing the hypothesis a. Control –Need controls (also known as standards, blanks, or constants), in which conditions are kept the same. 1) A control receives no experimental treatment 2) It is the standard against which results are compared b. A variable is needed to change one condition of an experiment at a time. Two types: 1) Independent variable.-the condition in an experiment being tested (Example: Sunlight vs. darkness) 2) The Dependent variable-The measurable condition that results from the changing of the independent variable (Example: So if sunlight is the independent variable the measurable change would be the rise or fall of temperature) 5. Observations-Things a scientist notices while the experiment occurs

3 6. Raw Data-The unorganized written data Two types: i. Quantitative data is measured. . Time, temperature, length, mass, volume. . Counts ii. Qualitative data is a verbal description. . Behavior, color, etc. 7. Results and Analysis i. Results are organized Raw Data-Charts, graphs, Tables, etc. ii. Analysis –Questions to answer based on results 8. Forming a conclusion-looking at data and deciding what was noticed and did it verify the hypothesis made. 9. Replicating the work-verifying results/Follow-up C. Theories and laws  A theory is an explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained from many different investigations and observations. a. Results from continual verification and “fine-tuning” of a hypothesis.  A law is recognized to be a fact of nature (such as gravity) D. Lab Equipment and Lab Safety (See Lab manual pp. xiv-xviii)

Section 1.3: The Nature of Biology The Nature of Biology/Science and Society A. The metric system 1. Is also known as the International System of Measurement (SI) 2. Decimal system based on multiples of 10 3. Base units of measurement Length – meter (m) Mass – gram (g) Volume for liquids – liter (L) Volume for solids – cubic centimeter (cm3) Temperature – kelvin (K) Time – second (s) 4. Common SI prefixes Kilo- (k) = 1000 [1 km = 1000 m] Deci- (d) = 1/10 [1 dm = 1/10 m OR 10 dm = 1 m] Centi- (c) = 1/100 [1 cm = 1/100 m OR 100 cm = 1 m] Milli- (m) = 1/1000 [1 mm = 1/1000 m OR 1000 mm = 1 m] Micro- (µ) = 1/1,000,000 [1 µm = 1/1,000,000 m OR 1,000,000 µm = 1 m] B. Science provides society with information that can be used. C. Ethics refers to the moral principles and values held by humans. D. Technology is the application of scientific research to society’s needs and problems. 1. Has benefited humans in many ways.

4 2. Has also caused problems (fertilizers in the water; raising nitrogen levels)

Section 14.2 The Origin of Life (pp. 380-384) A. Spontaneous generation 1. Is the hypothesis that life arises from nonliving material a. mice from grain b. bees from carcasses c. maggots/flies from rotting meat 2. Francesco Redi (Italian physician) a. In 1668, he hypothesized that flies laid eggs on meat, which became maggots-To disprove spontaneous generation b. Set up experiment 1) One set of jars contained meat with no covering 2) Another set of jars contained meat with gauze covering 3) All meat spoiled, but the uncovered meat produced maggots; covered meat did not 3. Louis Pasteur a. In the mid 1800’s he set out to prove that spontaneous generation did not occur, even when air was present 1. Boiled nutrient broth in a flask with a curved neck 2. After one year, no microorganisms grew in it 3. He broke off the neck and microorganisms were present after one day 4. Biogenesis-the idea that living organisms come only from other living organisms B. The first cells 1. In 1953, Harold Miller and Stanley Urey performed an experiment in which they mixed water vapor with ammonia, methane and hydrogen gases.- primordial soup proposed by A.I. Oparin a.)They sent an electric current through the mixture. b.)Upon analyzing the mixture a week later, they found -mixture of amino acids, sugars, and other organic molecules 2. Some scientists believe that complex organic molecules formed from the mixture. a.) These produced protocells (large, ordered structure, enclosed by a membrane that carries out some life activities such as growth and division) 3. Scientists believe that the first true cells were anaerobes (can live without oxygen) a.) If they produced their own food –producers/ autotrophs b.) Archaebacteria-are prokaryotic and live in harsh environments, such as hydrothermal vents and hot springs 4. They then believe that oxygen began to be formed by photosynthesizing prokaryotes. 5. This eventually led to aerobic metabolism (can live with oxygen) and cells with a nucleus-eukaryotes. a.) If they had to find food-consumers/heterotrophs.