Abstinence Is A Safe And Healthy Decision

Abstinence is a Safe and Healthy Decision 7th Grade Lesson 1 I. Understanding Abstinence A. Abstinence is voluntarily choosing not to do something (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, G-3). B. What should kids abstain from and why? 1. Alcohol use a. Statistics on alcohol 1.Substance abuse among the adolescent age group increases the risk of involvement in crime, high-risk sexual behavior, accidents, and injuries (Alcohol and Drug Problems, Unknown, Online). 2. A survey recently conducted reported that 27.8 of teens have had their first drink of alcohol before age 13 (CDC, 2003, Online). 3. A Minnesota survey reported that among 12th graders 28% of males and 15% of females have had 5 or more drinks at a time on 10 or more occasions in the last 12 months (Summary of Substance Abuse, 2004, Online). b. Why should teens abstain from alcohol (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, 220)? 1. Teens that use alcohol and drugs are likely to have poor school performance and have higher dropout rates. 2. Alcohol affects judgment and leads to poor decisions. 3. Alcohol is illegal if you are not 21 years of age or older. 2. Other drug use a. Statistics on drugs 1. Among 12th graders in Minnesota 61% of males and 69% of females strongly agree or agree that alcohol or drugs are a problem in the schools (Perceptions of School Safety, 2004, Online). 2. A Minnesota survey reported that among 12th graders 30% of males and 25% of females have used marijuana at least once in the past 12 months (Marijuana, Inhalants, and Prescription Drugs, 2004, Online). 3. A recent Minnesota study reported that among 12th graders 8% of males and 7% of females have taken amphetamines without a doctor’s prescription (Amphetamines, Methamphetamine, Cocaine, and Ecstasy, 2004, Online). b. Why should teens abstain from drugs? 1. They kill brain cells, and slow down reaction time and judgments. 2. Drugs also lead to poor decisions, and affect learning 3. Drugs are illegal

1 4. Drugs affect moods and relationships negatively 5. Drugs affect all organs, and every organ system in your body. 6. Drugs lower the quantity and quality of your life dramatically. 3. Sexual Activity a. Statistics on sexual activity 1. Among 12th graders in Minnesota 54% males and 51% of females reported that they have never had sexual intercourse (Sexual Behavior, 2004, Online). 2. Among 12th graders in Minnesota 33% of males and 21% of females have never talked to their partner about protecting themselves from getting STD’s/HIV/AIDS (Sexual Behavior, 2004, Online). b. Why should teens abstain from sexual activity (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, 220)? 1. Sexual Activity can lead to unwanted pregnancy and health risks such as STD’s, HIV and AIDS. 2. This can keep you out of a situation where you are violating the law. 3. Most Teens are not mature or responsible enough to deal with the consequences that come with sexual activity. 4. It may violate your family expectations or values that have been set, and therefore putting strain on relationships. 4. Violence a. Statistics on Violence 1. A recent survey reported that 33% of all students in the United States were in a physical fight 1 or more times in the past 12 months (CDC, 2003, Online). 2. Among 12th graders in Minnesota 58% of males and 53% of females feel safe going to and from school (Perceptions of School Safety, 2004, Online). 3. A Minnesota study reported that among 12th graders 38% of males and 19% of females have been physically bullied by someone who has pushed, shoved, or grabbed them in an unwanted way (Victimization at School, 2004, Online). 4. A Minnesota survey reported that in the last 30 days 5% of males in 12th grade have brought a gun to school at least once (Destructive and Antisocial Behavior, 2004, Online). b. Why should teens abstain from violence? 1. You can really hurt someone or yourself. 2. It is illegal to inflict pain on someone or yourself. 3. To keep a safe and healthy environment for everyone. C. Reasons to practice abstinence (Merki, & Merki, 2004, 320) 1. Legal implications of risk behaviors

2 a. Age requirements vary state by state, but it is illegal for a minor to engage in sexual intercourse. b. Drug use is illegal. c. Violence against people or property is illegal 2. Physical effects of risk behaviors a. Unplanned pregnancy b. STD’s c. Physical harm to the body d. Drugs impair judgment 3. Emotional effects of risk behaviors a. Feelings of guilty or regret b. Strain from teen parenting or coping with a disease c. Fear of getting caught 4. Social effects of risk behaviors a. Risking reputation b. Sex makes relationships complicated and leads to breakups c. Give up your social life to meet the needs of a child d. Loss of friends Lesson 2 II. Abstinence from sexual activity A. Why do some kids have sex (Sexual Activity, Unknown, Online)? 1. Lack of supervision a. When parents leave children alone at home they are much more likely to engage in illegal or sexual activity. 2. Overprotective supervision a. An act of rebellion against parents, so kids end up doing illegal things. 3. Peer Pressure a. Peer Pressure is an influence that people of similar age or status place on others to behave in a certain way (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, G-26). b. Why kids give in to peer pressure? 1. To be liked 2. To fit in 3. Worrying what others think about them 4. Curiosity 5. Feeling like everyone is doing it c. What is positive and negative peer pressure (Took, 2004, Online)? 1. Positive peer pressure a. Trying to support a person to do something for overall benefit of their health (Witmer, 2004, Online). 1. Joining a health program/activities 2. Quitting bad habits or behaviors 2. Negative peer pressure

3 a. Trying to negatively influence someone to do something (Witmer, 2004, Online). . 1. Skip school 2. Stealing 3. Causing physical harm to some one or property d. Why do peers pressure each other? 1. To get the outcome they want to happen, so they can get information from you. 2. They might see you as the leader, so if you do it, then it might be ok for them to do it too. 3. For Curiosity 4. They don’t realize they are peer pressuring others 4. Physical Maturation/Hormones a. Maturing and hormones cause urges to engage in sexual activity. b. “Many of the sexual feelings teens experience are brought on by the body’s release of chemicals. You don’t have control over the feelings caused by your hormones, but you do have complete control over how you respond to them.”(Merki, & Merki, 2004, 318). c. “Puberty is the period when the child experiences physical, hormonal, and sexual changes and becomes capable of reproduction. It is associated with rapid growth and the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics. Adolescence is the period of transition between puberty and adulthood (Hait, 2001, Online).” 1. Growth hormones often start earlier for girls so they mature and physically grow before boys. 5. Low self esteem (Zevin, 1996, 9) a. The way one feels about himself or herself. 1. “People with high self-esteem recognize their own strengths and skills, respond confidently to challenges, are goal oriented, and motivated”. b. Characteristics of self-esteem 1. Self respect 2. Self love 3. Self appreciation 4. Self acceptance 5. Self worth 6. Self competence 7. Self confidence c. Among 12th graders in Minnesota 11% of males and 15% of females do not have high self-esteem or do not feel good about themselves. (Self-Esteem, 2004, Online) Lesson 3 III. Other influences on Abstinence

4 A. Media 1. A means of mass communication, such as newspapers, magazines, radio, or television (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003,G-22). 2. Where do children learn about sexuality? a. Watching TV, and Movies b. Listening to the radio c. Reading magazines or the newspaper. d. Friends e. Family f. Teachers g. Physicians 3. Purposes of sexual messages in the media (Media Purposes, Unknown, Online) a. Persuasion b. Provide Information c. Entertainment d. Transmission of culture 4. What sexual messages are conveyed? a. A thin body is sexy b. Being young is sexy c. Mend don’t care about relationships d. Everybody is doing it e. There are no consequences to sex f. Happiness is obtained through dating and relationships. 5. Techniques used by the media (Media Awareness, 1996, Online) a. Avant garde b. Bandwagon c. Facts and figures d. Glittering generalities e. Hidden fears f. Magic ingredients g. Patriotism h. Plain folks i. Mob appeal j. Transfer l. Testimonial m. Wit and humor 6. Questions we ask to evaluate sexual messages a. Is the ad showing what someone should be doing? b. How would the behavior affect my life? c. What is the message trying to do? d. Why are there no consequences portrayed? e. What techniques are the media using? B. Family Values and Expectations 1. A standard or belief held by the family (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, G- 34).

5 a. Examples 1. Character 2. Self control 3. Moderation 4. Delayed Gratification b. These are enforced by parents or other family members that share the same values, beliefs or expectations. c. They must be followed if you want to be considered part of the family. 2. Why are family values and expectations important (Merki, & Merki, 2004, 275)? a. They help meet physical needs. b. They help meet mental/emotional needs. c. They help meet social needs. C. Poor Decision Making affects abstinence 1. Why is healthy decision making important (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, 158)? a. It promotes Health b. It protects safety c. Helps you obey laws d. It shows respect for oneself and others e. It helps you follow guidelines set by responsible adults such as parents and guardians. 2. Types of decisions that reduce negative effects a. Resisting peer pressure and being able to say no. b. Knowing how to set limits and goals c. Knowing when to ask for help d. Being able to know who you should ask for help 3. Decision Making Model is an instructional strategy in which students are given a situation for which a choice must be made and asked to apply a series of steps to determine which choice leads to responsible actions (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, 134). a. How to apply the model (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, 135). 1. Identify decisions to be made and state as a question. 2. Identify and describe options and choices 3. Identify criteria for making decisions 4. Weigh each option and choice against criteria. 5. Make decision and explain reasoning. IV. Why do most kids not have sex (Meeks, Heit, Page, 2003, 220)? A. Fear of Pregnancy B. HIV/AIDS C. STD’s D. They feel they are too young E. Parental influence F. Due to what was learned in sex education G. Religious or moral values

6 H. Reputation reasons Lesson 4 V. Abstinence prevents STD’s. A. An STD is a disease caused by pathogens that transmit from an infected person to an uninfected person during intimate sexual contact (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, G-32). B. How do you get an STD (Hubbard, 1997, 9)? 1. Sexual intercourse with an infected partner meaning oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse 2. Infected mother passing it to her child during pregnancy 3. Contact with blood of infected person a. One should always wear gloves when treating an injury b. Do not share needles C. Understanding STD’s (Sowadsky, 1997, Online) 1. Syphilis a. An STD caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, 419). b. Signs 1. The first sign or symptom is a sore called a chancre that doesn’t hurt and goes away even if you don’t take any medicine. 2. Losing patches of hair 3. Losing eyebrows 4. Rash on the body. c. It is easily treated with penicillin. d. Dangers (Winston, 1998, Online) 1. A rash anywhere on the body 2. Flu-like feelings 3. Hair loss 4. Body aches 5. Damage to heart and/or brain 6. A pregnant woman with syphilis can pass it to her fetus, causing it severe damage or death. 7. Can cause severe infection of reproductive organs e. In 1997 the incidence rate of syphilis was 88.5 in the United States (Prevention and Control for STDs, 2003, Online). 2. Gonorrhea a. A highly contagious bacterial disease STD caused by the gonocuccsus bacterium Niesseria gonorrhoeae (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, 418). b. Signs 1. Discharge (white) 2. Frequent urination or burning sensation when urinating. c. It is treated with antibiotics. d. Dangers (Winston, 1998, Online) 1. Severe infection of reproductive organs

7 2. Infertility 3. Heart trouble 4. Skin disease 5. Arthritis 6. If a woman has gonorrhea when she gives birth, the infection can be passed to the new born and cause eye damage. 7. Blindness e. In 1996 the incidence rate for gonorrhea was 109.2 in the United States (Prevention and Control for STDs, 2003, Online). 3. Chlamydia a. An STD that is caused by the bacterium Chlamydia Trachomatis, which produces inflammation of the reproductive organs (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, 416) b. Signs 1. Discharge (clear) 2. Frequent urination, or burning sensation when urinating. c. It is easily treated with medicine and antibiotics. d. Dangers (Winston, 1998, Online) 1. May cause Reiter’s syndrome 2. Eye infections 3. Urethritis 4. Arthritis e. In 1996 the incidence rate for Chlamydia was 153.6 in the United States (Prevention and Control for STDs, 2003, Online). 4. Genital Warts a. An STD caused by certain types of the human papilloma virus that produces wartlike growth on the genitals (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, 417) b. Signs 1. A wart in your genital area, but often they are not visible. c. There is no cure for this disease but doctors may remove warts, and they are very likely to reappear. d. Dangers (Winston, 1998, Online) 1. Warts can grow longer and become harder to remove, or spread to new areas. 2. Cervical warts can cause abnormal Pap smears, which are associated with cervical cancer. e. It is estimated that 26 million Americans have contracted genital warts (What are genital warts?, 2005, Online). 5. Herpes a. An STD caused by the herpes simplex virus which produces cold sores or fever blisters in the genital area and mouth (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, 417). b. Signs

8 1. Having a group of sores or blisters that hurt. c. Medicine can be given to make the sores go away faster, but the person will have the virus the rest of their life. d. Dangers (Winston, 1998, Online) 1. A mother with herpes can give it to her baby during childbirth, causing serious illness or death. 2. Sores will go away, but they can return, often during times of stress. 3. Can spread infection to sexual partners, even if sores are not present. e. It is estimated that there are 500,000 to 1 million new cases of herpes diagnosed every year (What is Genital Herpes?, 2005, Online). D. Ways to reduce the risk of an STD (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, 421-422). 1. Abstaining from sex until married 2. Changing behavior and both people being tested for STDs and HIV if one intends to be sexually active. 3. Choosing a drug free life style 4. Having a monogamous marriage if choosing to marry in the future. 5. Avoid use of injection drugs. 6. Change your behavior if you use drugs. 7. Avoid sharing needles to make tattoos or to pierce ears and other body parts. 8. Follow universal precautions. E. Abstinence is the only 100% sure way to prevent STD’s 1. People who are sexually active must make critical decisions. a. Whether to use contraceptives b. Whether to use condoms c. Types of contraceptives to use d. Adults evaluate the effectiveness of contraceptives 2. These decisions should be made by adults with information from physicians. 3. Teens should abstain. Lesson 5 VI. Teen Pregnancy A. Statistics on Pregnancy (NCHS, 2004, Online) 1. In 2000 the population of women ages 15-17 in the United States was 5,846,000 and 281,900 got pregnant. 2. In 2000 they had a birth rate of 48.6, an abortion rate of 24.8, and a pregnancy rate of 85.6 for women 20 years of age and under. 3. The United States has the highest rate of teenage pregnancy, abortion and birth in the industrialized world and more than 1 million American teenagers become pregnant each year (Hubbard, 1997, 123).

9 4. In 2001 a study showed that girls ages 19 and under in Minnesota 14.7% had gotten pregnant in the past year (MPAF, 2001, Online). B. Why should teens not have a baby? 1. Effects (Hubbard, 1997, 120) a. Emotional Strain b. Limited social contacts c. Lost opportunity for education d. Poor health from teenage pregnancy e. Possible loss of parental and family support f. Greater likelihood of health problems for the baby g. Change in relationship with your partner h. Financial problems i. They lack the emotion, physical, and mental maturity to raise a child. 2. They lack the emotional, physical, and mental maturity to raise a child (Brown, 2002, Online) a. Approximately one-third of the girls who get pregnant carry their pregnancies to term and keep their babies. b. About another third have abortions, and the other third has spontaneous miscarriages. 3. Time limits a. Extracurricular activities b. Jobs c. School work d. Family and friends 4. Can ruin a person’s future (Brown, 2002, Online) a. Approximately 40 percent of young women become pregnant before they reach 20 years old. b. Less than one-third of teens who have babies before the age of 18 finish high school. c. Almost half of all teen mothers end up on welfare. d. You can miss out on just being a kid, and you have to turn into a responsible adult before you are ready. C. Why do some teens become pregnant (Hubbard, 1997, 123)? 1. Poor decision making 2. Lose control 3. Desire to have someone to love and be loved by 4. Pressure from friends to have sex 5. Societal pressures and messages about sexuality 6. Lack of access to contraceptives D. Mature adults decide whether to have a baby. 1. Contraception is intentional prevention of conception or impregnation through the use of various devices, agents, drugs, sexual practices, or surgical procedures (Dictionary, Unknown, Online). 2. This is an important decision for adults who are sexually active.

10 E. Abstinence is the only sure way to prevent pregnancy. 1. Why (Promoting Reproductive and Pregnancy Wellness, 2004, Online)? a. There is no chance of having a baby if you are not sexually active. b. There are no side effects or health risks associated with abstinence. c. Birth control is not a 100% and can lead to some negative side effects. d. Contraceptives such as condoms are not a 100% effective because they can break. 2. Among 12th graders in Minnesota 54% of males and 51% of females reported that they have never had sexual intercourse (Sexual Behavior, 2004, Online). 3. Who can support our decisions to abstain? a. Parents b. Teachers c. Community members d. Friends e. Counselors f. Therapists g. Other trusted adults Lesson 6 VII. Abstinence and Relationships A. Dating is having social plans with another person (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, 218). B. Why do some teens date (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, 218; Rowe, 1995, Online)? 1. Strengthens self-esteem 2. Improves social skills 3. Develops skills in intimacy 4. Understands personal needs 5. For fun 6. Conversation 7. Companionship and a general good time C. Standards for Dating (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, 218). 1. Give your parents or guardian background information on the person you will be dating. 2. Tell your parents or guardian your exact plans. 3. Arrange for safe transportation. 4. Establish a reasonable code of conduct. 5. Establish the expected code of conduct for the person you will date. D. Skills for dating (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, 219; Dating Skills for Guys, 2004, Online). 1. Do not base your self-worth on your ability to get a date. 2. Ask questions and get the facts before accepting a date.

11 3. Decline a date when there will be pressure to drink or be sexually active. 4. Honor your dating commitments and don’t change your plans if someone better comes along. 5. Recognize the advantages of dating a variety of people rather than going steady. 6. Make a fast exit from a date when you find yourself in a situation that violates your parents’ or guardian’s guidelines. 7. Don’t hesitate to call your parents or guardian if you’re on a date and need help. 8. Feel comfortable about staying home when you don’t want to date. 9. Be clear about your expectations when you give or receive a gift in a dating situation. 10. Be honest and kind when you turn someone down for a date. 11. Be a good listener 12. Confidence 13. Flirting 14. Respect E. How to commit to abstinence (Merki, & Merki, 2004, 319) 1. Establish your own priorities. a. Think about goals to set. 1) Set short term to experience success. 2) Once short term goals are accomplished set long term goals. 3) Reaches goals regularly. b. Set priorities that will help your reach your goals. c. Consider your own personal values. 1) Family 2) Friends 3) Health and Wellness 4) Overall respect for all people. 2. Set personal limits on how you express affection. a. Set them before you reach a difficult situation b. Base them on your priorities 3. Share your thoughts with your partner a. Discuss your priorities and define limits b. Know how to say no and why it’s a good decision. 4. Talk with a trusted adult. a. Parents b. Teachers c. Couselors d. Family members Lesson 7 VIII. How can I abstain? A. Decision making – The ability to make your own choices (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, G-10)

12 1. Decision Making Model is an instructional strategy in which students are given a situation for which a choice must be made and asked to apply a series of steps to determine which choice leads to responsible actions (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, 134). 2. How to apply the model (Marzan, 1992, in HES 355 Course Packet). a. Identify decisions to be made and state as a question b. Identify and describe options and choices c. Identify criteria for making decisions d. Weigh each option and choice against criteria e. Make decision and explain reasoning 3. How can decision making encourage abstinence (Merki, & Merki, 2004, 20)? a. Never have to worry about unplanned pregnancy b. Will not be faced with the difficult decisions associated with unplanned pregnancy such as being a single parent. c. Will not have to take on the many responsibilities of caring for a child. d. Don’t have to worry about sexually transmitted infections e. Are free of the emotional problems that usually accompany sexual activity such as guilt, regret, and rejection B. How to apply resistance skills 1. Resistance skills help a person say no to an action or leave a situation (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, G-29). 2. How to use these skills (Meeks, Heit, & Page, 2003, 132; Resistance Skills, 1995, Online)/ a. Say no with self-confidence b. Give reasons for saying no c. Repeat your responses several times d. Use nonverbal behavior to match verbal behavior e. Avoid situations in which there will be pressure to make wrong decisions. f. Resist pressure to engage in illegal behavior g. Influence others to make responsible decisions h. Be honest about feels i. Match your actions with your words. j. Think ahead so risky situations do not appear. k. Avoid being with a person that chooses harmful actions. 3. How to confront Peer Pressure a. Stand up for yourself or others b. Be assertive not aggressive c. Be persistent when saying no 4. Why is it important to counter peer pressure? a. Makes you realize who your real friends are, true friends don’t negatively pressure each other. b. Countering negative peer pressure can save you from a poor decision that you will regret in the future.

13 c. Countering peer pressure helps you distinguish between positive and negative influences in your life. Lesson 8 VIV. How can I abstain (continued) A. Healthy Communication Skills 1. Communication is a skill that can be learned and used to convey information, thoughts and feelings to others (Hubbard, 1997, 42). 2. Types of Communication a. Verbal Communication is expressed in spoken rather than written words (Dictionary, Unknown, Online). b. Nonverbal Communication includes facial expressions, tones of voice, gestures, eye contact, spatial arrangements, patterns of touch, expressive movement, cultural differences, and other “nonverbal” acts (Archer, Unknown, Online). c. I-messages/statements are often used by assertive individuals to express their thoughts and feelings, and are an effective way to communicate in an open, honest manor (Hubbard, 1997, 44). 1. I don’t like it when…….. 2. I feel when……. 3. I want/need…… d. Active Listening is communication by involving direct participation (Dictionary, Unknown, Online). 1. Characteristics of active listening (Taylor, 1997, Online) a. Attentiveness to speaker b. Eye contact c. Intention be fully awake and aware e. Openness: to other person and your own f. Paying attention g. Listening to yourself h. Feedback i. Body language 3. Qualities of Effective Communication (Hubbard, 1997, 34) a. Each person talks without interruption b. Take turns talking and listening c. Use talking and listening skills d. Be assertive e. While talking state a clear and concise message. f. While talking have adequate body language. g. While talking express your feelings and thoughts. h. While listening give adequate body language. i. While listening ask questions to show that you are paying attention. j. While listening restate what the other person has said to clarify you understood them. 4. Why is Effective Communication so important (Merki, & Merki, 2004, 264)?

14 a. It includes strategies for resolving conflicts so you can abstain. 1) Take time calm down and think over the situation 2) Use I-messages and take turns speaking 3) Ask for clarification to improve understanding 4) Brainstorm solutions to problems and disagreements. 5) Agree on a solution that benefits both sides 6) Follow up solution and check to see if it was successful b. It teaches respect for oneself and others. c. It also teaches how to negotiate during a conflict resolution. d. Eliminates communication barriers 1. Unrealistic expectations 2. Lack of trust 3. Prejudice 4. Gender stereotyping

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