Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet

Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet Name______Period _____ Page 123 1. Although there are ______(number)of cells in the human body, there are only about ______(number) types of cells. 2. Cell types combine to form tissues, collections of ______. 3. There are basicly 4 primary tissue types-list them below with their basic characteristics-FIGURE 5-1-page 124. 

4. The study of tissues is called ______. 5. An epithelium is a ______. 6. Epithelia have no blood vessels-a condition termed ______, so they must obtain nutrients from ______. Page 126 7. Epithelia cover every ______(example- the skin) & they also line the ______, ______, ______, & ______tracts. 8. In addition, epithelia line internal cavities & passageways, such as the______, fluid-filled chambers in the ______, ______, & ______, & the inner surfaces of ______& the ______. 9. List the 4 functions of epithelia below:  Providing ______

 Controlling ______

 Providing ______

 Producing ______-called ______cells 10. Define exocrine secretions- Give 3 examples:

11. Define endocrine secretions-

1 Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet Name______Period _____ Page 127 12. When an epithelium contains many cell layers, tight junctions often create a network of ______that radiate between the cells and distribute essential ______through the ______.

13. The inner surface of each epithelium is attached to a special ______-______. 14. The layer closest to the epithelium is called the ______& provides a barrier that restricts the ______of large molecules. 15. The deeper portion of the basal lamina is called the ______, & it gives the basement membrane its ______. 16. Stem cells, also called ______, are found in the ______layers of the epithelium & their role is to maintain ______. 17. Many epithelial cells are specialized for 1) 2) 3) Page 128 18. Specialized epithelia usually show a definite ______along the axis. The organelles are distributed ______. 19. Most epithelial cells have ______on their exposed surfaces.

20. A typical ciliated cell contains about ______cilia that ______in a coordinated fashion. 21. What is one effect of smoking?

22. Epithelia are classified according to their appearance-2 variable features:

1). The number of ______2.) The ______of the exposed cells. 23. The classification scheme recognizes 2 types of layering: 1.) 2.) 24. The classification scheme recognizes 3 cell shapes: 1.) 2.) 3.) 25. If there is only a single layer of cells covering the basement membrane, the epithelium is termed ______.

2 Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet Name______Period _____ Page 130 26. Simple epithelium line internal ______& passageways, including the ______, the ______, & all ______. 27. Simple epithelia are characteristic of regions where ______or ______occurs, such as the lining of the ______& ______tracts, & the gas exchange surfaces of the ______. 28. Draw a diagram of simple squamous epithelium-figure 5-4(a) page 129.

29. A ______epithelium has several layers of ______above the basement membrane. 30. Stratified epithelia are usually found I areas subject to ______or ______stresses, such as the surface of the ______and the lining of the ______. 31. Draw a diagram of stratified squamous epithelium-page 129 figure 5-4(b)

32. In ______the cells are thin & flat & Look like fried eggs. 33. The cells of a ______epithelium resemble little hexagonal ______.

34. Draw a cuboidal epithelium, simple cuboidal, stratified cuboidal, & transitional- page 130

3 Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet Name______Period _____ Page 132 35. In a ______the cells are also hexagonal, but taller & more slender. Page 133-Draw a simple columnar epithelium below:

36. Combining the 2 basic epithelial layouts (______& ______) & the 3 possible cell shapes(______, ______, & ______) enables one to describe almost every ______in the body. 37. A ______is the most delicate epithelium in the body. Examples where it is found include ______, ______, ______, & ______. 38.The epithelium that lines the body cavities is known as a ______. 39. The lining of the heart & blood vessels is called an ______. 40. A ______Is found where mechanical stresses are severe. 41. A ______provides limited protection& occurs in regions where secretion or absorption takes place. 42. True ______are relatively rare- only in ducts that drain sweat glands. 43. A ______resembles a modified form of stratified cuboidal epithelium. It lines the ______& urinary tract where great changes in ______occur. Page 134 44. A ______provides some protection & may be encountered in areas where ______or secretion take place. 45. Portions of the respiratory tract contain a columnar epithelium that includes a mixture of ______types. Because their nuclei are situated at ______distances from the surface, the epithelium has a ______appearance. Yet it is not stratified since all of the cells contact the ______membrane. It is called a ______. It lines the ______, or windpipe, & portions of the ______. Draw pseudostratified columnar epithelium below:

4 Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet Name______Period _____ 46. ______are relatively rare, providing protection along portions of the ______, & ______tracts, as well as A few large ______. Draw a stratified columnar epithelium below:

47. Many epithelia contain ______cells that produce exocrine or endocrine secretions. 48. In ______secretion the product released is through exocytosis. It is the most ______mode of secretion. 49. ______secretion involves the loss of cytoplasm as well as the secretory product. ______production & ______perspiration are examples. 50. ______secretion does not leave the cell intact-it bursts. ______associated with hair follicles produce a waxy hair coating by means of holocrine secretion. 51. In epithelia that contain scattered gland cells, individual secretory cells are called ______. 52. ______are organs containing glandular epithelia that produce exocrine or endocrine secretions. 53. There are several types of exocrine glands:  ______secrete a watery solution  ______secrete a viscous mucus.  ______contain more than one type of gland & may produce two different ______secretions, one ______& the other ______. The ______gland is an example of a mixed gland. Some mixed glands produce both exocrine & ______secretions. The ______secretes hormones in addition to digestive enzymes. 54.______cells are the only example of ______Exocrine glands in the body. Their secretion, simply called ______is an effective lubricant & a sticky ______for foreign particles & ______. 55. Multicellular ______contain secretory epithelia. 56. Two characteristics are used in classifying a gland:  The branching ______ The shape of ______Page 136-57. The duct is called ______if it does not ______58. If the duct branches ______it is called ______. 59. Define tubular, alveolar, acinar, tubuloacinar.

5 Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet Name______Period _____ Page 138 Connective Tissue 60. Connective tissues are ______tissues that are never exposed to the environment outside the ______. They have many important functions including:      

61. Connective tissues are ______in appearance, However all have 3 basic componenets:    62. Classification of connective tissue-several classes are recognized-Copy table 5-11

63. Define matrix-

6 Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet Name______Period _____

Bottom page 138-139 64. Connective tissue proper contains

65. Fixed cells are ______& are involved with ______, ______, ______, & ______. 66. The number of ______in an area fluctuates in response to local or regional stimuli. See figure 5-12. 67. ______are the most abundant fixed cells in connective tissue proper. These slender or ______(______shaped ) cells ar responsible for the ______& ______of the ______. Each fibroblast ______& secretes ______subunits that interact to form ______in the ______. They also secrete ______a ______that gives the ground substance its ______. 68. Fixed ______are scattered among the fibers. These cells ______cells or ______. 69. Fat cells are known as ______,or simply ______. 70. Connective tissues may also contain cells that synthesize and store a ______pigment, ______:these cells are called ______. 71.______macrophages perform the same ______as Fixed ______, but they are highly ______. 72. ______cells are small, mobile ______cells often found near blood ______. The cytoplasm is packed with granules of ______& ______. Histamine ______blood vessels increasing the ______To the area. Heparin ______. 73. In addition to mast cells & free macrophages ______& ______( special phagocytic cells of the blood) may ______through ______. 74. Some of the lymphocytes may develop into ______, the cells responsible for the production of ______-proteins that destroy invading ______or ______substances. 75. Connective tissue may also contain small numbers of ______, also called mesenchymal cells. These cells respond to an ______or ______by ______to produce ______cells that differentiate into ______, ______, or other ______cells.

Connective Tissue Fibers 76. There are 3 basic types of fibers. List & describe below: 

77.______fills all the spaces between cells & ______all the ______tissue ______. It is clear, ______, & in addition to ______acid it contains a mixture of other ______& ______. 78. Connective tissue proper is usually divided into ______& ______On the basis of the relative ______of cells, ______& ______. 79. ______connective tissues are the packing material of the body. They fill spaces between ______, provide ______& Support ______. They also anchor ______& ______, store ______, & provide for the ______of materials. Pages 140-141 80. There are 3 types of LOOSE connective tissues. List & discuss them below & on the back of the paper.

81. ______is a surgical procedure for the removal of unwanted adipose tissue. The only way to ensure that fat lost through this procedure will not return is to adopt a ______that includes a proper ______& adequate ______. 82.Most of the volume of ______connective tissue is occupied by fibers. They are often called ______tissues because collagen fibers are the ______fiber type. In dense ______connective tissue the fibers are arranged in an ______. In dense ______connective tissue the fibers form an ______meshwork. 83. In dense REGULAR connective tissue, the collagen fibers are packed ______& aligned with the forces applied to the tissue. List & describe the 5 important examples of this tissue type-See Page 146

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue 84. The fibers in ______do not show any consistent ______. 85. Dense irregular tissues provide ______& ______to areas subjected to ______from many ______. It also forms a thick layer called a ______, that surrounds ______organs like the liver, ______, & ______& encloses the cavities of ______. Fluid Connective Tissues 86. ______& ______are fluid connective tissues. They contain distinctive collections of cells in a ______matrix. 87. The red blood cell(RBC’s), or ______. Accounts for almost ______of the blood volume. They also transport ______& ______in the blood. 88. Blood’s watery ground substance, called ______, contains small numbers of ______or white blood cells(WBC’s)Page 147 They are important components of the ______system, which protects the body from infection & ______. They include phagocytic ______, ______, & macrophages called ______. Tiny packets of cytoplasm called ______function in clotting. 89. The extracellular fluid of the body includes 3 major subdivisions. List & describe them below:

Supporting Connective Tissues 90. ______& ______are called supporting connective tissues because they provide a ______that  ______the rest of the body. 91. The matrix of ______is a firm gel that contains proteoglycans called ______. ______are the only cells found in the matrix; they live in small pockets known as ______.The cartilage is set apart from surrounding tissues by a fibrous ______. 92. List, describe, & tell the locations of the 3 major types of cartilage-pages 147, 148 & 150: 

Growth & Repair of Cartilage 93.Two mechanisms are involved in the growth of cartilage: ______growth & ______growth. 94. During ______growth chondrocytes undergo mitotic divisions within their ______, & the new chondrocytes separate as each produces new ______materials. The cartilage expands from ______& this type of growth is seen during the early phases of cartilage formation- ______birth & in ______childhood. 95. ______growth occurs after the perichondrium has formed & this growth occurs even after ______. The cartilage grows through the addition of cartilage to the outer surface. 96. Neither ______nor ______growth normally occur in adult cartilages. 97. Page 151-Under unusual conditions calcium phosphate crystals may precipitate within the matrix producing ______.

BONE 98. Bone is known as ______tissue. 99. Roughly one third of the matrix of bone consists of ______. The balance is a mixture of ______, primarily ______with lesser amounts of ______. 100. The general organization of bones can be seen in figure 5-18. Lacunae within the matrix contain bone cells, or ______. The lacunae are organized around ______that branch through the bone matrix. 101. Page 152-Define canaliculi-

102. Each bone is surrounded by a fibrous ______that is layered like the ______. 102. Because the matrix is ______rather than ______, bone cells within the matrix ______move farther apart. As a result ______growth occurs & an osteocyte never undergoes ______. But unlike ______, bone undergoes extensive remodeling on a ______. Membranes-Pages 152-155 103. List, tell locations, & describe the 4 types of membranes:

12 Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet Name______Period _____ Page 156 104. Muscle tissue is specialized for ______. Individual muscle ______are long & slender; as a result, they are usually called ______-large may be ______in diameter & ______long. 105. Muscle fiber contraction involves interaction between filaments of ______& ______. These are proteins found in the ______of many cells. However, in muscle fibers, these proteins are more______& arranged so that their interaction produces a ______of the entire ______. This contraction process requires large quantities of ______, so muscle fibers have a high demand for ______. 106. There are 3 types of muscle tissue: ______, ______, & ______. They differ in the ______of their ______& ______. Page 157 107. ______tissue contains very large fibers (______) tied together by loose connective tissue. Skeletal muscle fibers are very unusual because they may be a ______or more in ______& each cell contains ______of ______. New muscle fibers can be produced through the division of ______cells, mesenchymal cells that persist in ______muscle tissue. Thus, skeletal muscle tissue can at least partially ______itself after an injury. Because the actin & myosin filaments are arranged in organized groups, skeletal muscle fibers appear to have a series of ______or ______across them. These bands are also known as ______( ______) . Skeletal muscle fibers will not usually contract unless stimulated by ______, & the nervous system provides ______control over their activities. Summarizing these properties, skeletal muscle can be considered as ______. 108. Cardiac Muscle Tissue is found only in the ______. There is only ______nucleus in each cell & the fibers are not as large as ______muscle tissue. Cardiac muscle fibers are called ______& cardiac muscle tissue damaged by injury or disease cannot ______.Like skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac tissue also has prominent ______. Unlike skeletal muscle tissue, cardiac muscle fibers do not rely on ______to contract. Instead specialized fibers called ______cells establish a regular rate of ______. In short, cardiac muscle can be considered as ______. 109. Smooth Muscle Tissue can be found in the ______of ______, around ______such as the ______; & in layers around the ______, ______, ______, & ______tracts. Its fiber is small & ______with a single ______. These cells are capable of ______, & smooth muscle tissue can ______after an ______.

13 Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet Name______Period _____ Smooth Muscle (Continued –page 157) 110. In smooth muscles, the actin & myosin filaments are ______throughout the cytoplasm & there are no ______. Smooth muscle fibers may ______on their ______, or their contractions may be triggered by ______. The nervous system does not provide ______control over smooth muscle contractions, & it is therefore categorized as ______. 111. Page 156-Draw, color, and label the 3 types of muscle tissue. Beside each diagram list location(s) & functions:

112. Neural Tissue is specialized for the ______of ______that convey ______or ______from one ______of the ______to another. It contains 2 basic types of cells:  Neurons or ______ Neuroglia –several ______of ______cells with 4 basic functions: o o o o 113. ______are the longest cells in the body, reaching a ______in length. Page 158-They are often called ______. Most neurons are incapable of undergoing ______. A typical neuron has a cell body or ______that contains the ______. 114. Draw, color and label Neural Tissue figure 5-21 page 158 :

15 Chapter 5-The Tissue Level of Organization-Worksheet Name______Period _____ Page 159 The Connective Tissue Framework of the Body 115. The entire array of connective tissue layers & wrappings can be divided into 3 major components: (list & define)   

Tissue Repairs 116. Tissues respond to injury. This defense, which involves the coordinated activities of several tissues , is called ______or the ______. The repair process is called-Page 161- ______First Phase: Inflammation 117. ______refers to the tissue degeneration that occurs after cells have been injured or destroyed. 118. The accumulation of debris , fluid, dead & dying cells, and necrotic tissue components that may result is known as ______. 119. When an injury occurs that damages fibers and cells, the stimulated mast cells release chemicals-______& ______. Page 162 120. Histamine causes vessels to enlarge or ______. 121. Heparin prevents the formation of insoluble fibers known as ______. 122. A dense fibrous meshwork, called a ______, surrounds the damaged area. Second Phase: Regeneration 123. The process called fibrosis produces a dense, collagenous framework known as ______. Tissues, Nutrition, and Aging 124. Tissues change with age. In general, repair and maintenance activities grow ______efficient, and a combination of ______changes and alterations in ______affect the structure and ______composition of tissue. Page 165-list the 7 warning signs of cancer: C A U T I O N