Genetics: the Science of Heredity

Name______Period ______Chapter 3 Study Guide: Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe

Multiple Choice Choose the letter of the correct answer, bubble on the answer sheet. Do not write on this test! 1. (S.C.8.E.5.6) Which of the following is described as a giant ball of hot gases that undergo nuclear fusion? a. a planet c. a star cluster b. a star d. a solar system 2.(S.C8.E.5.2).The Milky Way galaxy is an example of a(n) a. spiral galaxy c. elliptical galaxy. b. quasar. d. irregular galaxy. 3.(S.C.8.E.5.4,7) The strength of the force of gravity depends on a. the masses of the objects and their speeds b. the masses of the objects and the distance between them. c. the weight of the objects and their speeds. d. the masses of the objects and their weights. 4.(S.C.8.E.5.5) The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram shows that main-sequence stars a. are mostly hot and dim. b. are mostly cool and bright. a. increase in brightness as they increase in temperature. b. decrease in brightness as they increase in temperature. 5. (S.C.8.E.5.4) Gravity helps form stars, planets, and solar systems by the gradual gathering together of smaller pieces in a process called a. inertia. c. accretion. b. spinning. d. collapsing.

6._ (S.C.8.E.5.5 Characteristics used to classify stars include a. distance, size, and color. b. size, distance, and brightness. c. color, brightness, and distance. d. size, brightness, and temperature. 7._ (S.C.8.E.5.5) What color are the coolest stars? a. blue-white c. red b. yellow d. orange 8._ (S.C.8.E.5.5) The variable that determines whether a protostar becomes a star is its: a. surface temperature. c. mass. b. age. d. color and brightness 9._ A supernova is the explosion of a dying a. medium-mass star. c. protostar. b. high-mass star. d. low-mass star. 10._ (S.C.8.E.5.6) Which of the following are loops of matter flowing from the surface of the Sun? a. sunspots. c. coronas b. auroras. d. prominences 11. (S.C.8.E.5.1) Scientists use ______, or powers of ten, to write very large or very small numbers in shorter form. a. calculators c. parallax b. scientific notation d. high powered super computers

1 Chapter Tests © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 12. (S.C.8.E.5.5) All stars begin as part of a large cloud of gas and dust called a(n) ______. a. nebula c. protostar b. red giant d. white dwarf 13. (S.C.8.E.5.7) If you are in a car that stops suddenly, your body keeps moving because it has ______. a. inertia c. gravity b. a property of matter d. a broken seatbelt 14. (S.C.8.E.5.6) Magnetic storms are a result of an increase in solar wind caused by eruptions on the sun called: a. sunspots c. solar flares b. solar prominence d. corona 15. (S.C.8.E.5.5) The apparent movement of a star when seen from a different position is called ______. a. a light-year. c. a constellation. b. parallax. d. apparent brightness. 16. (S.C.8.E.5.2) The universe contains billions of galaxies. The largest galaxies may contain a trillion stars. What holds each galaxy together? a. gravity c. star clusters b. our sun d. infrared radiation 17. (S.C.8.E.5.4) Which factors affect the force of gravity between two objects? a. location on Earth and weight of the two objects b. weight and distance between the two objects c. mass and distance between the two objects d. weight and mass of the two objects

True or False Select “a” if the statement is true, and “b” if it is false. 18. (S.C.8.E.5.1) Astronomers typically measure distances to stars in units called kilometers. a. true b. false

19. (S.C.8.E.5.3) An object that orbits a star, formed into sphere by its own gravity, and has cleared the area of its orbit is called a planet. a. true b. false

20. (S.C. 8.E.5.2) Active young galaxies with huge black holes at their centers are called irregular galaxies. a. true b. false

21. (S.C.8.E.5.6) The dense middle layer of the sun where energy moves slowly outward in the form of convection currents is called the radiation zone. a. true b. false

2 Chapter Tests © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Name______Period ______Using Science Skills Use the figure below to answer the following questions in the spaces provided.

22. (S.C.8.E.5.5) Which of the following statements is true? a. Our sun is brighter and cooler than Alpha Centauri B. b. Our sun is brighter and hotter than Alpha Centauri B. c. Alpha Centauri B is brighter and cooler than our sun. d. Alpha Centauri B is brighter and hotter than our sun.

23. (S.C.8.E.5.5) The Sun is categorized as which type of star? a. Red giant c. white dwarf b. supergiant d. main sequence

24. (S.C.8.E.5.3) A light-year is ______. a. a star’s absolute brightness compared with our sun’s. b. a measure of speed. c. the distance light travels in a year. d. the distance from Earth to the sun.

25. (S.C.8.E.5.5) Describe three features of the star Deneb. ______26.(S.C.E.5.5) Compare our sun to Alpha Centauri A in terms of color, absolute brightness, and surface temperature. ______27. (S.C.E.5.5) Compare Betelgeuse and Barnard’s star in terms of size, color, and lifetime. ______3 Chapter Tests © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Using Science Skills Use the figure below to identify the regions of the sun.

28. (S.C.8.E.5.6) Identify area A.

a. corona b. core c. photosphere d. chromosphere e. solar flare

29. (S.C.8.E.5.6) Identify B. 30. (S.C.8.E.5.6) Identify area C. 31. (S.C.8.E.5.6) Identify area D. 32. (S.C.8.E.5.6) Identify are F.

Essay Write an answer for one of the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.

31. (S.C.8.E .5.3) Compare and contrast planets and stars. 32. (S.C.8.E.5.1) Define parallax and explain how astronomers use it to measure distances to stars. 33. (S.C.8.E.5.5) Explain the difference between the apparent brightness and absolute brightness of stars. 34. (S.C.8.E.5.5) Describe what happens to a low-mass star, a medium-mass star, and a high-mass star when each runs out of fuel. 35. (S.C.8.E.5.4) Explain how inertia and gravity combine to keep Earth in its orbit.