Anatomy Final Exam Content Review

Rozema Anatomy—Fall 2009 Anatomy Final Exam Content Review Notes Sheets  Due Monday January 25, 2010

READ THIS FIRST: This packet is meant to provide a review of all of the content questions/objectives which have been covered throughout the semester, and will be assessed on the final exam.

You are not to answer every single question for points.

Use this packet to write out your “Notes Sheets”: - Allowed 3 pieces of 8.5” x 11” paper. - Must be entirely handwritten (no typing). - Must be entirely rewritten (no cutting, pasting, etc.). - Must have student’s name clearly written on it. - 3 sheets must be stapled and turned in on Monday January 25, and again on the day of the final exam. - Only needs to contain content which the student deems “important” to have on the final exam.

There will be NO formal review of the semester’s content.

The final exam is 20% of the overall semester grade.

Grades will NOT be curved or adjusted on the final exams or the overall semester grades. A 59.9% = E.

I have read, and understand, the above information.

Student Signature: ______Rozema Anatomy—Fall 2009 Unit 1: Biology Review 1) Define matter and energy. 2) Explain the interrelatedness of matter and energy within our bodies. 3) Draw, label, and caption a diagram to display the different levels of organization within living systems. 4) Describe the basic structure of an atom, including valence electrons. 5) Explain the significance of valence electrons in chemical reactions, and the basis for chemical reactions. 6) Compare and contrast Bond Formation and Bond Breaking. 7) Explain why bond formation results in endothermic reactions. 8) Explain why bond breaking results in exothermic reactions. 9) Describe the unique properties of water, and their significance within our bodies. 10) Describe polarity. 11) Define salt and electrolyte. 12) Describe the process of ionization and dissociation. 13) Explain the importance of electrolytes in the human body. 14) What are the common biological elements? 15) Explain the role of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chlorine and iron in the human body. 16) Compare and contrast Acid and Base. 17) Describe some common body acids and their function in the human body. 18) Describe a common body base, and its function in the human body. 19) Explain pH and its connection to homeostasis. 20) Define organic. 21) Describe the overall function of carbohydrates in the human body. 22) Explain the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides; their structure and function within the human body. 23) Describe the overall function of lipids in the human body. 24) Explain the difference between neutral fats, phospholipids and steroids; their structure and function within the human body. 25) Describe the overall function of protein in the human body. 26) Explain the unique connection between structure and function in proteins. 27) Explain the significance of enzymes / catalysts within the human body, and their overall function. 28) Describe the overall function of nucleic acids in the human body. 29) Explain the difference between DNA and RNA; their structure and function within the human body. 30) Explain the significance of ATP within the human body by describing its relationship to bonding and energy. 31) Be able to label a eukaryotic, animal cell diagram with the appropriate cell organelles. 32) Describe the overall function of the cell nucleus, membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and centrioles. 33) Explain how our cell membranes are selectively permeable. 34) Compare and contrast diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. 35) Explain the significance of diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport in cell homeostasis. 36) Define the chemical equation for cellular respiration. 37) Explain in words the chemical equation for cellular respiration. 38) Describe the role glycolysis plays in cellular respiration. 39) Describe the role the krebs cycle plays in cellular respiration. 40) Describe the role the electron transport chain plays in cellular respiration. 41) Explain homeostasis, its significance in the human body, and the results of homeostatic imbalance. Rozema Anatomy—Fall 2009 Unit 2: Nervous System

42) What are the functions of the nervous system? 74) What is the function of the thalamus and 43) Which structures are included in the nervous hypothalamus? system? 75) What is the function of the pituitary gland? 44) What is a neuron? 76) What is the limbic system? 45) Draw and label the parts of a neuron. 77) What is the sclera? 46) What is a dendrite? 78) What is the choroids? 47) What is a cell body? 79) What is humor? 48) What is an axon? 80) What is the retina? 49) What is the myelin sheath? 81) What are photoreceptors? 50) What is an axon terminal? 82) What is the difference between rods and cones? 51) What a synaptic cleft or junction? 83) What is the function of the cornea? What is it? 52) What is the difference between a multipolar and 84) What is the iris and its function? unipolar neuron? 85) What happens when the iris contracts? 53) What is the central nervous system? 86) What happens when the iris relaxes? 54) What is the peripheral nervous system? 87) What is the pupil? 55) What is the difference between afferent and 88) What is the lens and its function? efferent input? 89) What is myopia? 56) What is the difference between the somatic and 90) What is hyperopia? autonomic divisions? 91) What is astigmatism? 57) What is the difference between the 92) What is the tympanic membrane? parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions? 93) What is the cochlea? 58) Map out the pathway for conscious muscle 94) What is the organ of corti? movement. 95) What is the basilar membrane? 59) Map out the pathway for unconscious muscle 96) What is the vestibular apparati? movement. 97) What is the difference between static and 60) What is a nerve impulse? dynamic equilibrium? 61) What is an action potential? 98) What are the Maculae and Otolithic membranes? 62) What is an autonomic reflex? 99) What are the Crista Ampullari and Endolymph? 63) What is a somatic reflex? 100) What causes motion sickness? 64) What are the different brain lobes? 101) What is deafness? 65) What is the function of the frontal lobe? 102) What is the difference between 66) What is Broca’s area? conduction and sensorineural deafness? 67) What is the function of the parietal lobe? 103) What does a hearing aid do? 68) What is the function of the occipital lobe? 104) How do you smell? 69) What is the function of the temporal lobe? 105) How do you taste? 70) What is the function of the cerebellum? 106) Where are the different taste regions on 71) What is the function of the pons? the tongue? 72) What is the function of the medulla and 107) What are gustatory cells? midbrain? 108) How do you touch? 73) What is the function of the brain stem? 109) What is the difference between meissner’s, paccinian, thermoreceptors and nociceptors? Rozema Anatomy—Fall 2009 Unit 3: Circulatory System 110) What is the purpose of blood? 160) What is coronary artery disease? 111) What are erythrocytes? 161) What is congenital heart defect? 112) What are leukocytes? 162) What is congestive heart failure? 113) What are platelets? 163) What is a heart fibrillation? 114) What makes up the organic composition of blood? 164) What is the difference between tachycardia and 115) What makes up the inorganic composition of blood? brachycardia? 116) What is plasma? 165) What is hematopoeiesis? 117) What is albumin? 166) What is a hemocytoblast? 118) What are fibrinogen and globulin? 167) What is a myeloid stem cell? 119) What is hemoglobin? 168) What is a lymphoid stem cell? 120) What is anemia? 169) Describe the development of red blood cells. 121) What are the 3 possible causes for anemia? 170) What is erythropoietin? 122) What is sickle cell anemia? 171) What are stimuli for red blood cell production? 123) What is diapedesis? 172) What is hemostasis? 124) What is positive chemotaxis? 173) Describe the events in hemostasis. 125) What are neutrophils? 174) What is the difference between a thrombus and an 126) What are eosinophils? embolus? 127) What are basophils? 175) What is thrombocytopenia? 128) What is the difference between B and T 176) What is hemophilia? lymphocytes? 177) What is the function of the cardiovascular system? 129) What are monocytes? 178) Which structures are included in your 130) What are antigens? cardiovascular system? 131) What are antibodies? 179) What is the pericardium and the epicardium? 132) What is agglutination? 180) What is the myocardium? 133) What type of antigens are on Type AB cells? 181) What is the endocardium? 134) What type of antibodies are produced in an 182) What are the 4 chambers of the human heart? individual with Type AB? 183) What is the difference between the atria and 135) What types of bloods can Type AB receive? ventricles? 136) Who can Type AB donate to? 184) What is the function of the atria? 137) What type of antigens are on Type A cells? 185) What is the function of the ventricles? 138) What type of antibodies are produced in an 186) What is the septum? individual with Type A? 187) What is the difference between pulmonary and 139) What types of bloods can Type A receive? systemic circulation? 140) Who can Type A donate to? 188) Where are the bicuspid and tricuspid valves of the 141) What type of antigens are on Type O cells? heart? 142) What type of antibodies are produced in an 189) Where are the semilunar valves of the heart? individual with Type O? 190) What is the conduction system of the heart? 143) What types of bloods can Type O receive? 191) Describe the depolarization pathway for heart 144) Who can Type O donate to? contractions. 145) What type of antigens are on Type B cells? 192) What is the SA node? 146) What type of antibodies are produced in an 193) What is the AV bundle? individual with Type B? 194) What is the cardiac cycle? 147) What types of bloods can Type B receive? 195) Describe the pathway of blood flow. 148) Who can Type B donate to? 196) What is your heartbeat? 149) What does it mean for a blood type to be “positive”? 197) What is cardiac output? 150) Which antigen must be present in “positive” blood? 198) What is stroke volume? 151) Given scenarios, be able to determine an 199) What is starling’s law? individual’s blood type (etc.). 200) What is respiration? 152) What is a pulse? 201) What is inspiration? 153) What is blood pressure? 202) What is expiration? 154) What is the difference between systolic and diastolic 203) Describe the gas exchange between alveoli and pressure? capillaries. 155) If you are taking someone’s blood pressure, how do 204) What role do the medulla and pons play in you determine the reading? respiration? 156) What is hypotension? 205) What is yawning? 157) What are causes for hypotension? 206) What impacts your respiratory rate? 158) What is hypertension? 207) Be able to label the parts of the heart and respiratory 159) What are causes for hypertension? system. Rozema Anatomy—Fall 2009 Unit 4: Skeletal & Muscular Systems 208) Which 4 structures are included in the skeletal system? 209) What are the 5 functions/purposes of the skeletal system? 210) Which bone makes up your LOWER jaw? 211) Which bone makes up your UPPER jaw? 212) Which bones sit perpendicular to your sternum, and directly beneath your neck? 213) What is the bone to which the ribs connect to? 214) Order the vertebral bones from superior to inferior: 215) Which bone is your “shoulder blade”? 216) Which bone makes up the UPPER portion of your arm (where biceps are)? 217) Which 2 bones make up your forearms? 218) Which 2 bones make up your wrists and palms (of your hands)? 219) Which bone makes up the UPPER portion of your leg (where your thigh is)? 220) Which 2 bones make up your shins (lower portion of leg)? 221) Which 2 bones make up your ankles and the soles of your feet? 222) What bone makes up your fingers and toes? 223) Which bone is your “kneecap”? 224) What is rigor mortis? 225) What causes rigor mortis? 226) Which factors are necessary for mummification? 227) How could you tell if a mummy suffered from arthritis (by looking at xrays)? 228) How could you tell if a mummy suffered from bone spurs (by looking at xrays)? 229) What are the 2 bone regions? 230) Which bones make up the axial skeleton? 231) Which bones make up the appendicular skeleton? 232) What are the 4 types of bones? 233) What is the function of long bones? 234) Provide 2-3 examples of long bones: 235) What is the function of short bones? 236) Provide 2 examples of short bones: 237) What is the function of flat bones? 238) Provide 2-4 examples of flat bones: 239) What is the function of irregular bones? 240) Provide 2 examples of irregular bones: 241) What and Where is compact bone? 242) What and Where is spongy bone? 243) What is the diaphysis of a bone? 244) What is the epiphysis of a bone? 245) What is the epiphyseal plate in a bone? 246) What and Where is the periosteum? 247) What and Where is the Endosteum? 248) Which “structures” make up the organic portion of bone? What is their function? 249) Which compounds make up the inorganic portion of bone? 250) What is osteoid? 251) Where do the ossification centers form in intramembranous ossification? 252) What is secreted from the fibrous membrane during intramembranous ossification? 253) Describe the formation of spongy bone, compact bone, and the periosteum during intramembranous ossification. 254) Which bones are formed concluding intramembranous ossification? 255) Where do the ossification centers form in endochondral ossification? 256) Where is osteoid secreted from during endochondral ossification? 257) What is the periosteal bud? 258) Describe the formation of spongy bone, medullary cavity, and compact bone during endochondral ossification. 259) Which bones are formed concluding endochondral ossification? 260) Where does cartilage remain concluding endochondral ossification? 261) What purpose does the epiphyseal cartilage serve? [Describe epiphyseal growth] 262) Describe postnatal bone lengthening: 263) Describe postnatal bone thickening: 264) What role does growth hormone play in bone development/growth? Rozema Anatomy—Fall 2009 265) What role does testosterone/estrogen play in bone development/growth? 266) What are osteoblasts? 267) What are osteocytes? 268) What are osteoclasts? 269) Which factors/circumstances can cause bone injury? 270) What is a comminuted fracture? 271) Why does it often happen? 272) What is a spiral fracture?Why does it often happen? 273) What is a depressed fracture?Where is it common? 274) What is a transverse fracture? 275) What is an oblique fracture? 276) What is an open fracture?Where is it common? 277) What is a compression fracture?What is it often caused by?Where is it common? 278) What is an epiphyseal fracture?Why does it often happen? 279) What is a greenstick fracture?Why does it often happen? 280) What are the 4 stages of bone repair? 281) What happens during the hematoma formation? 282) What happens during the fibrocartilaginous callus formation? 283) What happens during the bony callus formation? 284) What occurs during final bone remodeling? 285) What are joints? 286) What are the 6 types of joints? 287) What is the purpose of joints? 288) What type of movement do pivot joints allow for?Where can you find them? 289) What type of movement do condyloid joints allow for?Where can you find them? 290) What type of movement do plane joints allow for?Where can you find them? 291) What type of movement do hinge joints allow for?Where can you find them? 292) What type of movement do saddle joints allow for?Where can you find them? 293) What type of movement do ball and socket joints allow for?Where can you find them? 294) What is a sprain? 295) What is a disolocation? 296) What are the 3 types of muscle? 297) What does skeletal muscle look like? 298) What type of movement does skeletal muscle allow for? 299) Where can you find skeletal muscle? 300) What does cardiac muscle look like? 301) Where type of movement does cardiac muscle allow for? 302) Where can you find cardiac muscle? 303) What does smooth muscle look like? 304) What type of movement does smooth muscle allow for? 305) Where can you find smooth muscle? 306) What are 4 functions of muscle? 307) List the parts of skeletal muscle: 308) What is the muscle? 309) What is a fascicle? 310) What/Where is the Epimyseum? Perimyseum? 311) What is a muscle fiber? 312) What is a myofibril? 313) What is a sarcomere? 314) What are the myofilaments? 315) What/Where is actin? 316) What/Where is myosin? 317) Why is a muscle contraction called the Sliding Filament Theory? 318) What causes a muscle contraction? 319) Describe the sodium-potassium channel initiation: 320) Briefly Describe what happens during depolarization of the sarcolemma: 321) Which ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum? What events/changes directly follow? 322) Describe the interaction of Myosin and ATP: 323) What must occur for muscle fibers to relax? 324) Be able to label the parts of the human skeleton. Rozema Anatomy—Fall 2009 Unit 5: Digestive System 325) List out the main organs of the digestive system in order from the beginning of food travel to the end. 326) What are the 4 assistant digestive organs? 327) What does it mean to be an “assistant” digestive organ? 328) What are the overall functions of the digestive system? 329) Is urine production part of the digestive system? Explain your reasoning. 330) Which “structures” are included in the oral cavity? 331) What happens in the oral cavity? 332) What are the functions of saliva? 333) What enzymes does saliva contain? AND What are their functions? 334) When is saliva released? 335) Where is the esophagus? 336) What happens in the esophagus? 337) What is the overall function of the stomach? 338) Describe the anatomy of the stomach. 339) What triggers stomach contraction? 340) How does the stomach break down food mechanically? 341) What triggers the release of gastric juice in the stomach? 342) What is gastric juice? 343) What monitors the release of gastric juice? (What would stop it?) 344) Describe how proteins are metabolized in the stomach. 345) Describe how food exits the stomach. 346) What is the overall function of the small intestine? 347) What are the 3 regions of the stomach? 348) Overall, what happens to food in the duodenum? 349) What 3 solutions are released in the duodenum? 350) What is bile? 351) What does bile do? 352) What is pancreatic juice? 353) What does pancreatic juice do? 354) What is bicarbonate? 355) What does bicarbonate do? 356) Where is bile produced and stored? 357) Where is pancreatic juice produced and stored? 358) Where do bile and pancreatic juice come out of (and into the duodenum)? 359) What triggers bile and pancreatic juice secretion? 360) Overall, what happens to food in the jejunum? 361) Describe the anatomy of the jejunum. 362) What is the function of microvilli? 363) What 2 solutions are secreted into the jejunum, and what is their function? 364) What are the crypts of lieberkuhn? 365) Overall, what happens to food in the ileum? 366) Describe the anatomy of the ileum. 367) How do your small intestine contract or move food through them? 368) What is the overall function of the large intestine? 369) What are the 5 regions of the large intestine? 370) What is your appendix? 371) What are the proposed functions of the appendix? 372) Overall, what happens to waste as it moves through the large intestine? 373) What role do bacteria play in your colon? 374) Describe the sphincter mechanism in your rectum and anus. 375) Be able to label the parts of the digestive system. Rozema Anatomy—Fall 2009 Unit 5 ½ : Dissections 376) Identify the main function of the nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, skeletal, muscular, digestive, and excretory systems. 377) Identify the main organs of the nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, skeletal, muscular, digestive, and excretory systems. 378) Identify the anatomy of the excretory system and of kidneys. 379) What role do kidneys play in waste removal? 380) Which hormones do kidneys release? 381) What can cause kidney failure? 382) What is urine? 383) How much urine can the average bladder hold? 384) What causes you to feel like you have to “pee”? 385) Describe a crayfish’s skeleton. 386) What do crayfish use swimmerets for? 387) What do crayfish use their chellipeds for? 388) Describe the hearing organ/structures of frogs. 389) What is the frog’s cloaca? 390) What is the nortocord in the lamprey? 391) What purpose do gills serve in the lamprey? 392) What purpose do the urticating hairs serve in tarantulas? 393) What are spinnerets in tarantulas? 394) What do tarantulas use to eat?