Midterm Review

Chapter 4 Objectives: • The primary reasons for the growth of the differences between colonial Americans and the British government in the years leading up to the Revolution. • The growing conflict between the English, the French, and the Iroquois Confederacy, which consequently turned into the Seven Years' War. • The effects of the war on the American colonists and on the status of the colonies within the British Empire. (African Amreicans, Women, and Native Americans) Terms  Quartering Act of 1765: Colonists were to provide for soldiers stationed there  Townshend Duties 1766: Charles Townshend thought if he just taxed imports, the colonies wouldn’t care- wrong! All taxes repealed by Lord North except for tea  Intolerable Acts (Coercive Act) 1774: After Boston Tea Party (only applied to Boston)  Boston Port Act- closed the port of Boston until tea paid for . Massachusetts Government Act- more power to royal governor and less to legislature . Administration of Justice Act- royal officials accused crime can be tried elsewhere . Quartering Act- troops can be quartered anywhere  First Continental Congress • Rejected a plan for colonial union under British authority • Endorsed a statement of grievances • Approved a series of resolutions-colonists should make military preparations for defense in Boston • Rejected Intolerable Acts • Non-importation, non-expectation, non-consumption to stop trade with Britain. Continental association to enforce them • Meet next spring—continuous organization  Virtual vs. direct representation: Virtual- Parliament keeps everyone’s best interests in mind. Direct- Colonists themselves are a part of Parliament  Proclamation of 1763: No white settlement west of the Appalachians (keep the Indians happy and in control of the colonists) not effective  Quebec Act 1774: Gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law; nullified many colonists claims by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec  Sugar Act 1764  Albany Plan  Committee of Correspondence  French and Indian War  Boston Massacre  Stamp Act  Salutary Neglect

Chapter 5 Objectives  The three phases of the War for Independence, and its transformation into a new kind of conflict that worked against British military superiority.  The impact of the Revolution on women, African-Americans, Native-Americans, and other minorities.  The features of the Articles of Confederation, and the reasons for its creation.  Successes and failures of the AoC  Successes: Land Ordinance Acts, 1st attempt at a gov’t  Failures: Weak state vs. federal gov’t, fed gov’t has almost no power-can’t collect taxes, can’t raise an army, no respect from foreign countries  The domestic and diplomatic problems faced by the government under the Articles of Confederation and how they were addressed. Terms • Olive Branch Petition: Final attempt for peace, rejected • Common Sense: Thomas Paine, written to inspire people to declare and fight for independence. • Articles of Confederation: 1st attempt at a constitution, created a weak gov’t • Bunker Hill: British win, but lose more people. Showed it was not going to be a quick/easy war • Battle of Saratoga: Turning point- brought French in as colonists ally • Yorktown: Last major battle in Am. Revolution. French (sea) colonists (land) surrounded Brits. • Abigail Adams: “Remember the Ladies” • Land of Ordinance of 1785: divided much of the United States into a system of townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers and raise money. • Northwest Ordinance of 1787: Federal order that divided the Northwest Territory into smaller territories and created a plan for how the territories could become states. • Treaty of Greenville: treaty with the Native Indians, U.S. gained land in exchange for goods • Shay’s Rebellion: uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

Chapter 6 Objectives  The importance of The Federalist Papers in the ratification struggle, and the arguments of the antifederalist opposition.  The rise and fall of the Federalist Party and the background of the "Revolution of 1800.”  The financial program of Alexander Hamilton, and its contribution to the success of the new government  Fund the debt, assumption of the debt, create a national bank  The emergence of the first party system, the political philosophies of the Federalists and Republicans, and their respective influence through the election of 1800. Terms •Annapolis Convention: Called bc of the dissatisfaction with the Articles of Confederation •Federalist Papers: Written to promote ratification of the U.S. Constitution o Federalist Paper 10: Written by Madison. Warns to avoid factions.  Judiciary Act of 1789: 1st U.S. Congress, established the federal judiciary  Assumption of the State Debt: Proposed by Hamilton. Upset South (They would have to pay more $, compromised by moving the capital to the South.)  Hamilton and the National Bank  Whiskey Rebellion: Tax protest. Put down by Washington  Bill of Rights: Proposed to assuage fears of Anti-Feds who opposed ratification of theconstitution  Jay’s Treaty: Short term resolution for issues from the Treaty of Paris. Federalists  Revolution of 1800: Jefferson defeated Adams. (Pro-French (Jefferson) vs. Pro-British (Adams))  Presidents Compromise: Delegates decided that a president was necessary but there was a disagreement over how he should be elected to office. The two sides compromised with the creation of the electoral college. The citizens vote for electors who then vote for the president  Slave Trade Compromise: The North agreed to wait until 1808 before Congress would be able to ban the slave trade in the US  The Great Compromise  3/5 Compromise  Alien and Sedition Acts  XYZ affair  Midnight appointments Chapter 7 Objectives  The political philosophy of Thomas Jefferson, and the extent to which he was able to adhere to his philosophy while president.  The origins and compromises that led to the creation of Washington DC as America's capital.  The Jeffersonian-Federalist struggle over the judiciary--its causes, the main points of conflict, and the importance of the outcome for the future of the nation.  The extent of the opposition to the American war effort, and the ways in which the New England Federalists attempted to show their objections.  How Americans expressed their cultural independence through republican education, literature and religious revivalism.  The impact of industrialism on the United States and its people, particularly with regard to agricultural technology and transportation.  The growing conflict between British naval policies and American self-identity that led to the War of 1812, and its ultimate consequences for the young American nation Terms •Deism: God exists, but as a distant entity (Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine) •Samuel Slater: Blueprints for textile mills. Brought the industrial industry to America •Eli Whitney: Cotton Gin •Chesapeake Affair •Embargo Act: Prohibited U.S. from trading w/ ALL nations •Non-Intercourse Act: Prohibited U.S. from trading w/ France and England- tried to stop impressment through “peaceable coercion” •Macon’s Bill #2: America would trade with the 1st country (Brit/France) who agreed to stop impressment •Tecumseh and The Prophet: Against white westward expansion •Federalists: National Bank, tariffs, good relations with Britain •Hartford Convention: Federalists met to discuss grievances w/ the War of 1812 & political problems arising from the federal gov’t increase in power. After Battle of New Oreleans-look like traitors •Essex Junto: Federalists who wanted to secede. Burr-Hamilton duel •Marbury v. Madison •War Hawks •Louisiana Purchase •John Marshall: Supreme Court Justice •Impressment •Lewis &Clark •Henry Clay •Treaty of Ghent: ended war of 1812 •Industrial Revolution •John C. Calhoun

Chapter 8 Objectives  The effects of the War of 1812 (banking, farming, industry, and transportation.)  The "era of good feelings" as a transitional period between two party systems.  The causes of the Panic of 1819  The controversy surrounding the election of 1824 ("corrupt bargain" between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay.)  Why Andrew Jackson was elected in 1828, and the significance of his victory.  The Marshall Court during the Era of Good Feelings, and their role in promoting American nationalism, federal supremacy and Native American tribal sovereignty. Terms •Nationalism •Internal Improvements •Era of Good Feelings: 1 political party-political peace •Adams-Onis Treaty: U.S. gains Florida for $5M •Panic of 1819: Banks called in loans that people couldn’t pay-banks lent too freely •Missouri Compromise (Compromise of 1820): No slavery past southern border of Missouri •Cohen v. Virginia: Supreme Court can review state decisions. (Cohen selling lottery tickets) •Fletcher v. Peck: Can’t restrict contracts. New laws cannot negate someone’s property rights in a previous transaction. •McCullough v. Maryland: National Bank is necessary and proper, thus it is legal. States can’t tax the federal government. (MD trying to tax National Bank out of existence) •Tariff of Abominations: Protective tariff to protect northern industry. Harmed South •Joint Occupation: Britain and U.S. both occupy Oregon for 20 yrs. Convention of 1818 •Rush- Bagot Agreement: Remove war ships from the Great Lakes •Corrupt Bargain •Monroe Doctrine

Chapter 9 Objectives • The growing tension between nationalism and states' rights, as particularly reflected in the nullification crisis and the Webster-Hayne debate. • The brutal treatment of Native Americans by the Jackson administration, culminating in Indian Removal and the Trail of Tears. • The rise of the Whig Party, and the Jacksonian political strategies used by both Whigs and Democrats in the Second Party System • The democratization of the electorate that took place during Andrew Jackson's presidency, and those groups left out of this political transformation. • The nullification theory of John C. Calhoun, and President Jackson's reaction to the attempt to put nullification into action. • The motivations behind Jackson's Bank War, and the effects of the Bank War on the American financial system. • The judicial climate of the Taney Court, how it differed in principle from the decisions of the earlier Marshall Court, and how it worked to foster Jacksonian ideals. • The differences in party philosophy between the Democrats and the Whigs, the reasons for the Whig victory in 1840, and the effect of the election on political campaigning. • The causes of the Panic of 1837, and the effect of the panic on the presidency of Van Buren. Terms  Daniel Webster: Whig- preserve Union and avert Civil War  Indian Removal Act of 1830  Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: Did not hear case, Cherokee was an independent nation. (GA depriving them of their rights within its boundaries)  The Bank War: Biddle/ Clay- pro national bank, Jackson-against, vetoes recharter  Nicholas Biddle: President of the National Bank  Roger B. Taney: New Supreme Court Justice  Nullification: Calhoun, states could nullify laws they saw unfit  Webster-Haynes Debate: Debate over protective tariffs (nullification). (Jackson&Webster, Calhoun&Haynes)  Panic of 1837-Result of Specie Circular, Van Buren takes the blame, “inherits” the Panic  Pet Banks: Banks that received a surplus of government funds, chosen when Jackson vetoed recharter of the 2nd National Bank  Specie circular: An executive order, state banks print their own notes-no more 2nd bank  Webster-Ashburton Treaty- Resolved border issues between the U.S. and the Brit-Am colonies  John C. Calhoun  Spoils System  Henry Clay  Trail of Tears  Peggy-Eaton Affair  Hard vs. soft money

Chapter 10 Objectives  The nature of the rapid immigration and urban growth between 1820 and 1840, and its effect on the nation's economic, social, and political systems.  The pronounced effect of the transportation and communications revolutions of the 1820s and 1830s on the American economy.  The transformation in women's social and economic roles as a consequence of the factory system.  The social changes wrought by America's economic revolution in the fields of public leisure and Northern agriculture.  The significant changes taking place within the nation in terms of population growth, population movement, urbanization, and immigration.  The reasons for the appearance of the nativist movement in the 1850s.  The importance of the Erie Canal for the development of both the West and New York City.  The transformations taking place in business, industry, labor, and commerce as the full impact of the industrial revolution was felt in the United States. Terms  “Know Nothings”: “purify” American politics by limiting/ending the influence of Irish Catholics  Turnpikes  Interstate highways  Steamboats  Factory system  DeWitt Clinton: Erie Canal  Federal Land Grants

Chapter 12 Objectives  The reform impulse of the period, in movements such as temperance, education, rehabilitation, and women's rights.  The contributions of the Hudson River School, antebellum writers, and the transcendentalists in fashioning an American culture grounded in nationalism and romanticism.  The development of utopian communities and new religions as an expression of the American reform impulse.  The growth of both religious revivalism and new theories of health, science, and education during the antebellum decades.  The origins and development of the nineteenth century women's movement, and its culmination in the Seneca Falls convention.  The successes, struggles, and hardships faced by the abolitionist movement through 1852.  American abolitionism in context of the global movement against slavery that arose in the nineteenth century Terms  James Fenimore Cooper: The Last of the Mohicans  Thomas Cole: The Course of the Empire (series of paintings)  Edward Bellamy  Henry George  Washington Irving  New Harmony: Utopian community founded by Robert Owen.  Margaret Fuller: Journalist, Women in the 19th Century considered 1st major feminist work  Oneida Community: Created by John Humphrey Noyes. Free love, all married to each other.  “Burned over district”: Regions in NY where many religious movm’ts (2nd Great A.) took place  Ralph Waldo Emerson/ Henry David Thoreau: Transcendentalists. Wrote Self Relience and Walden, respectively  Civil disobedience: Thoreau- individual shouldn’t let gov’ts overrule their consciences  Grimke sisters- Advocates for abolitionism (from south /slave owning fam.) and women’s rights.  Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone: Women’s rights activists  Prigg v. Pennsylvania-PA law violates federal law (personal liberty law)  Personal Liberty laws- used to try and combat the Fugitive Slave Act in the North  John Brown  Joseph Smith: Founded the Mormon  Uncle Tom’s Cabin faith  Seneca Falls Convention  Brigham Young: Led Mormons to Utah  Horace Mann: Education reform  Dorothea Dix: Mentally ill reformer  Frederick Douglass  William Lloyd Garrison

Chapter 13 Objectives  The many events concerning the expansion of slavery into the western territories that deepened divisions between the North and the South and led to the Civil War.  The effect of the dispute over slavery in reshaping the American political-party system, bringing an end to the Whigs and birthing the Republicans.  The origin of the Republic of Texas and the controversy concerning its annexation by the United States.  The reasons why the United States declared war on Mexico, and how the Mexican War was fought to a successful conclusion.  The role of the major political parties in the widening sectional split.  Stephen A. Douglas and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the effect of this act on his career and on the attitudes of the people in all sections.  The reasons for Abraham Lincoln's victory in 1860, and the effect of his election on the sectional crisis. Terms  “Fifty- forty or fight”: Oregon border dispute slogan  Mexican War  Compromise of 1850-CA enters as free state, outlaw slave trade in D.C., $10M to TX to settle border dispute, UT and NM- slavery decided by popular sovereignty, Fugitive Slave Act  Gadsen Purchase-$10M  Charles Sumner- Beaten by Brooks, gave an anti-slavery speech  Freeport Doctrine- Stephen Douglas, forced by Lincoln, despite court’s ruling (Dred Scott decision) slavery could be kept out of the North by passing laws to make it non beneficial for slaves to go there.  Dred Scott v. Sanford  Manifest Destiny  Free-Soil Party  Bear Flag Revolt: John C. Fremont  Fugitive Slave Act  Wilmot Proviso  Treay of Guadalupe-Hidalgo  Bleeding Kansas  Popular sovereignty: Stephen Douglas  John Brown: Pottowatomie Massacre Chapter 14 Objectives  The reasons why all attempts to reach a compromise failed in 1860 and 1861.  The ways in which the Confederate States of America compared with the United States in manpower, natural resources, finances, industrial potential, and public support.  The significant nationalistic legislation enacted by Congress once southern members were no longer a factor, including the Homestead Act, Morrill Act, and National Bank Acts  The basic structure of the government of the Confederate States of America, how it differed from that of the United States, and how it dealt with the vital question of states' rights.  No battles- just the effects of the war  Lincoln’s disregard for the constitution: habeas corpus Terms  “Fire-eaters”: extreme pro slavery  Fort Sumter: beginning of the civil war  Crittenden Compromise: last attempt at compromise, re-instate Missouri Compromise line  Homestead Act: Federal land grant  Union Pacific Railroad Company: Built railroad westward from Iowa to Utah (R.R. from MO river to Pacific Ocean) Central Pacific Line: Eastward from San Francisco to Promontory Point  Copperheads: Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War, wanted immediate peace settlement with the Confederates  Martial Law: Local government taken over by military in a state of emergency  Appomattox Courthouse: Lee surrenders the rest of his forces. April 9th 1869  54th Massachusetts infantry: 1st all African American regiment  Clara Barton: Helped wounded soldiers during Civil War  Jefferson Davis/Alexander Stephens: Confederate President and vice president

Chapter 15 Objectives  Radical Reconstruction changed the South in many significant ways, but ultimately fell short of the full transformation needed to secure equality for the freedmen.  White society and the federal government lacked the will to enforce effectively most of the constitutional and legal guarantees acquired by blacks during Reconstruction.  The differences between Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction, and the reasons for the transition to the latter set of policies.  The Reconstruction governments in practice, and Southern (black and white) reaction to them.  The growth and impact of sharecropping and the crop-lien system on the economic development of the South and the economic independence of former slaves.  The debate among historians concerning the nature of Reconstruction, its accomplishments, and its ultimate effects on the South.  The reasons for the failure of the South to develop a strong industrial economy after Reconstruction.  The ways in which Southerners decided to handle the race question, and the origin of the system of racial discrimination identified with "Jim Crow."  The response of blacks to conditions in the South following Reconstruction. Terms  10% Plan: 10% of the voter turnout must take an oath, pardoned all but highest-ranking officers.  LA, TN, AR rejoined by these terms- but not recognized by Congress  Wade-Davis Bill: States must re-enter the same way territories do (state suicide) pocket vetoed by Lincoln.  1st Civil Rights Act: Pre-cursor to the 14th Amendment. Vetoed by Jackson, Congress overturned  Credit Mobilier: “fake” co. Union Pacific and Credit Mobilier both owned by Thomas Durant.  Whiskey Ring: Whiskey distributers bribed officials to turn a blind eye on the raised whiskey tax.  Indian Ring: Grant’s Sec. of War accepted bribes from co. wanting to trade on reservations. (Private company’s had to go through fed. gov’t to deal with the Indians)  Booker T. Washington: African Americans must fix themselves before seeking political justice  Atlanta Compromise: Between African American leaders and White Southern Leaders. Southern Af. Am. would submit to white political rule, southern whites would guarantee due process in law  Ida B. Wells: Anti-lynching act  Tenure of Office Act: Johnson can’t remove any executive officer w/o the consent of the senate  Scalawags: White Southerners who supported the Republicans  Carpetbaggers: Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction. Derogatory.  Civil Rights Act of 1875: No discrimination in jury, crime to deny individual us of public places  Crop Lien System  Freedman’s Bureau  H.H. Jackson  13thAmendment: abolished slavery  Comstock Lode  14thAmendment: equal protection  Literacy test  15thAmendment: no denying voting  Grandfather clause  Jim Crow  Plessy v. Ferguson  Poll Tax  Ku Klux Klan  Little Big Horn  Compromise of 1877  Wounded Knee  Share cropping  Dawes Act  Black Codes Chapter 17 Objectives  The reasons for the rapid industrial development of the United States in the late 19th century.  The impact of individual entrepreneurship and technological innovations in promoting industrial expansion and the development of new industries such as steel, oil, automobiles, and aviation.  The ways in which individualism and Social Darwinism combined to preach the gospel of wealth and to justify the social consequences of the new industrial capitalism.  The critics of the new industrial capitalism, and the solutions they proposed.  The conditions of immigrants, women, and children in the work force.  The attempt by organized labor to form national associations, and the reasons why craft-based labor organizations became the norm.  The reasons that organized labor generally failed in its efforts to achieve its objectives. Terms  Henry Ford: Moving assembly line. Up wages, lower hours, lower price of car-mass produce  Taylorism: Subdivide tasks (overseeing manager) no more need for skilled workers.  Vanderbilt: Steamboat, partnered with Gibbons, cheapest ferry between NJ and NY, cut competition with low fares.  Carnegie: Steel, vertical integration  Rockefeller: Standard Oil- horizontal and vertical  J.P. Morgan: Banker, General Electric, U.S. Steel Company  Horizontal integration: Buy out competition  Vertical integration: Own all necessary parts to the company-cheaper to make  Trusts: Stockholders transferred their stocks to trustee’s in exchange for share in the trust.  Gospel of Wealth: Written by Carnegie. Wealthy are the trustee’s and agents for the poor  Laissez-faire: Government shouldn’t get involved in regulating business  Edward Bellamy: Looking Backward  Henry George: Progress and Poverty. Single tax, close gap between rich and poor  National Labor Union: 1st national labor federation. 8 hr days. No Af. Am. Or women  Molly Maguires: terrorist tactics/ violence to achieve goals. Advocated for coal miners  Knights of Labor: Membership open to all. Terrance Powderly.  Homestead Strike: Carnegie left Frick in charge- tries to get rid of unions, cut wages 10% didn’t cut rent/ Pickelton Boys come to break up the strike.  Haymarket Square Riot: Bomb let off, ruins Knights of Labor reputation  Social Darwinism: Appealed to business men-legitimized their success  Bessemer Process  Pullman Strike  American Federation of Labor

Chapter 18 Objectives  Rapid urban growth forced adaptations to severe problems of government mismanagement, poverty, crime, inadequate housing, and precarious health and safety conditions.  The changes in the pattern of immigration in the late nineteenth century, and the native response to these changing patterns.  The new economic and social problems created by urbanization, and the technological responses to these problems.  The relationships of both urbanization and immigration to the rise of boss rule.  The main trends in literature and art during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.  The profound new developments in American educational opportunities, particularly for women. Terms  Tenements: Slum dwellings in the cities  Skyscrapers: Louis Sullivan  Yellow journalism: Deliberately sensational style of reporting presented in bold graphics.  Salvation Army: Social Gospel movement. Religiously based.  Political bosses: Helped out new immigrants-get their votes in return  Honest graft: buy an interest in land where a new street is going to be built, profit when the land prices rise bc of the construction.  Boss Tweed: Corrupt NYC boss  Coney Island: Most famous/popular urban resort.  Frederick Jackson Turner: Frontier Thesis  Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives  Assimilation Chapter 19 Objectives  The inability of the political system and a limited national government to respond effectively to the nation's rapid social and economic changes. (large corporations and industrial capitalism).  The problems of political patronage in the administrations of Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, and Chester A. Arthur that led to the passage of the Pendleton Act.  The circumstances that permitted the Democrats to gain control of the presidency in the elections of 1884 and 1892.  The positions of the two major parties on the tariff question, and the actual trend of tariff legislation in the 1880s and 1890s.  The rise of agrarian discontent as manifested in the Granger movement, the Farmers' Alliances, and the Populist movement.  The historical controversy surrounding the origins and character of agrarian populism.  The rise of the silver question from the "Crime of '73" through the Gold Standard Act of 1900.  The significance of the presidential campaign and election of 1896. Terms  Half Breeds: Led by Blaine. Favored reform. Qualified Dem. Should be able to keep their job after a Repub. was elected.  Stalwarts: Led by Conkling. All government jobs should go to loyal republicans. Traditional machine politics  Pendleton Act: 1st National Civil Service measure. Required some federal jobs be filled by a competitive written exam  The Grange movement: Bring farmers together to learn agricultural techniques, feeling of community  Farmer’s Alliance” More political than the Grange. (elected people into legislatures/congress)  Mary E. Lease: “Raise less corn, and raise more hell”  Omaha Platform: No National Bank, direct election of senators, silver  Panic of 1893: Philadelphia and Reading R.R. unable to make loan payments-stock market crash  Coxey’s Army: Wanted public works program to create jobs for unemployed. March from OH- D.C.  Sherman Anti-trust Act: Attempt to curb labor unions  Interstate Commerce Act: Fares must be “fair and just” not defined  Populism  “Crime of ’73: Government stopped coining silver.  Cross of Gold speech: William Jennings Bryan, won him Democratic nomination  Sherman Silver Purchase Act: Treasury must purchase $4.5M oz. of silver/month. Deposited most into the Treasury, not into circulation.  “Free Silver”: Silver, along with gold, should be a basis for currency- lessen debt (farmers pro)

Chapter 21 Objectives  The growth of progressivism as a reaction to the problems caused by the rapid industrialization and urbanization of the United States in the late nineteenth century.  The crusade-like nature of many progressive movements, including prohibition, immigration- restriction, and women's suffrage movements  The role of women and women's organizations in promoting reform, and vice versa.  The success and significance of the women's suffrage movement.  The desire of the progressives to limit the role of political party organizations, and the measures they advocated to accomplish this goal.  The prohibition movement and its relationship to other progressive reforms.  The origins of the NAACP and the importance of W. E. B. DuBois.  The movement to restrict immigration and its relationship with other avenues of "reform." Terms  Muckrakers  Ida Tarbell  19th Amendment  Robert LaFollette  Triangle shirtwaist Fire  W.E.B. DuBois  18th Amendment  Eugenics  Eugene B. Debs  Social Gospel  NAWSA  City managers  Socialist Party

Chapter 22 Objectives  The guiding ideology, domestic interests, and foreign entanglements of Theodore Roosevelt's administration.  The troubled succession of William Howard Taft to the presidency, and how it paved the way for the ascension of Woodrow Wilson.  The administration of Woodrow Wilson as both a conservative and progressive leader.  The nature and extent of Theodore Roosevelt's "square deal" progressivism.  The similarities and differences between the domestic progressivism of William Howard Taft and of Roosevelt.  The philosophical and practical differences between Roosevelt's New Nationalism and Wilson's New Freedom.  The differences between Woodrow Wilson's campaign platform and the measures actually implemented during his term.  The social limits of Wilson progressivism, particularly with regards to women's suffrage and segregation.  The unfolding of the diplomatic crisis between Mexico and the United States in the years before American entry into WWI  Municipal Reforms Terms  17th Amendment  Pure Food and Drug Act  The Jungle  Meat Inspection Act  Gifford Pinchot  Trust buster  Square deal  Payne-Aldrich tariff  Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy  Progressive party  “Open door”  Roosevelt corollary  Collar diplomacy  Big stick diplomacy

Presidents  George Washington (1789-1797) None:

 John Adams (1797-1801) Federalist:

 Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) D-R:

 James Madison (1809-1817) D-R:

 James Monroe (1817-1825) D-R:

 John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) D-R:

 Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) Democrat:

 Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) Democrat:

 William Henry Harrison (1841) Whig

 John Tyler (1841-1845) Whig:

 James K. Polk (1845-1849) Democrat:

 Zachary Taylor (1849-1850) Whig:

 Millard Fillmore (1850-1853) Whig:

 Franklin Pierce (1853-1857) Democrat:

 James Buchanan (1857-1861) Democrat:

 Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) Republican:

 Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) Democrat:

 Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877) Republican:

 Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881) Republican:

 James A. Garfield (1881) Republican/Half-Breed:  Chester Arthur: (1881-1885) Republican/Stalwart:

 Grover Cleveland (1885-1889) Democrat:

 Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) Republican:

 Grover Cleveland (1893-1897) Democrat:

 William McKinley (1897-1901) Republican:

 Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) Republican:

 William Taft (1909-1913) Republican:

 Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) Democrat