Study Guide For Grammar Quizzes

Extra Study Guide for Grammar Quizzes ***Remember, your Grammar morning work assignments are your primary source for studying for weekly grammar tests, however, if you’d like some extra practice, more examples, or to preview upcoming skills and extend your learning deeper, you are most welcome to use this guide.***

Common nouns – teacher, doctor, friend, restaurant (more generic or plain) Proper nouns – Mrs. Yousefzadeh, Dr. Pepper, Chelsea, Atlanta Bread Company (more specific and use a capital letter)

Cause and Effect – I got a good grade on my test because I studied. I got a good grade in my test – EFFECT (this happened because something happened first) because I studied – CAUSE (this made the other thing happen) ***Strategy to help with answering cause and effect questions: 1. Underline both events 2. Decide which happened FIRST 3. Circle the event that happened FIRST, that is the CAUSE

Noun – Person, place, or thing Verb – an action word – running, jumping, hopping, skipping – actions you can add –ing Adjective – word that describe (beautiful, horrible, blue, lovely) Prepositions – word that relates a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence – NEXT to the bed, UNDER the table, ON the floor (prepositional phrases) Adverb – a word that tells more about the verb, adjective, or another adverb. Can tell how, when, or where an action takes place.

Synonyms – words that mean the SAME thing – nice, kind giving, generous Antonyms – words that mean the OPPOSITE – true, false beautiful, ugly Homophones – words that sound the same but mean different things – kernel, colonel witch, which

Four Types of Sentences – 1. Declarative – Used to form statements. Declarative sentences consist of a subject and a predicate. Example: Ottawa is the capital of Canada. He asked which path leads back to the lodge.

2. Interrogative – asks a direct question and ALWAYS ends with a question mark. Example: Who can read this? Does money grow on trees?

3. Exclamatory – simply a more forceful version of the declarative sentence and always ends with an exclamation mark. Example: The butler did it! How beautiful the river is! 4. Imperative – gives a direct command to someone- this type of sentence can either end with an exclamation point or period, depending on how forceful the command is. Example: Sit! Read this book for tomorrow. SPELLING PLURAL NOUNS

1. Most words add s to the root forms without any change (barn - barns).

2. Words ending in sh, ch, ss, x, and z, usually add es to form the PLURAL (bush - bushes).

3. Words ending in a consonant and y change the y to i and add es (party - parties).

4. Some words ending in f change the f to v and add es (calf - calves).

5. Some singular words have different words for their plural form (man - men; mouse - mice; goose-geese). 6. Some words are the same in their singular and plural form, but the context of the sentence directs the reader on which use of the word.

Correcting sentences:

 Make sure the sentences have appropriate capitalization for proper names, months, days of the week.  Check for spelling.  Check for punctuation  Pay close attention to the use of quotation marks. The only part that should be in quotes is the part of the sentence that was spoken by the person.

1. Mrs. Yousefzadeh asked, “Who is buying lunch today?” 2. The students raised their hands, and the teacher counted the number of lunches. 3. Michael, Ferdi, Caroline, Evan, and many other students were going to buy lunch. 4. “Katie,” Mr. Knecht inquired, “What are you planning to eat for lunch?” 5. “I packed my lunch today,” Isaiah responded.

Rules for Syllabication

Rules Examples When two consonants come between two vowels in a word,  cof-fee divide syllables between the consonants.  bor-der  plas-tic  jour-ney  em-ploy  mon-ster When there are more than two consonants together in a word,  en-trance divide the syllables keeping the blends together.  bank-rupt  ca-jole  bo-nus When there is one consonant between two vowels in a word,  plu-ral divide the syllables after the first vowel.  gla-cier  doz-en If following the previous rule doesn’t make a recognizable  ech-o word, divide the syllables after the consonant that comes  meth-od between the vowels.  cour-age  cli-ent  po-em When there are two vowels together that don’t represent a  cha-os long vowel sound or a diphthong, divide the syllables  li-on between the vowels.  qui-et

Forming Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

One-syllable adjectives.

Form the comparative and superlative forms of a one-syllable adjective by adding –er for the comparative form and –est for the superlative. One-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form tall taller tallest old older oldest long longer longest

 Camryn is taller than Gillian.  Brad is the tallest of all the students.  Chetan is older than Sarah.  Of the three students, Kyle is the oldest.  My hair is longer than your hair.  Rosie’s story is the longest story I've ever heard.

If the one-syllable adjective ends with an e, just add –r for the comparative form and –st for the superlative form. One-Syllable Adjective with Final -e Comparative Form Superlative Form large larger largest wise wiser wisest  Matthew’s car is larger than Sameen’s car.  Evan’s house is the tallest of all the houses on the block.  Sam is wiser than his brother.  Sophia is the wisest person I know.

If the one-syllable adjective ends with a single consonant with a vowel before it, double the consonant and add –er for the comparative form; and double the consonant and add –est for the superlative form. One-Syllable Adjective Ending with a Single Consonant with Comparative Form Superlative Form a Single Vowel before It big bigger biggest thin thinner thinnest fat fatter fattest

 Lexi’s dog is bigger than your dog.  Austin’s dog is the biggest of all the dogs in the neighborhood.  Jacob is thinner than John.  Of all the students in the class, Max is the thinnest.  My mother is fatter than your mother.  Amelia is the fattest person I've ever seen.

Two-syllable adjectives.

With most two-syllable adjectives, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most. Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form peaceful more peaceful most peaceful pleasant more pleasant most pleasant careful more careful most careful thoughtful more thoughtful most thoughtful

 This morning is more peaceful than yesterday morning.  Derek’s house in the mountains is the most peaceful in the world.  Hailey is more careful than Mike.  Of all the taxi drivers, Robert is the most careful.  Sydney is more thoughtful than your sister.  Shela is the most thoughtful person I've ever met.

If the two-syllable adjectives ends with –y, change the y to i and add –er for the comparative form. For the superlative form change the y to i and add –est. Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -y Comparative Form Superlative Form happy happier happiest angry angrier angriest busy busier busiest

 Arravind is happier today than he was yesterday.  Paige is the happiest girl in the world.  Max is angrier than Mary.  Of all of John's victims, Max is the angriest.  Laura is busier than Max.  Emma is the busiest person I've ever met. Two-syllable adjectives ending in –er, -le, or –ow take –er and –est to form the comparative and superlative forms. Two-Syllable Adjective Ending with -er, -le, or Comparative Form Superlative Form -ow narrow narrower narrowest gentle gentler gentlest

 The roads in this town are narrower than the roads in the city.  This road is the narrowest of all the roads in California.  Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.  Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.

Adjectives with three or more syllables.

For adjectives with three syllables or more, you form the comparative with more and the superlative with most. Adjective with Three or More Syllables Comparative Form Superlative Form generous more generous most generous important more important most important intelligent more intelligent most intelligent

 Steve is more generous than Jack.  Ian is the most generous of all the people I know.  Health is more important than money.  Of all the people I know, Matt is the most important.  Dogs are more intelligent than cats.  Mary is the most intelligent person I've ever met.

Exceptions.

Irregular adjectives. Irregular Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form good better best bad worse worst far farther farthest little less least many more most

 Italian food is better than American food.  My dog is the best dog in the world.  My mother's cooking is worse than your mother's cooking.  Of all the students in the class, Max is the worst.

Two-syllable adjectives that follow two rules. These adjectives can be used with -er and -est and with more and most. Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form clever cleverer cleverest clever more clever most clever gentle gentler gentlest gentle more gentle most gentle friendly friendlier friendliest friendly more friendly most friendly quiet quieter quietest quiet more quiet most quiet simple simpler simplest Two-Syllable Adjective Comparative Form Superlative Form simple more simple most simple

 Big dogs are gentler than small dogs.  Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the gentlest.  Big dogs are more gentle than small dogs.  Of all the dogs in the world, English Mastiffs are the most gentle. 

Subject and Predicate

Every complete sentence contains two parts: a subject and a predicate. The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about, while the predicate tells something about the subject. In the following sentences, the predicate is enclosed in braces ({}), while the subject is highlighted.

Judy {runs}. Judy and her dog {run on the beach every morning}.