What Is Indoor Air Quality? “Through the years, man has built increasingly elaborate boxes to protect himself from the elements. Designed to keep out the rain and snow, warm him in the winter and cool him in the summer, he now lives and works inside these boxes up to 90 percent of the time. Rather than hold environmental hazards at bay, however, he has trapped himself in a chemical stew of contaminants that might make him sick, or even kill him. Buildings don’t always protect their occupants from pollution. Just the opposite, the molds, fungi, dust and toxic gases on the inside may well exceed those outdoors. By shielding ourselves from the outside environment, we have created an inside environment with a whole new set of problems.”

A healthy indoor environment for a home is one in which the occupants of the home feel a sense of health and well being attributable to the air that they breath while in the home. The qualities of good indoor air include:

1. Introduction of fresh air and distribution of adequate ventilation air. 2. Control of indoor contaminants such as Mold Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s). 3. Maintenance of acceptable temperature and relative humidity in an acceptable manner for occupants. Polluted indoor air can cause problems and have serious consequences such as:

A. Repetitious health problems such as coughs, eye irritation, head- aches, and allergic reactions. B. Unacceptable lethargy and feelings of malaise due to discomfort, stress and increased absenteeism. C. Accelerated deterioration of furnishings and equipment.

About This Report

1 This report was prepared by CALTEX. The purpose of the report is to provide the reader with information that would be of value to them in their desire for understanding of mold and its affect on homes and their occupants.

SUMMARY

Toxic mold is labeled as being the asbestos and lead -paint issue of the 21st century – and for good reason. The health effects of exposure to concentrations of the mycotoxins produced from some molds are just beginning to be documented , and the results are startling. Toxic mold exposure has been linked to many dangerous health issues, including:

 Allergies  Asthma  Memory Loss  Bleeding Lung Disease  And Death, among others

This report has been prepared and is delivered to you by CALTEX to be a primer for you as you begin to investigate toxic mold, and make decisions about this issue and how it relates to your business and We hope you find the information contained in these pages helpful.

TOXIC MOLD

Historical Perspective

In biblical times, the awareness of people on this matter appears to have been superior to today.

Leviticus, Chapter 14: 39 – 47

On the seventh day the priest shall return to inspect the house. If the mildew has spread on the walls, he is to order that the contaminated stones be torn out and thrown into an unclean place outside the town. If the mildew reappears in the house after the stones have been torn out and the house is scraped and plastered,

2 it is a destructive mildew and the house is unclean. It must be torn down - its stones, timbers and all the plaster - and taken out of town.

Leviticus 14:45

A house desecrated by mildew, mold, or fungus would be a defiled place to live in, so drastic measures had to be taken.

Leviticus 13:47-50

If any clothing is contaminated with mildew ---any woolen or linen clothing, any woven or knitted material of linen or wool, any leather or anything made of leather ---if the contamination in the clothing or leather, or woven or knitted material, or any leather article, is greenish or reddish, it is a spreading mildew and must be shown to the priest. The priest is to examine the mildew and isolate the affected article for seven days…

Leviticus 11:47

You must distinguish between the unclean and the clean… The Learning Channel recently aired a program on the Ten Plagues (4/98) that discussed the theory that the plagues weren't ten separate events, but one long series of connected events.

The first thing the scholars determined was the time frame. They agreed on 1260 BC, about a thousand years after the pyramids were built. Supposedly around that time, the Egyptian life centered around Memphis, just south of present-day Cairo, and the Israelites were living 50 -80 miles northeast of there.

The first plague turned the waters to blood, the fish died and the river stank. The show's contention is that this constituted a local outbreak of pfiesteria. This is the organism that killed many fish off the coast of North Carolina recently. The phenomena produces sores on the fish that leak blood and this, with the red pigment that occurs with some strains of the organism, would account for the first plague. Once the fish had died and polluted the water, the next plague --frogs-- appeared. Seeing all the fish were dead, there was nothing feeding on the

3 spawn and huge groups of frogs would hatch and look to leave the stinking river. Toads of the specific genus Bufo are supposedly very common throughout the world and they have large clutches of eggs, so that the numbers can go up drastically within a short period of time if the conditions are right. Why the frogs died, however, was not discussed. Nevertheless, with all the frogs dead, the insect population would explode.

The next plague was of lice. The explanation for this plague was put off as exactly which insect was meant by the word "lice" was difficult to pin down. Seeing the classification of insects didn't come about until 1,000 years later, the experts believed that there were too many unanswered questions to make a definite choice.

They moved on to plague #4, the swarm of flies. They whittled the field down to 5 possibilities with just one fitting all the criteria --the stable fly. These types of flies bite and they lay up to 500 eggs at a time.

Next came the murrain on animals, an epidemic of sickness among livestock. Anthrax was discounted because no humans were infected. Hoof and mouth disease also was shot down because the tell -tale signs were not mentioned in the Bible narrative. To get this info they went to a USDA agency located on Plum Island off of the coast of CT where they were doing animal research for the Department of Agriculture. The expert there stated he thought this plague was caused by two different diseases -- African horse sickness which strikes quickly and affects horses, mules and asses, and blue tongue, which is another closely related virus of the same family, which would attack the cattle, sheep and goats.

Once they had decided on what the murrain was, they discovered that those two viruses were transmitted by Culicoides, the midge or no-see-um and this gave them the missing plague of the lice. Elusive plague number three was identified as the midge which would attack humans and animals, but would also transmit a disease to the animals, but not to man.

On to plague #6, boils, blains or ulcers. They were looking for something that would affect both man and humans and found it in an obscure bacterial infection called "glanders" that could possibly be transmitted by the stable fly. Apparently this disease was described by ancient Greek and Roman historians and was even used as a biological warfare agent in WWI. This disease affects horses, camels, oxen, sheep, pigs and humans

4 and causes lymph nodes to expand and oftentimes leads to death.

The Egyptians would have been having a very hard time of it by now (with the Israelites being spared these local occurrences because they were situated too far away to have been affected). The food supply was dwindling as the fish were dead, the cattle were dying and the Egyptian's last hope was about to be wiped out by the next plague --the hail. This is not uncommon in the area, but for the Egyptians it was very untimely. The eighth plague, locusts, would finish off whatever the hail had not totally destroyed. And to add to their woes, the ninth plague, three days of darkness which the experts believe to have been a sandstorm, hits the area. The land is now covered with a layer of sand.

What crops the Egyptians had been able to harvest would have been hastily stored away in small pits under the desert sand, then the sandstorm would have created a "blanket" that bakes the stored crops and increases rotting. This rotting would have produced mold which in certain conditions can produce mycotoxins. Stachybotrys atra, a mycotoxin released by black mold in damp areas has been implicated in the deaths of many children recently in Cleveland. Many homes of the infected children showed evidence of this mold in the basement caused by water damage. If this toxin had been present in the grain that was left after the other nine plagues, it could account for the tenth plague --the death of the firstborn. Apparently this mycotoxin grows best on cellulose --grains and cereals --and can kill within hours.

According to the Bible, the eldest customarily receives a double portion. This may be the reason why the firstborn alone died --he was the only one who ingested enough of the mycotoxin for it to be lethal. This, however, does not account for why the firstborn of the animals died. The Jews at this time, Passover, would have been eating lamb, herbs and unleavened bread which the experts consider to be safe from contamination.

The show ended by saying: "For Jews, the ten plagues were directed by the hand of God, but we can begin to see now how that hand may have moved." It's an interesting hypothesis.

What Is Mold?

5 First, one must understand how mold lives. Most mold requires simple things to exist and colonize. It requires some type of moist intrusion or humidity, otherwise known as "the wicking effect." In some cases, it can take as little as 24 hours for this process to begin.

After the source of the moisture has stopped, it does not mean that the mold has stopped growing. Some molds are cryophytes (these adapt to low temperatures), some are thermo tolerant (they adapt to a wide range of temperatures) and some are thermophiles (they adapt to high temperatures). Depending on the species, these microbes will grow just about anywhere. Mold requires a compatible temperature for each species. Environmental factors (temperature, nitrogen, oxygen, etc.) are necessary compounds for indoor molds to thrive.

Mold also needs an organic source of food. People might be confused as mold can grow on glass, tile, stainless steel, cookware, etc. but it is generally feeding off of some organic source deposited on this material (oils, films, dirt, skin cells, etc.). The fiberglass insulation people like to say that mold does not grow on their product which is a fairly true statement, however, it grows on the organic debris that become trapped in their products. Mold also grows on things such as wood, fabric, leather, gypsum, fiberboard, drywall, stucco, and many insulation fibrous materials.

All molds require some form of moisture to grow. However, like temperature , the amount of moisture varies for different species. Some are xerophillic (colonize under very dry conditions) some are xerotolerant (colonize under a wide range of moisture levels) and some are hydrophilic (colonize at high moisture levels). It doesn't have to be a leak. Humidity or moisture content of the substrate can often be sufficient (relative humidity over 50% start becoming problematic in many indoor cases.) It can spread very easily through any HVAC system.

Mold consists of long, highly branched thread -like linear groups of cells that intertwine to form the fungus body. These threads can penetrate many materials, but especially common building materials such as drywall, wallboard, carpeting, and insulation. Mold usually requires a water source, habitable temperatures, and ample nutrients to grow. Humidity levels greater than 50% are considered a water source. A temperature range of 40 to 100 degrees F is prime for mold growth.

6 Like all living things, molds are designed to reproduce. The "seeds of mold" are called spores, which are very tiny (roughly one -half the width of the tip of a human hair), and in other than very high concentrations, odorless. Mold spores travel much the same way that dust travels, and if you're like most people, you have dust in your home.

Many types of mold spores have a protective substance on them called mycotoxins. The role of mycotoxins is to protect the spore from other vegetation that might harm it. Unfortunately, mycotoxins, which are also neurotoxins (a toxin that is determined to cause neurological damage) are harmful to human beings.

The most common forms of harmful mold are: 1) Stachybotrys 2) Aspergillus 3) Penicillum

Stachybotrys is the one with the most media hype. People who are exposed to high concentrations of this mold often experience health problems (headaches, bloody noses, respiratory illnesses, etc.). Just as bad as this type of mold are Aspergillus and Penicillum. These too can cause immediate respiratory problems, not to mention other serious health effects.

Mold Exposure In The Media

Toxic mold will soon become a household phrase, similar to what asbestos was in the latter part of the 20th century. Insurance companies are under siege with claims from homeowners, and the problem could cost billions to clean up.

December 3, 1999 - The cover story of the USA Weekend insert to Sunday newspapers across the country is entitled: "The Mold in your Home May Be Deadly."

March 2, 2000 - Dan Rather and CBS' 48 Hours present a program entitled "Invisible Killers" - which is a story on the hazardous effects of mold exposure in your home.

7 December 4, 2000 - Newsweek magazine prints an article entitled: "A Hidden Health Hazard. Sneezing and sniffling? Maybe the problem isn't a cold but mold. It's more dangerous than you think."

June 2001 - A Texas jury awarded a family $32 million when they claimed mold in their home caused them to have neurological problems.

August 12, 2001 - The New York Times Sunday Magazine features a cover story entitled: "Lurking, Choking, Toxic - Haunted By Mold."

April 2002 - ABC News reports that Ed McMahon filed a $20 million lawsuit against his homeowner insurance company claiming the insurance company botched a simple repair on a broken pipe. As a result, he says, a black toxic mold spread through his 8,000 -square-foot, six -bedroom Beverly Hills mansion causing him physical injuries and emotional duress.

August 2001 – Mealey’s Online, an online publication targeted to lawyers, states that according to a recent Wall Street Journal article, Farmers Insurance, which has 7% of the U.S. homeowners insurance market, estimates that mold claims will cost it $85 Million 2001 alone.

April 2001 – GP Solo Magazine reports on the legal aspects in California and other states of property damage and personal injury claims arising from microbiological agents found in structures.

November - 2001 – Risk Management Magazine reports that toxic mold is an emotionally charged issue that has created a public frenzy over its potential health impact.

Health Effects Of Mold

We live in a veritable "mold soup", with mold spores constantly around us and in the air that we breath. Under normal circumstances, natural cleansing mechanisms in our bodies and in the indoor and outdoor environments control the concentration of mold to acceptable levels. However, water leaks that occur in homes and offices that are not cleaned up promptly, or correctly, almost invariably become breeding grounds for mold. This is why interstitial walls, attics, and floor underlayment are frequently found to contain higher concentrations of mold.

8 All molds have the potential to cause health effects. These health effects generally fall into three categories:

1) Allergic 2) Infectious 3) Toxic

The severity of the effects experienced by human beings is based on a combination of the health of the persons immune system, the type of mold, and the concentration of the mycotoxins produced by the mold. The following is a comprehensive list of the most common health effects and maladies associated with exposure to toxic mold.

 Allergies Flu-like  Symptoms  Epileptic -like  Seizures  Upper  Respiratory  Distress  Asthma Trouble  Breathing  Bloody Noses Irritation Of The  Eyes, Nose or  Throat  Skin Rashes Coughing Loss of Eyesight Restlessness  Fatigue Sinus  Congestion  Loss of Hearing "Crawly"  Feeling Skin  Depression Nausea Loss of Memory Chronic  Headaches  Unexplained  Irritability  Sneezing Runny Nose Arthritic-like  Aches  Equilibrium Or  Balance Loss

9  Organ  Infestation  Dizziness Or  Stuffiness  Death

Stachybotrys

Stachybotrys Chartarum is a greenish to blackish fungus that is found throughout the world, and is most abundant in habitats where the humidity exceeds 50%. This fungus needs only three things to thrive:

1. Moisture 2. Oxygen 3. Materials High In Cellulose (like wallboard, carpet, wood, paper, insulation)

Stachybotrys can be dangerous to humans because it creates toxic chemicals called mycotoxins. Mycotoxins can cause non -specific health problems in humans and pets. Some of these are:

1. Eye Irritation, 2. Headaches 3. Skin Irritations 4. Allergies 5. Asthma 6. Nasal Stuffiness 7. Sore Throats

Some severe reactions that some professionals have linked to Stachybotrys include:

1. Memory Loss 2. Nosebleeds 3. Aches 4. Fever Also, people with chronic illness or damaged immune symptoms could develop mold infections in their lungs. Individuals with persistent problems

10 should see their physician.

If you suspect that you have mold in your home or business, or, if you have any of the symptoms listed, you should have your habitat professionally inspected.

Professional inspection and laboratory testing is the most certain way to know what type, where , and in what concentrations you have mold in your environment. The professional inspection will include:

1. A Visual Inspection 2. Moisture Content Testing of Suspect Areas 3. Photos of Visible Mold 4. Air Sample Testing For Airborne Spores 5. Interstital Wall Testing For Mold Growing In Wall Cavities 6. Carpet And Furniture Testing 7. Accredited Laboratory Identification Of Mold Type and Concentration 8. Professional Report

Home Toxicity

The only way to find out if your home or office is toxic due to mold is to have it tested. The most definitive way to do this is to have a Caltex technician take mold samples and to have an accredited laboratory analyze the samples to see what type of mold you have and in what concentrations. The technician will then review the results, and prepare a thorough assessment of the mold influences. Additionally, and if this is warranted, the technician will also create a remediation plan that describes how to clean up the mold and make your home healthier.

Mold Scams

Because the mold industry is so new, it is currently unregulated and unlicensed. Because the demand for mold testing and mold remediation is so high, there do exist, unfortunately, mold scammers who want to separate property owners from their money rather than from their mold problems. To avoid being a victim of a mold scam, if you have a possible mold problem, please hire a Certified Indoor Air Quality Technician, Certified

11 Mold Inspector , Certified Mold Contractor , or Certified Mold Remediator . You’ll be happy to know that every technician working fo r The Mold Consultants has at least one of these certifications. Here are several of the leading mold scams . . .

Insurance Companies and Insurance Adjusters as Scammers

Here are several mold frauds perpetrated by insurance companies and insurance adjusters---

1. Hiring incompetent, low -paid, company -stooge testing personnel to do the least possible mold testing in the least likely mold -locations in an insured's property so that any actual mold is NOT likely to be discovered. 2. Utilizing ineffective Air -O-Cell mold testing media so that little or no mold will be discovered. Air -O-Cell cassettes test too small of an air sample to give a truly accurate insight into a property's real mold infestation problems. Direct sampling of visible molds and mold culture plates are vastly superior to Air -O-Cell technology in determining the extent of mold problems in a property and in identification of the molds present. 3. If the testing stooges uncover any mold problems, the serious mold test results are not to be shared with the insured’s and are to be kept a complete secret forever from the insured’s [this common insurance company fraud is one of the causes of actions in the $20 million Ed McMahon lawsuit against his homeowner's insurance company. Two insurance stooge testing and remediation companies. The McMahon defendants kept secret mold test results showing a serious mold infestation in the McMahon residence of the deadly mold Stachybotrys. 4. Telling insured’s that there is no mold insurance coverage even though there is evidence that insurance -covered water damage is the direct cause of the resulting mold infestation.

House Cooking

House cooking is when the mold scammers introduce large numbers of mold spores into the home or other building, and then increase the temperature and humidity [e.g., shut off air conditioning, close windows and run humidifiers full blast] to cause high levels of detectable mold to

12 justify expensive mold remediation work

Fraudulent Mold Testing

The mold scammers will bring back mold test results showing big - time mold problems in the property. Unfortunately the mold samples are NOT actually from the home but are, in fact, samples that had been intentionally infected [inoculated] with large amounts of mold species from other locations or from mold collections maintained by the scammers.

Mold Remediation Shortcuts

Many fraudulent mold remediation jobs end with the mold problems as great or greater than before the remediation work was done because of shortcuts taken by the mold scammers and because of flawed remediation techniques, procedures, and techniques utilized by the mold scammers who only care about getting the money, rather than solving a customers mold crisis. One big shortcut is that many mold remediators often rely on ineffective but cheap chlorine bleach as an alleged mold killer. See the discussion on chlorine bleach below.

TESTING YOUR HOME

How To Test Your Home

Mold spores are found everywhere in our environment, and we are constantly exposed to them. High concentrations of any mold in living or work environments must be considered unacceptable because of possible health problems and structural damage. If mold is present, it is important to find out what kind and how much.

WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO SAMPLE AND TEST FOR MOLD?

When a building is tested for mold, the purpose is to find out what type of mold is in the building and if the mold is being amplified (growing). Environmental testing for mold is a three part process: Caltex dealer collects samples (sampling), the laboratory analyzes the samples (testing), and the Caltex Dealer interprets the laboratory results and develops an appropriate remediation plan, if necessary.

13 PHYSICAL FACTORS: Modern construction methods that tightly seal homes and hold in moisture can encourage mold growth. Many commonly used construction materials are good media for mold to grow on (wood, drywall, insulation, etc.). Growing mold can threaten the structural integrity and finished surfaces of a home. Mold can literally "eat" the house. About 35% of all properties suffer water infiltration each year.

HEALTH FACTORS: Many of the thousands of common molds cause people to experience allergy symptoms such as runny nose or wheezing. Some molds may cause more severe problems such as irritation of the lungs and fugal infections in persons with immune problems. A few highly toxic species can affect anyone, causing severe nerve and skin reactions, and even death.

ECONOMIC FACTORS: The value of a home can be decreased enormously by the threat of disease and structural damage by mold. Clean up in severe cases can be very expensive, up to and including the value of the home. These factors, combined with new public awareness along with demands by insurance and mortgage companies, have created a need for mold sampling and remediation.

"RED FLAGS" WHICH SUGGEST MOLD SAMPLING AND TESTING IS NEEDED

About 70% of all buildings will exhibit "red flags". "Red flags" are conditions that lend suspect to the presence of mold. These "red flag" condition s are generally:

VISIBLE MOLD: Visible mold comes in many colors (red, orange, black, white, etc.). Mold of any kind should not be growing in any home or work area.

1. Discolored spots in areas 2. "Hairy" covering on surfaces similar to white or green on fruit or bread 3. Slimy surfaces

MOISTURE: Mold grows where there is a moist environment. Mold

14 may be growing within or behind wet materials in the building. The first indication that you need to sample and test for mold is the discovery of any water related structural or design problem such as:

1. Evidence of water penetrating the home (stains, moist areas,etc.) 2. Evidence of any area that might allow water penetration 3. Actual construction defect or deterioration allowing water penetration 4. Plumbing defects (leaky drains , pipes or toilet seats, bad caulking, etc.) 5. HVAC problems (dirty, moist filters, poor condensation drainage) 6. Dryer vented indoors 7. Inadequate ventilation for bathrooms, laundry, spas, hot tubs, etc.

SENSITIVITY: Human senses are a valuable tool in discovering mold. 1. If you think there is a musty odor, there may be mold present. 2. If you think a room has a damp atmosphere, there may be mold growth 3. If occupants complain of allergy -type symptoms which seem to increase while in the home, this may be caused by mold.

Home Test Kits

Stated as briefly as possible - Avoid Them. There are many reasons why the mold test kits that you can purchase at a home supply store or on the Internet should be avoided.

Over-The-Counter/Web And Into The Trash: Over-the-counter/Web mold test kits produce highly inconsistent results. When testing for mold in your home or office, precision and accuracy are very important to comprehensively assess the type, location, and concentration of mold. Store and web purchased mold test kits are neither as accurate, nor as precise, as the testing that is done by highly skilled technicians using expensive sampling equipment. Don't let the claims of some merchants deceive you -- No skilled mold technician would ever rely on the test results from a sample taken by an over -the-counter/Web product to comprehensively assess the indoor air quality of a residence or office.

15 False Readings The Advertisers Don't Tell You About: Advertisers of over -the-counter/Web products won't tell you this, but they have a very high rate of false readings -- meaning that samples sent in to the lab for analysis cannot be processed for one of a number of reasons.

Limited Number Of Molds Tested: Most over -the-counter/Web mold test kits only test for a limited number of species of mold -- in some cases, only four. There are hundreds of different molds in existence, and more are being discovered every day.

Incomplete: Over-the-counter/Web mold test kits employ one of a number of different mold sampling techniques. One. A skilled technician will use several different types of sampling techniques in the course of an investigation, with the decision about which to use in any given circumstance being based on the technician expert knowledge. Having available these different techniques allows the technician to apply accuracy, precision, skill, and technique to the process of sampling.

Imprecise: Over-the-counter/Web mold test kits produce results that are incomprehensive at best, and clearly fail to provide results comparable to those developed when a certified professional technician uses precision equipment. One style has you lay a petri dish in the middle of the room for a certain period of time and hope that airborne mold spores land in the dish. Another style has you hook up a device to the end of your household vacuum cleaner to act as a pump to pull air through a filter. And still another style has you place a piece of sticky -tape on the visible mold, and then stick the piece of tape on to a microscope slide. Each of these methods is incomprehensive at best, and possibly dangerous to providing the laboratory with a full set of samples by which they can accurately determine the type, location, and concentration of mold.

Sampling Definitions

When sampling, the following definitions are significant:

Fumes – Solid particles generated by condensation from the gaseous state, generally volatilization from molten metals. Mists – Suspended liquid droplets generated by condensation from the gaseous to the liquid state or by breaking up a liquid into a dispersed state, such as by splashing, foaming, or atomizing.

16 Gases – Normally formless fluids which occupy the space or enclosure and which can be changed to the liquid or solid state only by the combined effects of increased pressure and decreased temperature.

Dusts – Solid particles that are capable of temporary suspension in the air or other gases. Usually produced from larger masses through the application of physical force.

Vapors – Gaseous form of substances that are normally in the solid or liquid state (at room temperature and pressures).

Sampling Background and Types

There are a number of different types of sampling techniques, each is useful in specific situations. The types of sampling techniques are:

Bulk – This involves removing a sample of the mold -infected material (i.e. coating paper from drywall, carpet, etc.)

Swab – This involves dabbing a swab onto the area of suspected mold contamination and testing the material adhering to the swab tip.

Tape – This involves placing a piece of clear tape on the area of suspected infestation of mold and extracting some of the suspect material with the sticky side of the tape.

Andersen N-6 – This involves extracting suspected mold spores from the air with an air extraction device and isolating and identifying the captured spores.

Spore Trap – This involves laying a petri dish containing a supply of lab - quality food in an air space for a sufficient period of time so that airborne mold spores can fall into the dish and begin to concentrate and multiply on the food source.

Wall Check – This involves drilling a small hole through wallboard, inserting a tube connected to a pump that has a filter, and extracting a precise amount of air from the wall cavity over the filter, with the filter capturing the material extracted from the air.

17 The purpose of sampling is to:

1. Provide information regarding the type and relative quantity of “hazards” present 2. Document airborne concentrations 3. Document a settled containment 4. Assist in finding the source of containment

Comparing Sampling Types

Sampling Type Pros Cons

Bulk  Inexpensive  Rapid Spore Identification  Can Speciate  Destructive  Doesn’t Relate To Airborne Exposure  Can Be Difficult To Sample Swab  Inexpensive  Non-destructive  Rapid Spore Identification  Doesn’t Relate To Airborne Exposure  May Not Be Quantitative  May Miss Organisms Tape  Inexpensive  Rapid Spore Identification  Convenient To Hold/Ship  Cannot Be Cultured  Is Not Quantitative  Tape Pressure Can Deform Spores Andersen N-6  Can Sample For Fungi And Bacteria  Related Directly To Airborne Exposure  Can Speciate

18  Equipment Is Expensive  Sampling Is Time Consuming  Sampling Is Cumbersome And Noisy Spore Trap  Cassettes Are Easy To Store  Cassettes Have A Long Shelf Life  Provides Semi – Quantitative Results  Gives Rapid Results  More Expensive Than Other Methods  Sampling Is Time Consuming  Sampling Is Cumbersome  Can Not Do Bacteria Wall Check  Cassettes Are Easy To Store  Cassettes Have A Long Shelf Life  Provides Semi –Quantitative Results  Gives Rapid Results  Can Identify Molds Hidden In Wall Cavities  More Expensive Than Other Methods  Sampling Is Time Consuming  Sampling Is Cumbersome  Can Not Do Bacteria  Requires A Small Hole Be Drilled In The Wall

CLEANING YOUR HOME OF MOLD

How To Remove Mold And Mildew

When the weather is damp, you may find items in your home that have musty odors and mildew stains. Once you find mold and mildew spots, remove them as soon as you can. Old stains are very hard to remove.

To remove mold and mildew stains from fabric:

1. Brush off the entire mold. If you can, take the item outside to do this. 2. If you cannot take the item outside, use a stiff brush or broom and brush the item over a piece of newspaper. Then, roll up the paper

19 and throw it away. 3. If the mildew is on a carpet, vacuum to remove as much as you can. Throw the vacuum cleaner bag away after vacuuming the mold. 4. Dry-clean materials that can not be washed. Be sure to point out spots to the cleaners. Wash clothing at once with laundry soap and water. Rinse well, but dry in the sun, not the clothes dryer. Heat from the dryer may make spots harder to remove.

If a stain remains, try to:

1. Soak in a laundry pre-soak product.

Use: Bath tubs, shower stalls, tiled floors and bathroom walls often have mildew. Use a brush. Scrub with a mixture of 2 to 4 cup of Calbrite 1 gallon of water. Wear water -proof gloves to protect your hands. An old toothbrush works well on grout. Soak plastic shower curtains in a solution of Calbrite solution and water. Then wash.

Upholstery, mattresses and rugs should be cleaned using as little water as possible.

1. Brush off mold. Shampoo lightly with an upholstery shampoo, or use a rug shampoo on carpets. Calbrite can be added to the solution. 2. Wipe with a damp cloth. Dry in the sun, if possible, or use a fan. Spray with a fungicide spray.

Luggage and leather shoes should be aired and dried after brushing off mold. Make a mixture of 1 cup denatured alcohol and 1 cup water. Dip a cloth in this mixture and wring it out. Rub mildew spots gently. Dry well. You can also use saddle soap. Dry and air well before storing.

Remove the odor of mildew as soon as you can. Brush the area. Then wash and dry well. The odor often goes away when the area is dry. You may wish to spray with Calbrite.

Prevent Mildew In Your Home

20 You may first notice mildew by its musty odor. It leaves an ugly black stain which can rot fabric, leather and paper. And it can cause problems for those with allergies.

Mold and mildew are often found in basements, crawl spaces, closets, showers and under beds. They will grow wherever it is damp and warm, and there is little air movement.

Mold and mildew are hard to remove, but not hard to prevent. Since they are tiny plants, you must make it hard for them to grow. To keep your home free from mold and mildew:

Keep things and places clean. Even small amounts of dirt or dried food will help mildew grow. Keeping closets, drawers, walls and clothing clean will prevent many mildew problems.

Keep things dry. At the first sign of mildew, find the source of moisture. Is it from a leak in the basement or roof or a spill? To keep your home dry:

1. Wipe down shower walls after taking a shower. 2. Cover pots while cooking. 3. Use air conditioning to remove moisture from the air. 4. Vent the clothes dryer to the outside of the house. 5. Use exhaust fans in the kitchen, utility room and bathroom. 6. Waterproof the basement. Seal any cracks in the foundation. 7. Spread heavy plastic or roofing paper over 80 percent of your crawl space to control dampness.

Be sure you have air movement in all areas.

1. Open windows to let outside air in, if the weather is nice. 2. Use a fan, even in the winter, to move the air. 3. Leave closet doors and dresser drawers open sometimes. 4. Be sure clothing is dry when stored. Hang it loosely in the closet. 5. Store items where they will not get damp. 6. Don't put furniture tightly against the wall.

Dry the air.

21 1. Heat the air in closets by keeping a light bulb burning, if there is one in the closet. 2. Use a heater, or turn on the furnace if the house is damp. 3. Use a dehumidifier. 4. Use chemicals such as Silica gel to absorb moisture. Place on a closet shelf or hang in a cloth bag to absorb moisture. Keep out of the reach of children.

Keep fabrics clean and dry. 1. Dirty clothing should be dry before putting it into the hamper. 2. Wash or dry clean clothing or household items before storing them. 3. Store clothing in a warm, dry place. 4. Stretch shower curtains out to dry after taking a shower. 5. Don't put damp clothing on the floor, especially a cement floor. 6. Air tents and sleeping bags before storing.

Protect with a mildew-resistant finish. Cotton items like awnings and tents can be treated with Calbrite (chemicals to make them resistant to mildew) before using them.

Protect leather goods by applying a paste -wax shoe polish or saddle soap.

1. Store shoes, purses and suitcases in closets, not in basements. 2. Never put shoes or leather items away damp.

How To Prevent And Remove Mildew – Home Methods

Mildew can be found on many different surfaces. It is a thin, black, or sometimes white, growth produced by mold. Molds are simple plants belonging to the group known as fungi. Though molds are always present in the air, those that cause mildew need moisture and certain temperatures to grow. They commonly develop in humid summer weather, especially in closed houses.

These molds grow on anything from which they can get enough food. In homes they develop most often on cotton, linen, rayon, silk, wool, leather, wood and paper. Many synthetic fibers resist mildew.

22 Molds that cause mildew flourish wherever it is damp, warm, poorly lighted and/or where air is not circulated — in cellars, crawl spaces of houses without basements and clothing closets. It can also be found on draperies and rugs in basement recreation rooms, on shower curtains and on damp clothes rolled up for ironing. These molds are also likely to grow in a new house because of moisture in the building materials.

As the molds grow, they cause considerable damage. They leave a musty odor; they discolor fabrics; and sometimes they eat into them until the fabrics rot and fall to pieces. They also discolor leather and paper.

Preventing Mildew

Keep things clean

Keep closets, dresser drawers, basements — any place where mildew is likely to grow — as clean as possible. Soil on dirty articles can supply enough food for mildew to start growing when moisture and temperature are right. Greasy films, such as those that form on kitchen walls, also contain many nutrients for mildew -causing molds.

Clean clothing is less likely to mildew than soiled clothing. Because most synthetic fibers, such as acetate, acrylic, polyester and nylon, are resistant to mildew, clean fabrics of these fibers will not support mold growth. But even on these fabrics, soil may supply food to start mildew. Clean all soiled fabrics thoroughly, regardless of fiber type to help prevent them from mildewing.

Get rid of dampness

Mold spores are present in the air and may settle onto surfaces if there is sufficient moisture. A damp basement, or any other structure, is often caused by moisture condensation from humid air onto cooler surfaces. Excessive moisture may indicate that repairs or additional insulation are needed. Replace cracked or defective mortar. Some basements are continually wet from water leaking through crevices in the wall. Make sure outside drainage is adequate. For waterproofing concrete and other masonry walls above ground, apply two coats of cement paint, tinted with mineral coloring if desired. Waterproofed coatings to seal absorbent brick and other outside surfaces may be needed. Spread a layer of moisture -barrier material over the

23 soil in crawl spaces under houses. You can use heavy roofing paper or polyethylene plastic film. Good ventilation is important. If possible, do not enclose the crawl space. In extreme cases, a fan or blower may be needed to move the humid air from under the building.

If your clothes dryer is equipped with a vent, have it exhausted to the outside to remove moist air.

Dry the air

Air conditioners and dehumidifiers. Cool air holds less moisture than warm air. Properly installed air -conditioning systems remove moisture from the air by taking up warm air, cooling it (which removes the moisture) and circulating the cool, dry air back into the room. In rooms that are not air - conditioned — especially the basement — mechanical dehumidifiers are useful. A humidistat can be attached to the unit to control the humidity. Mechanical dehumidifiers, however, can add heat to a room.

When using air -conditioners or dehumidifiers, keep windows and doors closed.

Heat

Get rid of dampness by heating the house for a short time. Then open doors and windows to let out the moisture -laden air. An exhaust fan may be used to force it out. Air in closets and other small areas can be dried by using an electric light continuously (60 - to 100 -watt bulb). The heat will prevent mildew if the space is not too large.

Circulate the air

Air movement is excellent at removing moisture. When the air outside is drier than that inside, ventilation allows the dry air to enter, take up excess moisture and then be carried outside. When natural breezes are not sufficient, you can use electric fans placed in a window, set in a wall or vented to the attic to move air from the house.

Poorly ventilated closets get damp and musty during continued wet weather, and articles stored in them are apt to mildew. Try to improve the air circulation by opening the closet doors or by installing a fan.

24 In addition, hang the clothes loosely so that air can circulate around them. Dry all wet clothing (including clothes wet from rain or perspiration) before putting it in the closet.

Cooking, laundering, and bathing may add 2 gallons (7.6 liters) or more of water a day to the house, un less circulation is adequate. It is often necessary to use some type of exhaust fan.

Get rid of musty odors

Musty odors, which indicate mold growth, are sometimes noticeable in basements and shower stalls. Take special precautions to get rid of musty odors as soon as possible to prevent further objectionable and damaging mold growth. Usually musty odors disappear if the area is well heated and dried. If the odors remain, the following treatments may be necessary: In basements, use Calbrite to remove musty odors. Spray the calbrite floor and let it stay until all mustiness disappears. Then wipe or wash it up. On cement floors and on tiled walls and floors in bathrooms, get rid of mustiness by washing with calbrite. Rinse with clear water

Keep windows open until walls and floors are thoroughly dry.

Preventing Mildew On Clothing And Household Fabrics

Keep fabrics dry. Never let clothing or other fabric articles lie around damp or wet. Dry soiled clothes before putting them into the hamper. Wash out dishcloths and hang them to dry. Spread out washcloths and damp towels. Stretch out wet shower curtains. It is the wet curtain left bunched together or sticking to the wall or tub that is most likely to mildew. Sprinkle only as many articles as can be ironed in a day. Shake out and dry those not ironed. Dry washed garments and fabrics thoroughly and quickly. Fabrics dried slowly may get sour and musty smelling — a sign of mold growth. . Preventing mildew on unpainted wood

In damp, warm, poorly ventilated areas, surface mold often develops on wooden parts of buildings. The new, unseasoned lumber is particularly susceptible to mildew Preventing mildew on painted wood

25 Indoor wood surfaces covered with softer coatings and paints mildew very easily. Molds feeds on the oil and minerals in the paint and cause a dirty -looking discoloration. It may penetrate the paint film deeply, even to the underlying wood. Clean with 100 percent Calbrite and use Ion mold in the paints or sealers. . Preventing mildew on paper and books

In damp summer weather, keep papers and books as dry as possible to help control mold growth. If you have an enclosed bookcase , keep a small electric light lit continuously in the bookcase or use a chemical dehumidifier. To clean books with mold take them outside and dry.

Removing Mildew

Clothing and household fabrics

Remove mildew spots as soon as you discover them. Do not give the mold growth a chance to weaken or rot the material. Brush off any surface growth outdoors to prevent scattering the mildew spores in the house. Sun and air fabrics thoroughly . Dry clean non washable articles.

Wash mildew-stained articles at once with soap or detergent and water. Rinse well and dry in the sun.

Upholstered articles, mattresses and rugs

First, remove loose mold from outer coverings of upholstered articles, mattresses, rugs and carpets by brushing with a broom. Do this outdoors to prevent scattering mildew spores in the house.

Run a vacuum cleaner attachment over the surface of the article to draw out more of the mold. Remember that the mold spores are being drawn into the bag of the vacuum cleaner. If the appliance has a disposable bag, remove and dispose of it immediately. If not, empty the bag carefully (preferably outdoors) to avoid scattering mold spores in the house.

Do everything conveniently possible to dry the article — use an electric heater and a fan to carry away moist air. Sun and air the article to stop the

26 mold growth.

If mildew remains on upholstered articles or mattresses, sponge lightly with thick suds of soap or detergent and wipe with a clean, damp cloth. In doing this, get as little water on the fabric as possible so the filling does not get wet .

Another way to remove mildew on upholstered furniture is to wipe it with a cloth moistened with diluted alcohol (1 cup denatured or rubbing alcohol to 1 cup water). Dry the article thoroughly.

Sponge mildewed rugs and carpets with thick suds or a rug shampoo and 25 percent calbrite. Then remove the suds by wiping with a cloth dampened with clear water.

Dry in the sun if possible.

Leather goods

To remove mildew from leather goods, wipe with a cloth moistened with diluted alcohol (1 cup denatured or rubbing alcohol to 1 cup wate r). Dry in a current of air. If mildew remains, wash with thick suds made from a mild soap or detergent, saddle soap.

Shoes contaminated with fungus growth on the inside often develop unpleasant odors, and colored mildew shows up on the inner sole and linings and up into the toe. You can remove this kind of mildew with low - pressure sprays especial y intended for freshening shoes; these sprays are available at shoe and department stores. Use these products as directed.

Wood

Use heat and increase the air circulation to get mildewed wood as dry as possible. We all know how to clean various types of wood with 50 to 100 percent Calbrite. Dry well before refinishing.

Paper and books Fan out" pages of books to increase air circulation. If the books are very damp, sprinkle cornstarch or talcum powder between the leaves to absorb the moisture. Leave starch or powder on for several hours,

27 then brush off. Remove any dry, loose mold from paper with a clean, soft cloth. If mildewed paper is damp, dry it first in an airy place.

To dry wallpaper, heat the room for several hours or even days to dry the plaster as well as the paper. Plaster should be dried slowly to prevent cracking. If mildewed paper is washable, wipe it gently with a cloth wrung out of Calbrite then with clear water and White vinegar. Take care not to wet the paper more than necessary. Do not scrub it. Finally wipe with a soft, dry cloth.

Mold Cleanup

If you already have a mold problem - ACT QUICKLY. Mold damages what it grows on. The longer it grows, the more damage it can cause.

Bathroom Tip: Places that are often or always damp can be hard to maintain completely free of mold. If there's some mold in the shower or elsewhere in the bathroom that seems to reappear, increasing the ventilation (running a fan or opening a window) and cleaning more frequently will usually prevent mold from recurring, or at least keep the mold to a minimum.

Who should do the cleanup?

Who should do the cleanup depends on a number of factors. One consideration is the size of the mold problem. If the moldy area is less than about 10 square feet (less than roughly a 3 ft. by 3 ft. patch), in most cases, the customer can handle the job.

However: If there has been a lot of water damage, and/or mold growth covers more than 10 square feet, consult the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guide: Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings. Although focused on schools and commercial buildings, this document is applicable to other building types. It is available free by calling the EPA Indoor Air Quality Information Clearinghouse at (800) 438 -4318, or on the Internet at epa.gov/iaq/molds . If you choose to hire a contractor (or other professional service provider) to do the cleanup, make sure the contractor has experience cleaning up mold. Check references and ask the contractor to follow the recommendations in EPA's Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings, the guidelines of the American

28 Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), or other guidelines from professional or government organizations.

Mold Cleanup Guidelines

The tips and techniques presented in this section will help you clean up your mold problem. Please note that mold may cause staining and cosmetic damage. It may not be possible to clean an item so that its original appearance is restored.

1. Scrub mold off hard surfaces with Calbrite and water, and dry completely. 2. Fix plumbing leaks and other water problems as soon as possible. Dry all items completely. 3. Absorbent or porous materials, such as ceiling tiles and carpet, do not have to be thrown away if they become moldy. Mold can grow on or fill in the empty spaces and crevices of porous materials. Calbrite can pull the mold that may be difficult or impossible to remove by other methods. 4. Avoid exposing yourself or others to mold.

When Cleaning Moldy Areas and Hidden Mold

1. Do not paint or caulk moldy surfaces. 2. Clean up the mold and dry the surfaces with Calbrite before painting. 3. Paint applied over moldy surfaces is likely to peel.

What to Wear When Cleaning Moldy Areas

It is important to take precautions to limit your exposure to mold and mold spores.

Avoid breathing in mold or mold spores. In order to limit your exposure to airborne mold, you may want to wear an N -95 respirator, available at many hardware stores and from companies that advertise on the Internet. (They cost about $12 to $25.) Some N -95 respirators resemble a paper dust mask with a nozzle on the front, others are made primarily of plastic or rubber and have removable cartridges that trap most of the mold spores from entering. In order to be effective, the respirator or mask must fit properly, so carefully follow the instructions supplied with the respirator.

29 We even recommend N-100.

Wear gloves. Long gloves that extend to the middle of the forearm are recommended. When working with water and Calbrite, select gloves made, neoprene, nitrile, polyurethane, or PVC Avoid touching mold or moldy items with your bare hands.

Wear goggles. Goggles that do not have ventilation holes are recommended. Avoid get ting mold or mold spores in your eyes.

How Do I Know When the Remediation or Cleanup is Finished?

1. You must have completely fixed the water or moisture problem before the cleanup or remediation can be considered finished. 2. You should have completed mold removal. Visible mold and moldy odors should not be present. Please note that mold may cause staining and cosmetic damage. 3. You should have revisited the site(s) shortly after cleanup and it should show no signs of water damage or mold growth. 4. People should have been able to occupy or re -occupy the area without health complaints or physical symptoms. Ultimately, this is a judgment call; there is no easy answer.

Moisture Control is the Key to Mold Control!

Moisture control is the key to mold control, so when water leaks or spills occur indoors - ACT QUICKLY. If wet or damp materials or areas are dried 24-48 hours after a leak or spill happen s, in most cases mold will not grow. 1. Clean and repair roof gutters regularly. 2. Make sure the ground slopes away from the building foundation, so that water does not enter or collect around the foundation. 3. Keep air conditioning drip pans clean and the drain lines unobstructed and flowing properly. 4. Keep indoor humidity low. If possible, keep indoor humidity below 60 percent (ideally between 30 and 50 percent) relative humidity. Relative humidity can be measured with a moisture or humidity meter, a small, inexpensive ($50) instrument available at many stores.

Actions that will help to reduce humidity:

30 Vent appliances that produce moisture, such as clothes dryers, stoves, and kerosene heaters to the outside where possible. (Combustion appliances such as stoves and kerosene heaters produce water vapor and will increase the humidity unless vented to the outside.) Use air conditioners and/or de -humidifiers when needed. Run the bathroom fan or open the window when showering. Use exhaust fans or open windows whenever cooking, running the dishwasher or dishwashing, etc.

If you see condensation or moisture collecting on windows, walls or pipes ACT QUICKLY to dry the wet surface and reduce the moisture/water source. Condensation can be a sign of high humidity.

Actions that will help prevent condensation:

1. Reduce the humidity (see above). 2. Increase ventilation or air movement by opening doors and/or windows, when practical. Use fans as needed. 3. Cover cold surfaces, such as cold water pipes, with insulation. 4. Increase air temperature.

Testing or Sampling for Mold

Surface sampling may be useful to determine if an area has been adequately cleaned or remediated.

Hidden Mold

You may suspect hidden mold if a building smells moldy, but you cannot see the source, or if you know there has been water damage and residents are reporting health problems. Mold may be hidden in places such as the back side of dry wall, wallpaper, or paneling, the top side of ceiling tiles, the underside of carpets and pads, etc. Other possible locations of hidden mold include areas inside walls around pipes (with leaking or condensing pipes), the surface of walls behind furniture (where condensation forms), inside ductwork, and in roof materials above ceiling tiles (due to roof leaks or insufficient insulation). Investigating hidden mold problems may be difficult and will require caution when the investigation involves disturbing potential sites of mold growth. For example, removal of wallpaper can lead to a massive release of spores if there is mold growing

31 on the underside of the paper.

Cleanup and Biocides

Biocides are substances that can destroy living organisms. The use of a chemical or biocide that kills organisms such as mold (chlorine bleach, for example) is not recommended as a routine practice during mold cleanup. There may be instances, however, when professional judgment may indicate its use (for example, when immune -compromised individuals are present). In most cases, it is not possible or desirable to sterilize an area; a background level of mold spores will remain - these spores will not grow if the moisture problem has been resolved.

Please note: Dead mold may still cause allergic reactions in some people, so it is not enough to simply kill the mold, it must also be removed.

Toxic Mold: Moisture Control And Moisture Control Tips

Water in your home can come from many sources. Water can enter your home by leaking or by seeping through basement floors. Showers or even cooking can add moisture to the air in your home. The amount of moisture that the air in your home can hold depends on the temperature of the air. As the temperature goes down, the air is able to hold less moisture. This is why, in cold weather, moisture condenses on cold surfaces (for example, drops of water form on the inside of a window). This moisture can encourage biological pollutants to grow.

There are many ways to control moisture in a home:

1. Fix leaks and seepage. If water is entering the house from the outside, your options range from simple landscaping to extensive excavation and waterproofing. (The ground should slope away from the house.) Water in the basement can result from the lack of gutters or a water flow toward the house. Water leaks in pipes or around tubs and sinks can provide a place for biological pollutants to grow. 2. Put a plastic cover over dirt in crawlspaces to prevent moisture from coming in from the ground. Be sure crawlspaces are well - ventilated. 3. Use exhaust fans in bathrooms and kitchens to remove moisture to

32 the outside (not into the attic). Vent your clothes dryer to the outside. 4. Turn off certain appliances (such as humidifiers or kerosene heaters) if you notice moisture on windows and other surfaces. 5. Use dehumidifiers and air conditioners, especially in hot, humid climates, to reduce moisture in the air, but be sure that the appliances themselves don't become sources of biological pollutants. 6. Raise the temperature of cold surfaces where moisture condenses. Use insulation or storm windows. (A storm window installed on the inside works better than one installed on the outside.) Open doors between rooms (especially doors to closets which may be colder than the rooms) to increase circulation. Circulation carries heat to the cold surfaces. Increase air circulation by using fans and by moving furniture from wall corners to promote air and heat circulation. Be sure that your house has a source of fresh air and can expel excessive moisture from the home. 7. Pay special attention to carpet on concrete floors. Carpet can absorb moisture and serve as a place for biological pollutants to grow. Use area rugs which can be taken up and washed often. In certain climates, if carpet is to be installed over a concrete floor, it may be necessary to use a vapor barrier (plastic sheeting) over the concrete and cover that with sub -flooring (insulation covered with plywood) to prevent a moisture problem. Moisture problems and their solutions differ from one climate to another. The Northeast is cold and wet; the Southwest is hot and dry; the South is hot and wet; and the Western Mountain states are cold and dry. All of these regions can have moisture problems. For example, evaporative coolers used in the Southwest can encourage the growth of biological pollutants. In other hot regions, the use of air conditioners which cool the air too quickly may prevent the air conditioners from running long enough to remove excess moisture from the air. The types of construction and weatherization for the different climates can lead to different problems and solutions.

Should You Have the Air Ducts in Your Home Cleaned?

You should consider having the air ducts in the home cleaned if: 1. There is substantial visible mold growth inside hard surface (e.g., sheet metal) ducts or on other components of the heating and

33 cooling system. 2. There are several important points to understand concerning mold detection in heating and cooling systems: 3. Many sections of the heating and cooling system may not be accessible for a visible inspection,. You should be aware that although a substance may look like mold, a positive determination of whether it is mold or not can be made only by an expert and may require laboratory analysis for final confirmation. If there are insulated air ducts and the insulation gets wet or moldy it cannot be effectively cleaned and should be removed and replaced.

If the conditions causing the mold growth in the first place are not corrected, mold growth will recur.

Humidifiers And Toxic Mold

As has been discussed, mold needs moisture to live. Without moisture, mold cannot thrive. Some homes, and the people that live in those homes, need humidifiers to create a comfortable indoor air environment. Unfortunately, improperly used or maintained humidifiers can create environments where mold can settle and concentrate.

Excess Moisture: Prevent excessive moisture levels in the air in the house by using the exhaust fans in bathrooms and kitchens where moisture is often generate d. Make sure the air from your clothes dryer exhausts from the house. Be careful when using a humidifier. If you think that you need a humidifier, first measure the relative humidity inside your home. A device called a hygrometer can measure the relative humidity. Try to keep the relative humidity (RH) below 60%. There is rarely a reason to use a humidifier if the RH is above 25%. If you feel you must use a humidifier, measure the relative humidity in the area receiving the humidified air. Never let the humidifier raise the relative humidity above 35%.

Mold And Carpet

If carpeting was saturated with water it is most likely growing mold. Although a lot of people think that carpet cleaning kills mold, the reality is that it doesn’t. To be sure, it is possible that too frequent carpet cleaning that does not have a chance to thoroughly dry within a short period of time

34 could cause a mold problem. Additionally, many mold spores are small enough that they are not trapped in the vacuum cleaner filtration system and therefore exit the vacuum cleaner without being trapped. Carpet cleaning is NOT going to kill the mold, and it is highly recommended that any carpet that was soaked with water be ripped up and thrown away. If you do not remove the carpeting the mold will continue to grow in it and get worse and worse over time. Your carpet has now become a " mold farm" and your living room is now a giant petrie dish!

Unless you remove the source of the mold, the carpeting, you will only make a minor dent in the fungi growth in the home.

When removing the carpet be sure to wear a face mask, and protective clothing as even dried mold spores can be toxic.

Once the carpet has been removed make sure the floor is dried thoroughly Cleaned with Calbrite before continuing. Turning up the heat can help dry the flooring. Use a dehumidifier if one is available.

Vacuum the floor with a HEPA filtered vacuum to remove any loose spores still remaining.

If you have plywood flooring under the carpeting it is highly recommended that the flooring be Cleaned with Calbrite then if necessary painted with two coats of oil based paint. Water based paint will not seal out bacteria that is remaining in the wood, so make sure it is oil based paint. Concrete floors should be washed with Calbrite and water to kill mold that is living on its porous surface. We strongly suggest removal of carpeting that was soaked with water.

Remediation Is An Art

Remediation -- It's not something you want to do twice Molds needs cellulose, a non -living organic material found in drywall and ceiling tiles as a nutrient source for growth and reproduction. Many mold s can colonize in water -damaged materials and through the digestion process fungi secrete enzymes into the nutrient source to break down complex compounds into simpler compounds.

35 The digested nutrients are classified into two categories, primary and secondary metabolites. The primary metabolites are used for energy to grow and reproduce. The secondary metabolites, called mycotoxins, are produced to give fungi a competitive edge against other microorganisms. Many of these mycotoxins are harmful to humans when inhaled, ingested or when come in contact with skin.

Research indicates significant secondary health effects may also be caused by the mycotoxins produced by the fungi. Every mycotoxins / toxin has to be treated differently. Even the same toxin has to be treated differently depending the environment, what the contaminated material are, and it could depend on what other toxin is present. While it is always present, it remains relatively harmless to most people unless it gets fed and begins to grow and multiply.

Since mold readily eats cellulose -based materials, all it takes is water leaking from the roof, plumbing, condensation, or high humidity for it to grow and spread to carpets, cloth, wood, wallboard, insulation, paper and leather to name a few. As it breaks down building materials, mold can also release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the air. These may include irritating alcohols, aldehydes, and acidic molecules, or highly toxic gases. One fungus growing on wallpaper, for example, was found to release arsine from its pigments that contained arsenic.

Once mold contamination gets afoothold, it can spread through a structure via airborne microscopic spores. Mold chemical components from these and other species tend to dominate in damp indoor spaces. What you can’t see is hurting you!

Environmental Assessment

The presence of mold, water damage, or musty odors should be addressed immediately. In all instances, any source(s) of water must be stopped and the extent of water damaged determined. Water damaged materials should be dried and repaired. Mold damaged materials should be remediated in accordance with this document.

Visual Inspection

A visual inspection is the most important initial step in identifying a

36 possible contamination problem. The extent of any water damage and mold growth should be visually assessed. This assessment is important in determining remedial strategies. Ventilation systems should also be visually checked, particularly for damp filters but also for damp conditions elsewhere in the system and overall cleanliness. Ceiling tiles, gypsum wallboard (sheetrock), cardboard, paper, and other cellulosic surfaces should be given careful attention during a visual inspection.

The use of equipment such as a boroscope, to view spaces in ductwork or behind walls, or a moisture meter, to detect moisture in building materials, may be helpful in identifying hidden sources of fungal growth and the extent of water damage.

Bulk / Surface

Sampling Bulk or surface sampling is not required to undertake a remediation.

Remediation of visually identified fungal contamination should proceed without further evaluation. Bulk or surface samples may need to be collected to identify specific fungal contaminants as part of a medical evaluation if occupants are experiencing symptoms which may be related to fungal exposure or to identify the presence or absence of mold if a visual inspection is equivocal (e.g., discoloration, and staining). An individual trained in appropriate sampling methodology should perform bulk or surface sampling. Bulk samples are usually collected from visibly moldy surfaces by scraping or cutting materials with a clean tool into a clean plastic bag.

Surface samples are usually collected by wiping a measured area with a sterile swab or by stripping the suspect surface with clear tape. Surface sampling is less destructive than bulk sampling. Other sampling methods may also be available.

Air Monitoring

Air monitoring may be necessary if there is evidence from a visual inspection or bulk sampling that ventilation systems may be contaminated. The purpose of such air monitoring is to assess the extent of contamination throughout a building. It is preferable to conduct sampling

37 while ventilation systems are operating. Air monitoring may be necessary if the presence of mold is suspected (e.g., musty odors) but cannot be identified by a visual inspection or bulk sampling (e.g., mold growth behind walls).

The purpose of such air monitoring is to determine the location and/or extent of contamination. If air monitoring is performed, for comparative purposes, outdoor air samples should be collected concurrently at an air intake, if possible, and at a location representative of outdoor air proficiency testing (Environmental Microbiology Proficiency Analytical Testing Program (EMPAT)). Evaluation of bulk/surface and air sampling data should be performed by an experienced professional. The presence of few or trace amounts of fungal spores in bulk/surface sampling should be considered background. Amounts greater than this or the presence of fungal fragments (e.g., hyphae, and conidiophores) may suggest fungal colonization, growth, and/or accumulation at or near the sampled location.

Air samples should be evaluated by means of comparison (i.e., indoors to outdoors) and by fungal type (e.g., genera,and species). In general, the levels and types of fungi found should be similar indoors (in non -problem buildings) as compared to the outdoor air. Differences in the levels or types of fungi found in air samples may indicate that moisture sources and resultant fungal growth maybe problematic.

In all situations, the underlying cause of water accumulation must be rectified or fungal growth will recur. Any initial water infiltration should be stopped and cleaned immediately. An immediate response (within 24 to 48 hours) and thorough clean up, drying, and/or removal of water damaged materials will prevent or limit mold growth. If the source of water is elevated humidity, relative humidity should be maintained at levels below 60% to inhibit mold growth. Emphasis should be on ensuring proper repairs of the building infrastructure, so that water damage and moisture buildup does not recur.

Caltex International Ltd. Manufacturers of Ecologically Responsible Products Since 1986 (315)425-0140 www.caltexinternational.com

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