Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka, Bangalore

ANNEXURE 1

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION

Miss. VINU K PRASAD 1 Name of Candidate and 1 YEAR M.Sc NURSING Address SRI H.D.DEVEGOWDA CO-OPERATIVE COLLEGE OF NURSING, MANICHANAHALLY GATE, BELUR ROAD, HASSAN, KARNATAKA.

2 Name of the Institution SRI H.D.DEVEGOWDA CO-OPERATIVE COLLEGE OF NURSING, MANICHANAHALLY GATE, BELUR ROAD, HASSAN, KARNATAKA.

3 Course of study and M.Sc. NURSING , Subject CHILD HEALTH (PEDIATRIC) NURSING

4 Date Of Admission To The Course

5 Title Of The Topic : “THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING THE PREVENTION OF CHILD LABOUR AMONG THE PARENTS OF SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN IN A SELECTED RURAL AREA AT HASSAN DISTRICT”.

1 6. Brief Resume of Intended Work :

6.1Need for the study

“Every child deserves a reason to laugh. Child labourers live and work in such poor conditions that their lips would probably crack if they smiled.’’ - Zoe Grueskin, Hoover Elementary School of Iowa City, Iowa

Child labour affects children worldwide. While certain forms of work provide many benefits, there are risks associated with hazardous work for children. For instance, a working child must sacrifice his or her childhood, health, and education for economic gains .Poverty is indeed the most prominent explanation of persistent child labour. There is a consensus that it perpetuates the problem. However, child labour also perpetuates the cycle of poverty. While it is a prominent explanation, it is not the only cause of hazardous child labour. Many other factors also contribute to this worldwide problem: lack of education and alternatives, traditional values and expectations, Human Immuno Virus/Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome, natural disasters where entire

families and communities are destroyed, gender biases, etc.1

According to the latest report of the International Labour Organization, 246 million children between the ages of 5-17 engage in child labour. The majority of the world's 211 million working children between the ages of 5-14 are found in Asia -127.3 million or 60%, Africa -48 million or 23%, Latin America and the Caribbean -17.4 million or 8%, and the Middle East and North Africa -13.4 million or 6%. The rest can be found in both transitional and developed economies. Asia has the highest number of child workers, but Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest proportion of working children relative to population. It is estimated that, in developing countries, at least 90% of economically active children in rural areas are employed in agriculture. Recent International Labour Organization statistics from 20 developing countries categorized the proportion of economically active children aged 5 to 14 years as employed in agriculture,

animal husbandry, and related work at 74%.2

2 In India about 55 million children, some as young as 5 years, are employed. Of these 15 millions are bonded labor and 10 million are child prostitutes. The incidence of child labour is rising by about 4% per year.3

Although child labour is recognized as a global health problem, research on its health impact on children has been limited and sometimes inconsistent. In 1998, Graitcer and Lerer published the first comprehensive review of the effect of child labour on children’s health by extrapolating data from the Global Burden of Disease Study. The occupational mortality rate among children matched the adult occupational mortality rate, such that the occupational mortality rate indicates mortality associated with child labour. In another study, in 2000, Graitcer and Lerer did not find any differences in the health status of working and nonworking Egyptian children in the short run. A 2003 report on children’s work in Morocco, Yemen, and Guatemala, and a review developed under the aegis of Understanding Children’s Work Project provide an overview of the nature and extent of child labour, its determinants, and its consequences for the health and education of children in these countries. Several case–control and cohort studies have reported on the association of child

labour, impaired growth, and malnutrition.1

A study was conducted to examine the initiatives of the government, international and voluntary sectors towards eradication of child labour, rehabilitation and education of working children in India. The study focused on the carpet-weaving and glass-bangle regions in Uttar Pradesh and examined the impact and a change brought by the Non Formal Education programme in the region. The study has been completed. It concluded that international pressure, on Governmental Organizations, judicial activism and concerted efforts made by the National Human Rights Commission have resulted in the adoption of the National Child Labour Project in the areas where children have been engaged in hazardous occupations. The study recommends that the Non Formal Education schools should be constructed in accessible locations, the Non Governmental Organizations that are allotted. Non Formal Education centers must be given adequate orientation training, and a better vocational skill

3 training program for students is necessary. The Commission sent the recommendations to all concerned authorities in the Government of Uttar Pradesh and in the Government of India. In a follow-up action, Dr. Zutshi organized three training workshops in partnership with the Commission and

United Nations Educational, Scientific Cultural Organization.4

A study was conducted in the glass bangle manufacturing industry in Firozabad district of Uttar Pradesh, 2003 to understand the impact of relevant legislation on child labour, keeping in view demand-side factors, supply-side factors and the state of education in the area. A sample of 1013 households was taken for study, out of which 312 households had migratory status. Study was conducted through observations, questionnaires and focus group discussions. The result shows that the enforcement of child labour legislation at Firozabad faces problems such as inadequate staff to implement labour laws, false certificates with employers showing the age of child workers to be more than 14 years, attitude of the workers who side with the employers as they do not want to risk losing their jobs and want to avoid the hassles of being involved in court cases. The researcher concluded that efforts have been made to introduce new technological interventions in the existing organizational structure in order to bring about improvements in working conditions. The system should be improved and enforcement of Child Labour.5

So as it is mentioned before the problem is so complicated and has deep roots. It needs all the efforts from the individuals, children, parents, groups, institutions, governmental directories and civil society to face it and end child labour. The study will contribute to the awareness of child labour and to inform about increased incidence, causes, hazards and recommend immediate and appropriate responsive actions that can be undertaken by the families, community and civil society organizations for the prevention of child labour.

Child labour remains a serious problem in many parts of the world in the current scenario. So the researcher felt that, solutions should be framed in order to

4 prevent child labour. The most applicable and affordable way to avoid these problems include increasing the knowledge level of parents. Hence the researcher has taken the initiative to conduct a study to increase the knowledge level of parents in preventing child labour.

6.2Review of literature :

A study was conducted to determine the prevalence of child labour among school children in the rural and urban areas of Pondicherry; and to study the factors related to child labour - like the reasons for working, problems faced by the child, workplace conditions, etc. The study was carried out in the schools situated in the service areas of Jawaharlal Institute Rural Health Center and Jawaharlal Institute Urban Health Center. There were 759 eligible students in the classes of the selected schools, and only 720 students could be contacted. Ninety percent of the children in the rural area and 80.8% in the urban area said low income was the main reason for them to go to work.. Chi-square test and t- test were used to find out the association between the attributes. The result shows that the overall prevalence of child labour in the study was 32.5%. The number of students who worked in the rural and urban area was 131 (42.8%) and 103 (24.9%) respectively. The researcher concluded that in the rural and urban areas where the study was conducted, the living conditions were more or less the same, and hence there was not much difference in the risks associated with the working status of a child.6

A study was conducted to assess the effects of technological change and industry restructuring on the existence of child labour. The study was conducted in Moradabad city, Uttar Pradesh and covered 150 production units. A total of 1105 workers were selected as the sample for the study, the study combines quantitative research techniques with qualitative approaches like Focus Group Discussions, Observations etc. The results shows that policies should be made to eliminate child labour; education should be provided to children of poor families; and there is a need to improve the general economic condition of states, so that working conditions in industries are improved and they absorb

5 modern technologies.7

A study was conducted to assess the issue of child domestic workers and its prevalence in Leh and Kargil, factors responsible for leading children into domestic work, and the community’s perception about child domestic workers. The study was conducted with a wider group of stakeholders in Leh and Kargil, and data was collected from child domestic workers, their parents and community people like school teachers, labour officers, police officers, anganwadi workers, etc. The study covered 103 children below 18 years who were engaged as child domestic workers in Leh and Kargil, and 21 families of these child domestic workers. Around 53.4% child domestic workers were girls compared to 46.6% boys. In 80% cases, the head of child domestic worker family was illiterate. A majority that is 72.5% of the respondents/ community people mentioned parental ignorance and illiteracy as reasons for children not attending schools. Trafficking in children was found to be a prevalent practice in the source area. Strong conviction about the problem can be considered central to preventing children from becoming child domestic workers.8

A study was conducted to investigate child labour violations among United States adolescents working in the retail and service industries. Methods used is interview data from a nationally representative sample of working adolescents, and investigated reports of select child labor violations e.g., hours, equipment, and work permits. It is computed that weighted percentages of respondents reporting each type of discrete violation. The results shows that nearly 37% of respondents reported a violation of the hazardous occupations orders that is prohibited jobs or use of equipment, and 40% reported a work permit violation. Fewer than 2% reported working more than the maximum weekly hours allowed during the school year, but 11% reported working past the latest hour allowed on a school night, and 15% reported working off the clock. The study concluded that significant numbers of Unites States adolescents are employed in violation of the child labour laws and as a result are exposed to safety risks. Although data did not allow for an analysis of enforcement, findings demonstrate gaps in employer compliance with the law. The study suggests that

6 closer attention to enforcement policy and practice is needed.9

A study was conducted to examine the prevalence of child labour in rural Karnataka and its contribution to livelihood security in rural households. Primary data has been collected from two villages with diverse socio-economic backgrounds in the district of Kolar in south Karnataka. The study results show that ignorance and illiteracy of parents are the supportive factors for child labour in the area studied. They hold a pessimistic view of the benefits of education. This has led to increase in the drop-out rate, temporarily though, as children’s assistance is sought in a variety of household and farm-based activities.10

A study was conducted to understand the causes and consequences of child domestic work prevalent in the consciousness of the work force involved in child development, and to suggest ways and means to divert erroneous and deeply engraved notions on sociological perspectives in Kolkata. Data was collected by interviewing. The result shows that from the overall 50 respondents,60% expressed that they only had a general idea on the child domestic work issue but did not possess much information on the intricacies and depth of the contemporary issue. Most of the respondents had jumbled up ideas on child labour and child domestic work .Only 46% of the respondents correctly identified the characteristics of child labour and child domestic worker. The researcher concluded that proper networking and linkages must be established with government and non-government homes for the rescue and rehabilitation of children in distress.11

A study was conducted to investigate the causes and consequences of child labour in carpet weaving industry of Pakistan. A sample of 120 children was drawn through simple random sampling method. The data were collected by a well prepared interviewing schedule. Questionnaire was designed as a data collection tool. The result shows that the majority that is 71.7% of respondents started carpet weaving because of poverty; whereas, 10.7% started due to poverty and own interest, 6.7% started due to own interest, 5.8% due to parents

7 interest and 5.0% due to poverty and parents interest. The majority that is 78.3% of respondents was suffering from diseases. The researcher concluded that poor economic conditions, large families and social deterioration are the reasons emerged for child labour.12

A study was conducted to determine the prevalence, types and demographic features of child labour among school children in Nigeria. A cross-sectional interview study of 1675 randomly selected public primary and secondary school pupils aged 5 to less than 18 years was conducted in the Sagamu Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria from October 1998 to September 1999.The result showed that the overall prevalence of child labour was 64.5%: 68.6% among primary and 50.3% among secondary school pupils. Child labour was also significantly associated with increasing number of children in the family size that is p = 0.002. A higher prevalence rate of child labour was observed among children living with parents and relations than among those living with unrelated guardians. The researcher concluded that smaller family size, parental education and family economic enhancement would reduce the pressure on parents to engage their children in labour activities.13

6.3 Problem Statement : A study to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge regarding the prevention of child labour among the parents of school age children in selected rural area at Hassan District.

6.4 Objectives of the study : 1. To determine the pre-test and post-test knowledge of parents regarding the prevention of child labour as measured by the structured knowledge questionnaire.

2. To evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching programme in terms of gain in mean post test knowledge score regarding the prevention of child labour. 3. To find out the association between the mean pre test knowledge score of parents of school age children regarding the prevention of child labour with

8 the selected socio-demographic variables.

6.5 Operational definitions :

1.Evaluate : In this study, it refers to judge or determine a significant worth for quality of planned teaching programme on knowledge about prevention of child labour.

2. Effectiveness : Having an effect producing a result. In this study effectiveness refers to the extend to which the planned teaching programme on prevention of child labour has produced desired effect among parents as measured by structured knowledge questionnaire.

3.Planned teaching programme : In this study it refers to an organized teaching programme designed for parents to provide information regarding causes, hazards, prevention of child labour, child labour laws, geography of hazardous child labour and the social impact of child labour. It also includes the method to be adopted by parents in preventing child labour.

4.Knowledge : Awareness gained by experience of a fact of situation. In this study it refers to the subject’s correct response to questions on prevention of child labour by structured knowledge questionnaire and is expressed in terms of knowledge scores.

5.Prevention : In this study, it refers to taking prior action to stop the happenings of child labour.

6.Child labour : In this study, child labour is any work done by a school going child for

9 remuneration.

7.Parent: A father or mother; one who gives birth to or nurtures and raises a child; In this study parents refers to the father or, mother or the guardian of the child.

8.School age children : In this study, it refers to children in the age group of 6-14years.

6.6 Variables under study :

1. Independent variable: Planned teaching programme on prevention of child labour. 2. Dependent variable: Knowledge of parents of school age children regarding the prevention of child labour 3. Extraneous Variable: In this study, it includes age, Sex, Religion, Education, Employment, Type of family, Location and Number of children in the family.

6.7 Assumptions :

1. Parents have some knowledge regarding the prevention of child labour. 2. Planned teaching programme is the effective strategy to improve the knowledge regarding the prevention of child labour. 3. Parents of school age children will participate and give reliable information needed for the study.

4. Knowledge of parents will vary according to the socio demographic variables.

6.8 Delimitations : The study is delimited to : 1. Parents having children between the age of 6-14 years .

10 2. A period of 4-6 weeks.

6.9 Hypotheses (Projected outcome) : All hypotheses are tested 0.05 level of significance.

H1: Mean post test knowledge score of parents of school age children regarding the prevention of child labour after planned teaching programme will be 7. significally higher than the mean pre test knowledge score.

H2: There will be significant association between the mean pre- test knowledge score with selected socio demographic variables.

Materials and Methods :

7.1 Source of Data : The data will be collected from parents of school age children in selected rural area at Hassan district,.

7.1.1 Research Design : The research design selected for the study is Quasi experimental one group pre- test &post-test design.

O1 X O2

O1 - Pre-test knowledge assessment of parents of school age children regarding the prevention of child labour. X - Planned teaching programme on prevention of child labour as Intervention.

O2 - Post-test knowledge assessment of parents of school age children regarding the prevention of child labour.

7.1.2 Setting : The study will be conducted in a selected rural area Chigalli,15km from Hassan city under Panchayat at Hassan District, Karnataka, it consists of a population of 1000.

11 7.1.3 Population : Population will include parents with children in the age group of 6-14yrs in a selected rural area at Hassan District Karnataka. The size of population is 1000.

7.2 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTON :

7.2.1 Sampling Procedure : The sampling technique used for the study is purposive random sampling technique.

7.2.2 Sample Size : The sample size for the study comprises of 100 parents with children in the age group of 6-14yrs in Chigalli at Hassan District, Karnataka.

7.2.3 Inclusion criteria for sampling : Inclusion criteria refers to : 1. Parents with children in the age group of 6-14yrs in Chigalli at Hassan District, Karnataka. 2. Parents who are available and willing to participate in the study in Chigalli at Hassan District, Karnataka. 3. Parents who can read and write Kannada in Chigalli at Hassan District, Karnataka. .

7.2.4 Exclusion criteria for sampling : Exclusion criteria refers to : 4. Parents of children below 6 year and above 14 year of age in Chigalli at Hassan District, Karnataka. 5. Parents who are not available and not willing to participate in the study in Chigalli at Hassan District, Karnataka. 6. Parents who are not able to read and write Kannada in Chigalli at Hassan

12 District, Karnataka.

7.2.5 Instruments Intend To Be Used : Tool consists of : Section 1 - Demographic proforma Section 2 - Structured knowledge questionnaire to assess the knowledge of parents of school age children regarding the prevention of child labour.

7.2.6 Data Collection Method : The investigator will obtain formal permission from concerned authorities. The purpose of the study will be explained to the parents and informed written consent will be obtained from them and it should be kept confidential. Pretest will be done with structured knowledge questionnaire .Planned teaching programme on prevention of child labour is administered to the parents. Post test will be conducted after 7 days by using same structured knowledge questionnaire

7.2.7 Data Analysis plan : Demographic data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, median and standard deviation. Effectiveness of planned teaching programme on prevention of child labour will be evaluated by using paired’ t’ test. Association between pre test knowledge score and selected socio demographic variables will be calculated by using chi – square test.

7.3 Does the study require any investigation or intervention to be conducted on parents? No. However a planned teaching programme will be given to the parents of school age children regarding the prevention of child labour.

7.4 Has ethical clearance been obtained from institution in case of 7.3? Yes, ethical clearance will be obtained from the ethical committee of the college of nursing prior to the conduction of the study. Administrative permission will

13 be obtained from the concerned authorities. Written consent will be obtained from the study sample and confidentiality will be maintained.

LIST OF REFERENCE :

1. Lois Crowley and Marlene Johns, Hazardous Child Labour ,Child Labour module Series. 2004,P.8&11. 2. Paola Roggero, Viviana Mangiaterra, Flavia Bustreo and Furio Rosati;The Health Impact of Child Labour in Developing Countries: Evidence From Cross-Country Data, American Public Health Association, February 2007, Vol 97, No. 2 P. 271-275. 3. Dr.B.Sridhar, Rao,Principles of Community Medicine, AITBS Publications,

14 4th edition, 2006, P.41. 4. George Psacharopoulos and Harry Anthony Patrinos .Impact, Community Response and Acceptance of Non Formal Education under the National Child Labour Project – A Case study of Carpet-Weaving belt of Mirzapur – Bhadhoi and Glass – Bangle region of Ferozabad. 5. Ghosh Singh, Ruma and Sharma, Rajeev,Child labour in the glass bangle industry of Firozabad (2003). Research abstracts on child labour1998- 2009,P.39. 6. K Devi and Gautam Roy, Study of Child Labour Among School Children in Urban and Rural Areas of Pondicherry, Indian J Community Med. 2008 April; 33(2):P. 116–118. 7. Sekar, Helen R, Impact of technological change on the demand for child labour in brassware industry of Moradabad. (2007),Research abstracts on child labour1998- 2009,P.1. 8. Save the Children, New Delhi. (2007),Child domestic work : a study on the lives of child domestic workers in Leh and Kargil. Research abstracts on child labour1998-2009,P.20. 9. Kimberly J. Rauscher, Carol W. Runyan,Michael D. Schulman, and J. Michael Bowling, US Child Labour Violations in the Retail and Service Industries: Findings From a National Survey of Working Adolescents, m J Public Health. 2008 September; 98(9): 1693–1699.

10. Dr Venkat Narayana, problems of child labour in rural Karnataka, CJ: Narendra Ch, Dec 20, 2007 17:20:14 IST 11. Basu-Mallik, Samit, Soma and Basu-Mallik,A Study report on knowledge attitude practice on child domestic work with ICDS functionaries. (2006),Right Track, Kolkata,P. Research abstracts on child labour1998- 2009,P.11. 12. Anila Kousar, Saira Akhtar, Shahzadf.Khan, Asma Safdar, Noreen Akhtar and Shagufta Nighat, Causes and Consequences of Child Labour in Carpet Weaving Industries,Journal of agriculture and social sciences 1813– 2235/2005/01–1–58–59.

15 13. Bolanle M Fetuga, Fidelis O Njokama and Adebiyi O Olowu,Prevalence, types and demographic features of child labour among school children in Nigeria, BMC International Health and Human Rights 2005, 5:2doi: 10.1186/1472-698X-5-2.

9. Signature of the Candidate

10. Remarks of the Guide

11. Name and Designation of Mrs. NARMATHA S. ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR & (In Block Letters) H.O.D. OF CHILD HEALTH NURSING, SRI H.D.DEVEGOWDA CO-OPERATIVE COLLEGE OF 11.1. Guide NURSING, MANICHANAHALLY GATE, BELUR ROAD, HASSAN, KARNATAKA

16 11.2 Signature

11.3 Co – Guide (If any)

11.4 Signature

12. 12.1 Head of Department Mrs. NARMATHA S.

12.2 Signature

13. 13.1 Remarks of the Chairman and Principal

13.2 Signature

17