0101Bwhat Characterizes a Prokaryotic Cell

BIOL 101, Block 6, 2006 - 7 – Final Examination -- Name: __1) The ______is the smallest unit that retains most of the characteristics of life. a) molecule b) liposome c) cell d) tissue e) virus __2) The following statements are true about ALL living things EXCEPT a) They are made of cells or cell products. c) They undergo growth and development. b) They are the products of evolution. d) They have a cell wall as an outer boundary. e) They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. __3) Which of the following levels in the hierarchy of biological organization include all of the other levels in the list? a) organ system b) organism c) population d) ecosystem e) community __4) The study of tissues is called: a) cytology b) molecular biology c) histology d) parasitology e) pathology __5) Concluded that all living things consist of cells. a) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek c) Schleiden and Schwann e) Charles Manson b) Robert Hooke d) Barbara McClintock f) Charles Darwin __6) The cell theory is an example of a conclusion based on: a) vitalistic inspiration. b) inductive reasoning. c) controlled experimentation. d) microscopic study of all organisms. e) application of evolutionary theory. __7) The ability to maintain an approximately constant internal environment is called: a) metabolism b) homeostasis c) development d) physiology e) thermoregulation __8) Which of these is composed of two or more tissue types that come together to perform a function? a) organs b) organ systems c) organisms d) cells e) macromolecules __9) All members of one species form a: a) biosphere b) ecosystem c) population d) community e) country __10) All populations in one area plus their physical (abiotic) environment constitutes a(n): a) biosphere b) ecosystem c) population d) community e) country __11) A characteristic of life is: a) chemical bonds b) the production of CO2 c) the use of oxygen d) evolution __12) Which of the following can an experiment NOT do? a) prove a hypothesis c) lead to a modification of a hypothesis b) disprove a hypothesis d) none of the above __13) Which of the following represents the highest degree of certainty? a) hypothesis b) conclusion c) principle d) theory e) law __14) The validity of scientific discoveries should be based on: a) morality b) aesthetics c) philosophy d) economics e) none of these __15) A tentative explanation based on observation and past knowledge is a: a) hypothesis b) phenomenon c) law d) variable e) theory __16) Scientific method includes all of these except: a) observation c) testing b) hypothesis making d) the application of knowledge gained __17) The smallest unit of mater is called a(n): a) isotope b) molecule c) atom d) element e) proton __18) Water is an example of a(n): a) atom b) ion c) compound d) mixture e) element

__19) Which of the following includes the other three? a) an atom b) a molecule c) a compound d) an element __20) What determines the chemical properties of an atom? a) the atomic mass of the atom d) the number of isotopes of the atom b) the number of electrons in the outermost shell e) none of the above is correct c) the number of neutrons in the nucleus __21) The atomic number of nitrogen is 7. 15N is heavier than 14N because 15N has: a) eight protons b) eight neutrons c) seven protons d) seven neutrons e) 14 electrons __22) The negative subatomic particle is the: a) neutron b) proton c) electron d) both A and B e) none of these __23) The positive subatomic particle is the: a) neutron b) proton c) electron d) both A and B e) none of these __24) The atomic number of the atoms are given. Which forms the same number of bonds as carbon? a) 7 nitrogen b) 9 fluorine c) 10 neon d) 12 magnesium e) 14 silicon __25) Atoms whose outer electron shells contain eight electrons tend to: a) form ionic bonds in aqueous solutions. c) be particularly stable and nonreactive. b) form covalent bonds in aqueous solutions. d) be particularly unstable and very reactive. e) be biologically important since they are present in organic molecules. __26) Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of: a) functional groups. c) carbon compounds. b) vital forces interacting with matter. d) the properties of oxygen. e) water and its interaction with other kinds of molecules. __27) Nitrogen (atomic number 7) has ___ electrons in its inner shell and ___ electrons in its outer shell. a) 7, 0 b) 5, 2 c) 2, 5 d) 3, 4 e) 3 1/2, 3 1/2 __28) The nucleus of an atom contains: a) neutrons and protons c) protons and electrons e) positrons and neutrons b) neutrons and electrons d) neutrons only f) none of the above __29) A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominate functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound? a) It is probably a lipid. d) It won't form hydrogen bonds with water. b) It should dissolve in water. e) It is hydrophobic c) It should dissolve in a non-polar solvent. f) B, C, and E __30) Formation of large molecules from small repeating units is accomplished by a(n) _____ reaction. a) oxidation b) reduction c) dehydration d) hydrolysis e) decarboxylation __31) The breakdown of large molecules into their subunits is called a(n) ______reaction. a) oxidation b) reduction c) condensation d) hydrolysis e) decarboxylation __32) What is the reason why hydrocarbons are not soluble in water? a) They are hydrophilic. c) They do not ionize. e) They are lighter than water. b) The C-H bond is nonpolar. d) They are large molecules. __33) Which of the following contains nitrogen in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen? a) an alcohol such as ethanol d) an amino acid such as glycine b) a compound of fats such as glycerol e) a hydrocarbon such as benzene c) a steroid such as testosterone __34) Proteins may function as: a) structural units c) storage molecules e) enzymes b) hormones d) transport molecules f) all of the above

__35) Which is the best description of a carbonyl group? a) a carbon and hydrogen atom b) an oxygen double bonded to a carbon and a hydroxyl group c) a nitrogen and a hydrogen bonded to a carbon atom d) a sulfur and a hydrogen bonded to a carbon atom e) a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond __36) Which group does an amine possess? a) -OH b) -CO c) -COOH d) -NH2 e) -SH __37) A macromolecule is composed of smaller units called: a) polymers b) cells c) isomers d) monomers e) isotopes __38) Which of the following is not a macromolecule? a) protein b) starch c) nucleotide d) lipid e) DNA __39) A(n) ______is a basic unit of a carbohydrate. a) monosaccharide b) starch c) nucleotide d) glycerol e) amino acids __40) Which of the following includes all the others? a) sucrose b) glucose c) cellulose d) glycogen e) carbohydrate __41) Which of the following is not a monosaccharide? a) glucose b) fructose c) deoxyribose d) sucrose e) ribose __42) Nucleotides are composed of a(an): A. amino acid, B. nitrogen-containing base, C. fatty acid, D. pentose sugar, E. phosphate molecule. a) B, D, C b) A, D, E c) C, D, E d) B, D, E e) A, B, C __43) Monosaccharides are characterized by all but which of the following? a) a carbonyl group d) possession of one or more hydroxyl group b) carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio e) the presence of glycerol and three fatty acids c) a molecule of three to seven carbon atoms __44) The polysaccharide that makes up the plant cell wall is: a) sucrose b) glycogen c) starch d) cellulose e) nucleotides __45) In a lipid bilayer ______tails point inward and form a region that excludes water. a) acidic b) basic c) hydrophilic d) hydrophobic e) none of these __46) The element commonly responsible for making an organic molecule POLAR is: a) oxygen b) carbon c) hydrogen d) chlorine e) sulfur __47) A carbohydrate (polysaccharide) that is formed by plants and used later by the plant as a reserve food supply and made up of only glucose molecules covalently bonded together is: a) cellulose b) starch c) glycogen d) triglycerides e) sucrose __48) All amino acids have 4 common features. Which one of the following is not one of those? a) amino group b) hydrogen atom c) carboxylic acid group d) sulfhydryl group e) some distinct atom or cluster of atoms called an R-group or side chain __49) Nucleotides are the building blocks for: a) proteins b) steroids c) lipids d) RNA e) carbohydrates __50) Which of the following is not found in every nucleic acid molecule? a) ribose b) phosphate c) purine d) pyrimidine e) all of these are found in every nucleic acid __51) An abbreviation for a nucleotide that accepts and stores energy in the form of high-energy phosphate bonds is: a) NAD+ b) FAD+ c) NADP+ d) ATP e) AMP

__52) Amino acids are the building blocks for: a) proteins b) steroids c) lipids d) nucleic acids e) carbohydrates __53) The linkage between two amino acids is called a(n) ______bond. a) peptide b) ionic c) hydrogen d) double e) amino __54) Which of these statements best summarizes structural differences between DNA and RNA? a) RNA is a protein while DNA is a nucleic acid. c) DNA contains a different sugar than RNA. b) DNA is not a polymer, but RNA is. d) DNA has different purine bases than RNA. e) Both DNA and RNA are usually found as double helices in nature. __55) The sequence of amino acids is the ______structure of proteins. a) primary b) secondary c) tertiary d) quaternary e) stereo __56) The element nitrogen is present in all of the following except: a) proteins b) nucleic acids c) amino acids d) DNA e) lipids __57) Which of the following is true of an amino acid and starch? a) both contain nitrogen c) both are polymers e) both found in DNA b) both contain oxygen d) both are hydrophobic f) both are found in proteins __58) The major purpose of RNA is to: a) transmit genetic information to offspring c) act as a pattern to form DNA b) function in the synthesis of proteins d) form the genes of an organism __59) If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5'-ATTGCA-3', the other strand would have the sequence: a) 3'-TAACGT-5' b) 3'-TCCCGT-5' c) 3'-TUUCGU-5' d) 3'-TAAGCT-5' e) 3'-TUUGCU-5' __60) All of the following molecules are proteins except: a) hemoglobin b) antibodies c) collagen d) enzymes e) DNA __61) All of the following bases are found in DNA except: a) thymine b) adenine c) uracil d) guanine e) cytosine __62) Which type of interaction stabilizes the alpha helix structure of proteins? a) hydrophobic interactions c) ionic interactions e) polar covalent bonds b) non-polar covalent bonds d) hydrogen bonds __63) At which level of protein structure are interactions between R-groups most important? a) primary b) secondary c) tertiary d) quaternary __64) The alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet are both common forms found in which level of structure of proteins? a) primary b) secondary c) tertiary d) quaternary __65) Contains hydrolytic enzymes. a) lysosome b) tonoplast c) mitochondrion d) Golgi apparatus e) peroxisome __66) Site of aerobic respiration. a) lysosome b) tonoplast c) mitochondrion d) Golgi apparatus e) peroxisome __67) Detoxifies alcohol in the liver. a) lysosome b) tonoplast c) mitochondrion d) Golgi apparatus e) smooth endoplasmic reticulum __68) Involved in cell-to-cell communication. a) plasmodesmata c) tight junction e) communication junctions b) intermediate filaments d) desmosomes f) gap junctions __69) Place where ribosomal precursors are assembled. a) centriole b) lysosome c) nucleolus d) peroxisome e) ribosome

__70) Makes steroid hormones in the gonads. a) mitochondria c) rough endoplasmic reticulum e) plasma membrane b) Golgi complex d) lysosomes f) smooth endoplasmic reticulum __71) Which of the following pairs is mismatched? a) nucleolus : ribosomes c) lysosome : protein synthesis e) nuclear membrane : lamins b) nucleus : DNA replication d) cell membrane : lipid bilayer f) cytoskeleton : microtubules __72) Cells would be unable to form cilia or flagella if they did not have which cell structures? a) ribosomes b) chloroplasts c) microtubules d) plastids e) microfilaments __73) Which of the following is capable of converting light energy to chemical bond energy? a) chloroplasts b) mitochondria c) leucoplasts d) peroxisomes e) Golgi bodies __74) One of the functions of cholesterol in plasma membranes is to: a) facilitate transport of ions c) maintain membrane fluidity e) prevent osmosis b) store energy d) speed diffusion f) phosphorylate ADP __75) White blood cells engulf yeast through what process? a) exocytosis b) phagocytosis c) pinocytosis d) osmosis __76) ______contain enzymes for digestion of bacteria and viruses. a) Golgi bodies b) ribosomes c) mitochondria d) lysosomes e) rER __77) ______are sometimes referred to as rough or smooth depending upon its structure. a) Golgi bodies c) mitochondria e) plasma membrane b) ribosomes d) lysosomes f) endoplasmic reticulum __78) Each is composed of two parts or subunits made of proteins and RNA. a) Golgi bodies c) mitochondria e) nuclear membrane b) ribosomes d) lysosomes f) endoplasmic reticulum __79) Which of the following statements about bacteria, plant, and animal cell structure is correct? a) Bacteria and plants are prokaryotic, but animal cells are eukaryotic b) Plant and animal cells are prokaryotic, but bacteria are eukaryotic c) Animal cells and bacteria are eukaryotic, but plant cells are prokaryotic d) Bacteria are prokaryotic, but animal and plant cells are eukaryotic e) Bacteria lack cell structure, but plants and animals have cell structure __80) The diameter of a typical prokaryotic cell is about: a) 1 millimeter b) 1 meter c) 1 micrometer d) 1 nanometer e) 1 megameter __81) You are shown one picture taken with a transmission electron microscope that shows a thin-section of a eukaryotic cell. Of the following, which structure will allow you to say that this is most likely a mature plant cell? a) large vacuole b) mitochondria c) nucleus d) rER e) Golgi __82) Which of the following bonds is the strongest? a) ionic b) covalent c) polar d) hydrogen e) elemental __83) The phospholipid molecules of most membranes have: a) a hydrophobic head and a hydrophilic tail d) a hydrophobic head and two hydrophilic tails b) a hydrophobic head and a hydrophobic tail e) a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails c) a hydrophobic head and two hydrophobic tails f) none of the above __84) Which of these can passively diffuse across the cell's plasma membrane? A. glucose, B. proteins, C. oxygen, D. amino acids, E. carbon dioxide. a) A, D b) C, D c) A, E d) C, E e) A, B __85) ______is the compound acted upon by an enzyme. a) accessory b) allosteric group c) coenzyme d) substrate e) activator

__86) The method of movement that requires the expenditure of ATP molecules is: a) simple diffusion c) osmosis e) reverse osmosis b) facilitated diffusion d) active transport f) bulk flow __87) How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction? a) supply the energy to speed up a reaction c) lowering the G of a reaction b) lower the energy of activation of a reaction d) increase the amount of free energy of a reaction e) changing the equilibrium of a spontaneous reaction __88) Vesicles are developed from the membranes of the ______and move to the cell membrane where they fuse during exocytosis. a) mitochondria b) Golgi c) ribosomes d) plastids e) nucleoli __89) Which of the statements regarding enzymes is false? a) Enzymes are proteins that function as catalysts. b) Enzymes display specificity for certain molecules to which they attach. c) Enzymes provide activation energy for the reactions they catalyze. d) The activity of enzymes can be regulated. e) An enzyme may be used many times. __90) Water is a polar solvent having both partial positively charged and negatively charged regions. This polarity is caused by more ______on one end of the molecule than the other ends. a) neutrons b) protons c) ions d) electrons e) atoms __91) Which of the following is capable of being reduced during glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle? a) NAD+ b) ATP c) ADP d) lactic acid e) FAD __92) Which of the following is an exergonic reaction? a) break down of glucose c) synthesis of starch e) synthesis of amino acids b) synthesis of glucose d) movement f) active transport __93) A molecule that gives up an electron is said to be: a) ionized b) oxidized c) reduced d) hydrolyzed __94) When NADH is converted to NAD+, NADH was: a) oxidized b) reduced c) phosphorylated d) denatured e) hydrolyzed __95) All of the following statements regarding enzymes are true except: a) Enzymes allow molecules to react in metabolism by lowering activation energies. b) Each type of enzyme has a uniquely shaped active site, that gives it specificity. c) Enzymes are carbohydrates that function as agents that change the rate of reaction without being consumed in the reaction. d) Enzymes are very sensitive to environmental conditions that influence the weak chemical bonds responsible for their three-dimensional structure. e) Some enzymes change shape when regulator molecules, either activators or inhibitors, bind to specific allosteric receptor sites. __96) NAD+ is: a) an inorganic molecule c) a reducing agent e) a product of glycolysis b) an electron carrier d) highly phosphorylized f) a metabolic waste product __97) Plants need ______and ______to perform photosynthesis. a) oxygen and water c) carbon dioxide and water e) light and oxygen b) oxygen and carbon dioxide d) sugar and water f) none of the above __98) Glycolysis: a) takes place in the mitochondria d) results in the formation of two pyruvates b) requires oxygen e) all of these (a-d) c) is the first step in the breakdown of glucose f) both C and D, but not A or B a)__99)0 How many ATPsb) are1 first used in glycolysisc) 2 before any ATPd) is3 yielded? e) 4 __100) Glycolysis would stop if the process ran out of ______, which serves as the electron acceptor. a) NADP+ b) AMP c) NAD+ d) water e) none of these __101) The net yield per molecule of glucose used during glycolysis is: a) one ATP b) two ATP c) four ATP d) thirty-six ATP e) thirty-eight ATP __102) Pyruvate can be regarded as the end product of: a) glycolysis c) fermentation e) Calvin cycle b) acetyl CoA formation d) the Kreb’s cycle f) none of these __103) The Kreb’s cycle takes place in the: a) ribosomes b) centromeres c) cytoplasm d) mitochondria e) plastids __104) Under anaerobic conditions muscle cells produce: a) ethanol b) acetaldehyde c) pyruvate d) lactic acid e) citric acid __105) The mitochondria uses ____ as its terminal electron acceptor. a) hydrogen b) carbon c) water d) oxygen e) NAD+ f) NADH __106) During electron transport, _____ accumulate in the outside of the inner mitochondrial membrane. a) calcium b) electrons c) oxygen d) protons e) sodium __107) The beta-oxidation pathway is involved in the breakdown of: a) carbohydrates b) glycogen c) amino acids d) nucleic acids e) fatty acids __108) The greatest number of ATP molecules are produced by _____ in animals. a) glycolysis c) fermentation e) photophosphorylation b) substrate level phosphorylation d) Kreb’s cycle f) oxidative phosphorylation __109) What is the general process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones called? a) catalysis b) metabolism c) anabolism d) dehydration e) catabolism __110) In what cell organelle does photosynthesis occur? a) tonoplast b) Golgi bodies c) chloroplast d) lysosome e) chlorophyll __111)______and ______are products of the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis that are used as chemical forms of energy to drive the energy requiring light independent reactions. a) oxygen and ATP b) NADPH and ATP c) PEP and NADPH d) sugar phosphates and inorganic phosphates e) photosystem I and photosystem II __112) In photosynthesis, the chemical energy formed by the light-dependent reactions is used to drive the light-independent reactions. The name of the pathway used for the light independent pathway is: a) Kreb’s cycle c) photosystem I and II e) PPP cycle b) TCA cycle d) Harley-Davidson cycle f) Calvin cycle __113) The carbons in the carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis originate as: a) phosphate b) carbon dioxide c) ATP d) NADPH e) starch

__114) Reduction of CO2. a) respiration only c) both respiration and photosynthesis b) photosynthesis only d) neither respiration nor photosynthesis __115) Oxidation of water. a) respiration only c) both respiration and photosynthesis b) photosynthesis only d) neither respiration nor photosynthesis __116) Electron transport chain. a) respiration only c) both respiration and photosynthesis b) photosynthesis only d) neither respiration nor photosynthesis __117) Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interiors of the thylakoids are no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following? a) the splitting of water b) the synthesis of ATP c) the reduction of NADP d) the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll e) the flow of electrons from photosystem II to I __118) Although in a cycle we can start at any point, which of the below is in correct order? a) S--M--G1--G2 b) S--M--G2--G1 c) S--G1--G1--M d) S--G2--M--G1 e) S--G1--M--G2 __119) Crossing-over occurs during: a) metaphase I b) metaphase II c) prophase I d) prophase II e) anaphase I __120) Synthesis of DNA: a) occurs during prophase c) occurs during interphase b) occurs during anaphase d) occurs during all stages of meiosis e) is necessary for mitosis but not meiosis __121) In humans there are 48 pairs of chromosomes. a) True b) False __122) The nuclear membrane reappears in mitosis during: a) interphase b) prophase c) metaphase d) anaphase e) telophase

__123) G1, S, and G2 phases are of a larger process called: a) prophase b) metaphase c) anaphase d) telophase e) interphase __124) Which of these events takes place during cytokinesis? a) doubling of cell size c) replication of DNA b) division of the cell into two daughter cells d) breakdown of the nuclear envelope e) migration of the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell __125) The function of mitosis is to ensure that each daughter cell: a) receives half of the organelles of the parent cell b) gets a full complement of chromosomes c) is exactly half the size of the parent cell d) receives half of the microtubules from the disassembled spindle e) retains the capacity to go through another cell cycle __126) After the S phase, each chromosome consists of two replicas called sister: a) chromatids b) kinetochores c) centrioles d) centromeres e) spindles __127) Which of these events marks the beginning of anaphase? a) movement of centromeres toward the cell’s poles b) completion of centriole replication c) breakdown and dispersal of the nuclear envelope d) arrangement of sister chromatids at the cell’s midpoint e) separation of sister chromatids at the centromere __128) Pairs of chromosomes which encode genetic information for the same traits are called: a) heterologous b) homozygous c) homologous d) complimentary e) identical __129) The phases of meiosis that cause the most variation in the four resulting daughter cells are a) prophase I and telophase II c) metaphase I and telophase II e) prophase I and metaphase I b) prophase II and anaphase II d) anaphase I and prophase II f) prophase I and anaphase II __130) At which stage of mitosis are chromosomes photographed in the preparation of a karyotype? a) prophase b) metaphase c) anaphase d) telophase __131) Which of the following is false in comparing prophase I of meiosis and prophase of mitosis? a) The chromosomes b) Crossing over occurs c) A spindle apparatus forms d) The nuclear envelope disassembles e) chromosomes have two chromatids

__132) After fertilization of an egg, the resulting zygote forms a new multicellular individual by the process called ______. Another process, called ______is used only to produce gametes. a) meiosis -- mitosis b) mitosis -- meiosis c) binary fission -- monary fission d) asexual reproduction -- sexual reproduction e) sexual reproduction -- asexual reproduction __133) Meiosis occurs in the: a) ovaries b) vagina c) testes d) penis e) B and D f) A and C __134) Homologous chromosomes synapse and crossing over occurs. a) mitosis only c) meiosis II only e) mitosis and meiosis II b) meiosis I only d) mitosis and meiosis I __135) This occurs when a cell divides to form two cells that are genetically identical. a) mitosis only c) meiosis II only e) mitosis and meiosis II b) meiosis I only d) mitosis and meiosis I __136) Centromeres uncouple and chromatids are separated from each other. a) mitosis only c) meiosis II only e) mitosis and meiosis II b) meiosis I only d) mitosis and meiosis I __137) Nerve and muscle cells are in this phase. a) G0 b) G1 c) S d) G2 e) M __138) Kinetochore microtubules attach to the: a) centromere b) nucleus c) DNA polymerase d) chromatin e) nuclear envelope __139) Meiosis is used to form: a) sperm b) eggs c) gametes d) sex cells e) all of the above __140) How many chromosomes are found in an egg? a) 46 b) 23 c) 12 d) 3 e) 1 __141) What is the primer that is required to initiate the synthesis of a new DNA strand? a) RNA b) DNA c) protein d) ligase e) primase __142) Which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a DNA strand in the 5' 3' direction? a) primase b) DNA ligase c) DNA polymerase d) topoisomerase e) helicase __143) It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that the DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in its: a) sequence of bases c) charge of the chromosome e) different five-carbon sugars b) phosphate-sugar backbones d) charge of the phosphate __144) DNA ligase a. Adds nucleotides to primer and growing DNA strand __145) DNA polymerase b. unwinds the DNA double helix __146) DNA helicase c. relieves stress caused by helicases __147) Primase d. Lays down RNA primer __148) Single-stranded binding proteins e. seals the ends of newly created DNA pieces f. keeps complimentary strands of DNA from reannealing __149) The problem of replicating the lagging strand, that is, adding bases in the 3' 5' direction, is solved by DNA through the use of: a) base-pairing b) replication forks c) Okazaki fragments d) topoisomerases __150) Where is the attachment site for RNA polymerase? a) structural gene region c) promoter region e) intron b) initiation region d) operator region f) regulator region __151) What kind of chemical bonds are found between paired bases of the DNA double helix? a) hydrogen b) ionic c) covalent d) sulfhydryl e) phosphate __152) What is an anticodon part of? a) DNA c) mRNA e) activating b) tRNA d) ribosome enzyme __153) Once transcribed, eukaryotic RNA typically undergoes alteration that includes: a) excision of introns. c) addition of 5’ cap. e) None of these. b) addition of poly A tail. d) All of these. __154) The minimum number of nucleotides that could code for a 300 amino acid long protein is: a) 3 b) 100 c) 300 d) 900 e) 1800 __155) If in a DNA template there is an AGT, the corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed from the gene is: a) AGT b) UCA c) TCA d) AGU __156) The anticodon on the tRNA that binds this mRNA codon from the above question is: a) AGT b) UCA c) TCA d) AGU __157) What are the coding segments of a gene called? a) introns b) exons c) codons d) replicons e) transposons __158) All of the following are directly involved in translation except: a) mRNA b) tRNA c) ribosomes d) rRNA e) DNA __159) Water freezes at ______C and boils at ______C. a) 32 . . . 98.6 b) 0 . . . 212 c) 0 . . . 37 d) 37 . . . 100 e) 0 . . . 100 __160 47,XXY a. Down syndrome ) __16 Trisomy 21 b. Edwards syndrome 1) __16 Trisomy 18 c. Metafemale 2) __16 Trisomy 13 d. Klinefelter syndrome 3) __16 47,XYY e. Jacobs syndrome 4) __16 45,X f. Patua syndrome 5) __16 47,XXX g. Turner syndrome 6) __167) Which of the following is responsible for about 15% of spontaneous abortions in humans? a) monosomy b) trisomy c) polyploidy d) cytokinesis e) introns __168) Body temperature is ___ C. a) 98.6 b) 212 c) 37 d) 100 e) 0 __169) Which of these is responsible for carrying amino acids to the ribosome? a) DNA b) rRNA c) tRNA d) mRNA e) ribosomes __170) Which of the following contains a coded message of how to construct a protein? a) rRNA b) tRNA c) mRNA d) rER e) ribosomes __171) A codon contains ____ nucleotides. a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 20 __172) DNA contains information directly governing which level of protein organization. a) primary b) secondary c) tertiary d) quaternary __173) What segments of RNA are removed in the final preparation of mRNA? a) introns b) promoters c) exons d) terminators e) anticodon __174) The average size of a virus is: a) 10 nm b) 100 nm c) 1 μm d) 10 μm e) 200 μm __175) The average size of a eukaryotic cell is: a) 10 nm b) 100 nm c) 1 μm d) 10 μm e) 200 μm __176) What is the resolution of the human eye? a) 10 nm b) 100 nm c) 1 μm d) 10 μm e) 200 μm __177) The cell theory states state a)all cells have a nucleus d)cells arise through spontaneous generation. b)all cells divide by mitosis e)growth is solely the result of cell division c)all living organisms are made up of cells __178) alleles a) an allelic relationship when both alleles are expressed in heterozygotes __179) codominant b) regions of DNA that code for protein __180) dihybrid cross c) a condition when a person has two different alleles for a particular gene __181) diploid d) chromosomes that contain the same gene __182) polymorphic allele e) the region on a chromosome where a particular gene is located __183) fixed allele f) looking at one’s ancestors to determine one’ genotype __184) phenotype g) an allelic relationship where one allele completely masks the other allele __185) genotype h) where two or more genes determines a particular characteristic __186) heterozygous i) a gene that has two or more forms in a population __187) sex-linked trait j) a person’s genetic makeup (e.g., TT, Tt, or tt) __188) homozygous k) producing many offspring with a homozygous recessive individual __189) pedigree analysis l) nuclei containing two sets of chromosomes __190) locus m) different forms of a particular gene n) a situation where there is only one allele for a gene in a population o) genes located on the X chromosome p) a condition when a person has two of the same alleles for a particular gene q) crosses that are examining two traits at a time r) an individual’s physical characteristics __191) A woman who was a carrier for sex-linked hemophilia married a man with hemophilia. What would be the chance their daughter would have hemophilia? a) 0 b) 1/16 c) ¼ d) ½ e) 1 __192) A woman who was a carrier for sex-linked hemophilia married a man with hemophilia. What would be the chance their son would have hemophilia? a) 0 b) 1/16 c) ¼ d) ½ e) 1 __193) A woman who was a carrier for sex-linked color blindness married a man with normal vision. What would be the chance their daughter would have hemophilia? a) 0 b) 1/16 c) ¼ d) ½ e) 1 __194) A woman who was a carrier for sex-linked color blindness married a man with normal vision. What would be the chance their son would have hemophilia? a) 0 b) 1/16 c) ¼ d) ½ e) 1 a)__195)All withIf the inflated allele pods for inflated pea pods (I) is dominant tod) the3/4 allele with forinflated constricted and 1/4 (i ),with the constricted cross Ii  ii podsis b) Allexpected with constricted to produce: pods e) 3/4 with constricted and 1/4 with inflated pods c) Half with inflated and half with constricted pods __196) All cells contain the same kinds of proteins in the same relative locations. a) True b) False __197) What is the ratio of phenotypes in the offspring produced by the cross Aa  Aa? Assume complete dominance for the trait. a) 100% dominance c) 75% dominant: 25% recessive e) 25% dominant: 75% recessive b) 100% recessive d) 50% dominant: 50% recessive __198) Prokaryotic cells: a) have a well defined nucleus b) have organelles with membranes that separate them from the cytoplasm c) usually have a rigid cell wall d) are multicellular e) both A and B, but not C or D __199) Due to faulty salt transport, abnormally thick mucus accumulates, usually resulting in death due to lung infection. a) cystic fibrosis c) Tay Sachs disease e) hemophilia b) Huntingdon’s disease d) phenylketonuria __200) The inability of breaking down certain membrane lipids (sphingolipids), leads to their accumulation in lysosomes. Results in mental retardation and death. a) cystic fibrosis c) Tay Sachs disease e) hemophilia b) Huntingdon’s disease d) phenylketonuria __201) The inability to break down a particular amino acid can result in this disease. a) cystic fibrosis c) Tay Sachs disease e) hemophilia b) Huntingdon’s disease d) phenylketonuria __202) The current theory of the structure of the plasma membrane is best described by the____ model. a) sandwich c) unit membrane e) unipermeable b) fluid-mosaic d) electrochemical __203) Unsaturated tails of lipids: a) are hydrophilic d) will create phosphate b) are unstable and tend to break apart e) all of the above c) tend to make the membrane more fluid __204 phospholipids a. used for waterproofing ) __205 triacylglycerols b. major component of cell membranes ) __206 waxes c. used to stabilize cell membranes ) __207 cholesterol d. a steroid hormone associated with secondary female characteristics ) __208 estrogen e. stored in fat cells ) __209 testosterone f. a steroid hormone associated with secondary male characteristics ) __210) Biology is fun! a) true b) false

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