Chapter 12 Section 4 s1

Chapter 12 Section 4 The War Ends

I. The United States Enters the War  Germany attacked ships carrying American passengers  Germany planned to have Mexico attack the United States  2 Main causes why the United States entered WWI

A. American Neutrality 1. Early years U.S. was neutral 2. President Wilson used the slogan “He kept us out of war.” Which won his reelection

B. Trouble on the Seas 1. Unrestricted submarine warfare: any ship traveling the waters around Great Britain could be attacked by German submarines 2. Germany used its submarines or u-boats to attack British naval ships, but then Germany started to attack merchant ships (ships carrying goods to Britain) 3. Lusitania ( a British ship) was sunk under the German policy of unrestricted warfare 4. killed 1,200 people (120 Americans) 5. Germany agreed to stop attacking passenger ships because they were afraid the Americans would enter the war 6. Germany decided in 1917 that the only way to defeat the British is to break their promise to the Americans and return to unrestricted warfare 7. Germany hoped to defeat the allied powers before the U.S. entered the war

C. The Zimmermann Note 1. February 1917 the discovery of the so-called Zimmermann Note was the final push for the U.S. to declare war on Germany 2. Zimmermann Note was a secret message from the German diplomat Arthur Zimmermann to the officials in Mexico asking Mexico to attack the United States 3. Germany promised Mexico would gain U.S. states of Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico (all that had been owned by Mexico in the past) 4. Germany hoped that this would was would keep the U.S. out of Europe 5. Angered Americans, supported Allied powers because we had ties in Great Britain; languages, traditions, and we sold millions of dollars of war goods to Britain each week 6. April 1917 United States entered war on the side of the Allied Powers

II. The End of Fighting A. A New German Offensive

1 1. Germany had a chance to win the war when Russia withdrew from the war (due to the civil war in Russia) 2. Germany no longer had to Russia on the eastern front so they could send more troops to the west 3. Germany sent troops back to France and moved in with in 40 miles of the French capital Paris 4. Even though this seemed like a major advantaged for Germany it was at a high cost 8,000 Germans were killed

B. German Collapse 1. Balance of power shifted 2. 2nd Battle of Marne, Allied forces stopped the Germans, just as they had done at the Marne in 1914 3. Combining tanks, and aircraft, Allied forces gained large amounts of territory 4. Germans gave up without a fight 5. In October Allied forces broke through Hindenburg Line. 6. Germany’s leaders approached the Allies asking for an armistice (or truce) 7. November 11, 1918 Central Powers admitted defeat, Peace was agreed to WWI was over

III. A Difficult Peace A. Differing Allied Goals 1.Woodrow Wilson vision for peace called the Fourteen Points 2. Reduction in weapons, and the right of all people to choose their own government 3. He also wanted to form an organization in which the world’s nations would join to protect one another from violent behavior 4. The 4 major allies: Great Britain, France, and Italy all had very different ideas on the peace treaty 5. Clemenceau (French leader) wanted to punish Germany 6. David Lloyd George (British leader) stood in the middle (saw both side both the French and the Americans 7. Italy’s leader Vittorio Orlando hoped to gain territory so he wasn’t happy that his goals were ignored

B. The Treaty of Versailles 1. A negotiation (an agreement) from all the allies (Great Britain, United States, Italy, and France) 2. The treaty was more close to Clemenceau’s vision than Wilsons 3. Germany was forced to pay enormous amounts of money to the war’s victims 4. Germany was forced to take full responsibility for the war 5. Other parts of the treaty was created to weaken Germany, and to limit the size of its military

2 6. Germany had to return conquered lands back to Russia and France 7. Other German lands were taken to form Poland 8. Germany signed the treaty on June 28th 1919 even though they were furious about it 9. The treaty established the organization of world governments called the League of Nations (Which made Wilson happy) to establish peace between nations

C. Other Treaties 1. Austria-Hungry were broken apart forming independent nations of Austria, Hungry, Yugoslavia, Czecholsovakia, and Turkey 2. In the Middle East, former Ottoman lands turned into mandates (or territories to be ruled by European powers) 3. Syria and Lebanon became French mandates 4. Palestine and Iraq became British mandates 5. 1917 Britain issued the Balfour Declaration – favored creating a Jewish state in Palestine, the ancient Jewish homeland

IV. The Costs of War

A. Human Costs 1. Nearly 9 million soldiers were killed in battle, and injured (Germany, Russia, France) 2. Nearly an entire generation of young men died or were wounded in France 3. Spring 1918 suffering became worse when influenza (flu) swept across the globe 4. 50 or more people died because of this

B. Economic Costs 1. The war destroyed national economies (France, Belgium , and Russia) farmlands and cities were devastated 2. The war cost Europe the role as economic leader 3. Japan and the United States were now the leaders

C. Political Changes

1. Communist Revolution in Russia 2. Monarchies in Austria – Hungry, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire were overthrown

D. Unrest in Colonies

1. Colonists in Europe found that the wartime sacrifices did not help them win any new freedoms 2. Powers in Europe simply slip the lands controlled by the German, Austro- Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires

3 3. Independence would have to wait