I Corpus Linguistics 1

CONTENTS

Preface x

1 Introduction 1 2 The history of corpus linguistics 2 3 Preparation of corpora 4 3.1 Types of corpus 4 3.2 Versions of a corpus 4 3.2.1 Tagging 5 3.2.2 Normalisation 5 3.2.3 Text collation 6 3.3 Organisation of data 6 3.4 Using Cocoa headers 7 3.5 Tagging a corpus 8 3.6 Questions of distribution 9

4 Examining corpora 11 4.1 Concordances 12 4.2 Lexical cluster analysis 12 4.3 Statistics and corpora 12 4.4 Corpus linguistics and levels of language 13

5 Sample analyses 14 5.1 Nonstandard second person plural pronouns 14 5.2 Aspectual forms in Irish English 17 5.3 Double marking for superlative and comparatives 19 5.4 Non-standard plural marking with demonstratives 20 5.5 Searching for collocations 22 5.6 The style of an author 24 5.7 Deciding oneself: seen and done as past tense forms 26

II The Corpus Presenter Suite 28

Frequently asked questions 36 The Corpus Presenter Guide 47 1 Corpus Presenter 48 1.1 Programme description 50 1.2 Retrieving information 70 1.3 Normalising texts 72 1.4 Cocoa parameters 76 1.5 Range of files for a search 77 1.6 Menu options on the retrieval level 78 1.6.1 Search 78 1.6.2 Edit 80 1.6.3 Returns 81 1.6.4 Profile 82 1.6.5 Display 82 1.6.6 Miscellaneous 84 1.7 How to use the database module 86 1.8 Structure of a dataset file 91

2 Corpus Presenter Create Dataset 96 3 Corpus Presenter Flash 100 4 Corpus Presenter Slide 104 5 Corpus Presenter Quick Note 106 6 Corpus Presenter Structure 107 7 Corpus Presenter Table Editor 108 8 Corpus Presenter Easy Chart 111 9 Corpus Presenter Launcher 115 10 Corpus Presenter File Manager 116 11 Corpus Presenter File Manager Lite 120 12 Corpus Presenter Quick Backup 121 13 Corpus Presenter Find Text 122 14 Corpus Presenter Catalogue 123 15 Corpus Presenter Diary 126 16 Corpus Presenter Control Centre 128 17 Corpus Presenter Database Manager 128 18 Corpus Presenter Make Database 136 19 Corpus Presenter Quick Database Editor 138 20 Corpus Presenter Report Database 146 21 Corpus Presenter Text Editor 151 22 Corpus Presenter Text Tool 159 23 Corpus Presenter Jotter 166 24 Corpus Presenter Word Processor 167 25 Corpus Presenter List Processor 174 26 Corpus Presenter Internet Editor 175 27 Corpus Presenter Browser 182

III Appendixes 1 Installing the Corpus Presenter suite 184 2 Installing the Corpus Presenter Database Manager 189 3 Common commands 190 4 Extended file interface 201 5 Troubleshooting 205 6 Additional dataset files 208

Glossary for manual 210

IV A Corpus of Irish English 237

1 Introduction 238 1.1 Scale of corpus 239 1.2 The question of genre 240 2 Periodisation of corpus 241 2.1 Medieval period 241 2.2 Early modern period 242 2.3 The 19th and 20th centuries 242 2.4 Structure of corpus 243 3 Outline of external history 245 3.1 Medieval Irish English 245 3.2 Early modern Irish English 248

4 Historical documents 249

4.1 Medieval period 250 4.2 Early modern period 252 5 Archaic dialect material 254 5.1 Forth and Bargy 254 5.2 Dialect of Fingal 257 6 Early Modern Period 259 6.1 Anonymous prose fragments 259 6.2 Attributable prose fragments 261 6.3 Further fragments 262 6.4 Extracts from non-Irish plays 264 6.5 Drama by Irish writers 267 7 The 18th and 19th centuries 270 8 The 20th century 274 References 277 Glossary for corpus 283 Index 287