Quiz for Field Biology - Fishes

Name: Date: Quiz for Field Biology - Fishes

______1. The “Guidelines for the Use of Fishes in Field Research” were prepared by the American Fisheries Society, the American society of Ichthyologists and herpetologists, and the American Institute of Fisheries Research biologists primarily for use by ichthyologists a. True b. False

______2. The investigator must have knowledge of all regulations pertaining to the animals under study and must obtain all permits necessary for carrying out proposed studies. Acquisition of permits from a management agency does not preclude IACUC review nor does IACUC approval preclude the need to obtain permits a. True b. False

______3. The research animal is a composite of a particular genetic make-up and all the environmental influences acting upon it. These factors, whether controlled or not, must be detailed for captive animal studies, but are of little relevance for a field study. a. True b. False

______4. Instruction in telemetry requires IACUC review if live vertebrates are used in the training session. a. True b. False

______5. Field collection activities and field research conducted by UAA faculty, staff, or students outside of the USA need to be performed in accordance with the regulations of that country but are exempted from IACUC review. a. True b. False

______6. Zoonosis is an infection or infestation shared in nature by man and vertebrates. a. True b. False

______7. Some cities, counties, agencies, and other organizations in the USA and foreign countries have regulations regarding scientific use of wildlife on lands under their jurisdiction. Compliance with these regulations is essential. Of equal importance, permission of the owner, operator, or manager of privately owned land always should be obtained before commencing field work a. True b. False

1 ______8. In general, field studies require a larger sample size than laboratory studies because field investigators have less control over biotic and abiotic conditions that increase variance in the results a. True b. False

______9. Force fed telemetry devices must have a biologically inert coating, and they must be small enough to pass through the gut without obstructing the passage of food or be deployed in non-feeding fishes such as salmon returning to spawn a. True b. False

______10. A project involving the use of archived serum or tissue samples collected from a previous study does not require IACUC review a. True b. False

______11. Under special circumstances, the IACUC might approve the euthanasia of small fish or amphibians by direct immersion into formalin or alcohol thus allowing rapid death and immediate fixation a. True b. False

______12. Euthanasia techniques should result in rapid unconsciousness followed by cardiac or respiratory arrest and ultimate loss of brain function. In addition, the technique should minimize any stress and anxiety experienced by the animal prior to unconsciousness,. Stress may be minimized by technical proficiency and humane handling of the animals prior to euthanasia. a. True b. False

______13. Procedures on fish that may cause more than momentary or slight distress need to be performed with appropriate sedation, analgesia, or anesthesia except when justified for scientific reasons by the investigator. For field research, the IACUC will consider logistic constraints or difficulties if the research is adequately justified (for example death by suffocation following trawling can be approved since there is no practical means of humanely euthanizing thousands of fish on a boat deck) a. True b. False

______14. Use of spear fishing to collect fish is considered inhumane and can not be approved by the IACUC. a. True b. False

2 ______15. What is relevant for determining an adequate sample size for field biology studies? a. Researchers need to obtain samples of sufficient size to permit them to answer questions and test hypotheses b. An adequate sample size may be defined as the number of specimens or other data needed to ensure empirical and statistical validity. c. The sample size required for a study will depend on the nature of the research and the extent of variation in the organisms under study d. Field studies require larger samples than laboratory studies because field investigators have less control over conditions e. For certain anatomical studies and cladistic analyses one or two specimens or parts thereof may comprise an adequate sample size f. All of the above g. All but E and F

______16. As a general rule, field captured fishes should be released only a. At the site of the original capture, unless conservation efforts or safety concerns dictate otherwise b. If their ability to survive in nature has not been irreversibly impaired c. Where it can be reasonably expected that the released animal will function normally within the population d. When local and seasonal conditions are conducive to survival e. When release is not likely to spread pathogens f. All of the above g. A, B,C, and D only

______17. In an effort to minimize distress, transport containers must protect from injury and approximate natural conditions as closely as possible without excessive crowding. Holding and shipping containers will vary, but you must consider a. Water quality b. Light levels c. Temperature d. Feed e. Timing of shipping f. Labeling g. All of the above h. A, C, D, and E only

______18. The selection of a method of marking should involve both the assessment of the objectives of the study and the characteristics of the species being studied. Minimizing the impact on the animal is of primary concern. Which of the following statements regarding marking of fish is / are true? a. Fin clipping is acceptable, but fins used for clipping or removal will depend upon the species under study b. Marking techniques involving tissue removal or modification (branding etc.) should be preceded by local anesthetics followed by the application of a topical antiseptic

3 c. Metal or plastic tags should be applied properly and should not burden the fish or make it vulnerable to injury or predation d. Implantation of passive integrated transponder tags must be done using aseptic techniques, or the researcher may cause the spread blood borne pathogens e. All of the above f. A, B, and C only g. A and C only

______19. As for all vertebrate species, the primary component of protocol review for field research on fish is the justification of the research objectives to an independent animal care committee. To this end, the 3 Rs initially established for laboratory based research apply equally to field research on any species. Interpretation of the 3 Rs for use of fish in field research includes: a. Reduction: Refers to the selection of appropriate sample size b. Refinement: refers to the use of the more refined techniques available to conduct the experiment c. Replacement: the classic meaning in biomedical research is not applicable to field biology. For the purpose of field research, this R refers to the replacement of procedures that may cause pain and distress with those that minimize pain and distress, and is therefore similar to refinement d. All of the above e. None of the above, the 3 Rs do not apply to field research

______20. Occupational health and safety in field research requires a good understanding by all project participants of the risks inherent in being in field sites and the risks associated with the handling of animals. Issues of concern include but are not limited to a. Inclement weather (exposure) b. Endemic disease that is transmissible to humans c. Potential to acquire physical injury such as cuts, bruises, bites, punctures, etc. d. Knowledge of wilderness survival e. When needed: knowledge in boat, aircraft, vehicle, and firearm safety f. All of the above

______21. The UAA IACUC “Assurance of Animal Care form” requires a considerable amount of detailed information for live trapping protocols. Required information includes, but is not limited to a. Type and size of net, trap, or gear used b. Time interval between trap checks c. A plan to humanely euthanize injured fish d. A description of likely non-target species and a plan to handle these fish e. All of the above f. A, B, and C only

______22. The IACUC can grant approval of fish field studies utilizing small sample sizes if a. Fish are being collected for certain cladistic studies b. Fish are being collected for certain anatomical studies

4 c. The proposed work is a pilot study to assess a surgical procedure or technique d. The fish are being used to assess environmental toxins e. The proposed work is to assess feeding habits f. None of the above g. All of the above h. A, B, and C only

______23. Housing and maintenance of fish at a field study site is periodically required for certain research objectives. Although specific requirements for housing will depend upon the fish under study, which of the following are important principles or concepts that need to be considered a. Fish restraint and ease of maintenance by animal keeper is of prime concern b. Adequacy of housing and maintenance may be judged using performance standards such as assessing changes in growth and weight, survival rates, activity levels, and appearance c. Frequency of cleaning of holding tanks or aquaria must be sufficient to reduce disease occurrence but be balanced with the need to reduce stress in captive fish d. Fish must be fed nutritionally balanced diet or, if possible, natural food may be used e. Natural light should be used following a natural photoperiod unless alterations in these factors area part of the study design f. All of the above g. None of the above h. Only B,C, D, and E

______24. Which of the following statements about electrofishing is/are true a. It is a suitable technique in water of appropriate conductivity b. There is considerable variability in injury among different fish species subjected to similar electrofishing techniques c. Proper adjustment of current will temporarily stun fish allowing for complete recovery d. Care must be exercised to avoid excessive electric current that may injure or harm operators e. All of the above f. A, C, and D Only

______25. Surgical implantation of telemetry devices into the coelom requires a. That the fish must be anesthetized with the appropriate anesthetic b. The use of sterile instruments and gloves c. That the telemetry device be sterile d. That the surgical procedures have been reviewed by a wildlife veterinarian e. That the device is small enough not to interfere with the function of the surrounding organs. f. All of the above g. None of the above