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Effect of the 13-Adrenoceptor Agonist Clenbuterol and Phytohaemagglutinin on Growth, Protein Synthesis and Polyamine Metabolism of Tissues of the Rat 'S

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Effect of the 13-Adrenoceptor Agonist Clenbuterol and Phytohaemagglutinin on Growth, Protein Synthesis and Polyamine Metabolism of Tissues of the Rat 'S Br. J. Pharmacol. (1992), 106, 476-482 '." Macmillan Press Ltd, 1992 Effect of the 13-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol and phytohaemagglutinin on growth, protein synthesis and polyamine metabolism of tissues of the rat 'S. Bardocz, D.S. Brown, G. Grant, A. Pusztai, J.C. Stewart & R.M. Palmer Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SB 1 The kidney bean lectin, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), induced a marked atrophy of skeletal muscle which was evident from the changes in tissue composition (protein, RNA, DNA and polyamine content) and from the reduction in weight and protein synthesis of hind leg muscles of rats fed on kidney bean-diets for four days. The P-adrenoceptor agonist, clenbuterol, induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy by transiently stimulating protein synthesis. As a consequence, the muscle loss caused by a short exposure to PHA was, in part, ameliorated by clenbuterol treatment. 2 Cardiac muscle was affected to a lesser extent than skeletal muscle by both clenbuterol and the lectin. However, there was evidence that protein synthesis in heart was reduced by PHA. 3 PHA had opposite effects on the gut, the lectin-induced hyperplasia of the jejunum was accompanied by a large increase in protein synthesis. Clenbuterol alone had no effect on the jejunum whereas a combination of PHA and clenbuterol appeared to exacerbate the effect of the lectin on gut. 4 Both the lectin-induced gut growth and the hypertrophy of skeletal muscle caused by clenbuterol were preceded by the accumulation of polyamines in the respective tissues. Of particular note was the observation that a significant increase in the proportion of the intraperitoneally injected '4C-labelled spermidine or putrescine taken up by the growing tissues could be detected by the second day. Therefore, the measurement of uptake of labelled polyamines may be used as a sensitive indicator of early alterations in tissue metabolism. Keywords: Clenbuterol; phytohaemagglutinin (PHA); protein synthesis; small intestine; skeletal muscle; heart; liver; polyamines; growth; atrophy Introduction The lectin component of raw kidney bean, the phytohaemag- transient rise in protein synthesis rate (Emery et al., 1984; glutinin (PHA) is a potent growth factor for the rat small Maltin et al., 1987). The effects of clenbuterol on tissues intestine and induces extensive hyperplastic and hypertrophic other than muscle and fat have not been extensively studied growth of the tissue (Oliveira et al., 1988; Pusztai et al., although a small reduction in liver weight after feeding rats 1988). The basis of this striking physiological activity of on clenbuterol for 3 weeks has been reported (Reeds et al., PHA is its resistance to proteolytic degradation and conse- 1986), and another P-agonist, ractopamine, had a similar quent binding to the small intestinal epithelium. The lectin effect in pigs (Aalhus et al., 1990). Reductions in the protein survives in an immunologically intact form nearly completely content of both liver and gut have also been reported in on passage through the entire digestive system (Pusztai et al., steers (Williams et al., 1987). The mechanism of action of 1991a), particularly when bound to the complex carbohy- clenbuterol is not known; its effectiveness in diabetic rats drate moieties of receptors of the luminal membranes of gut suggests that insulin may not be involved (McElligott et al., epithelial cells (Pusztai et al., 1991b). Binding is followed by 1987) but others have shown changes in insulin binding endocytosis (King et al., 1986) and partial transcytosis (Pusz- (Webster et al., 1986) and insulin concentrations (Beermann tai et al., 1991c). Only lectins that are bound and endo- et al., 1986; O'Connor et al., 1988) after feeding clenbuterol. It cytosed by gut cells act as major stimulants of gut growth has also been suggested that clenbuterol may exert some of (Pusztai et al., 1990). its effects through interaction with hormones, in the case of The absorbed PHA induces major shifts in the hormonal cardiac hypertrophy these effects may be mediated by pros- balance of the body (Pusztai et al., 1989; 1991a) and inter- taglandins (Palmer et al., 1990). Since clenbuterol might have feres with the metabolism of some tissues (Oliveira et al., the opposite effect to PHA on hormones, it may prevent or 1988). One of the most striking effects is the loss of about compensate for the PHA-induced muscle atrophy by revers- 30% of skeletal muscle tissue in rats fed with kidney bean ing some of the changes caused by the lectin. diets for a week. Although the mechanism of this atrophy is The intimate involvement of polyamines in growth has not fully clear, the reduction of the fractional rate of protein long been established (Janne et al., 1978), although their synthesis in the skeletal muscle (Palmer et al., 1987) might be precise role(s) and mode of action remain unknown. PHA- the result of the lowering of the blood insulin levels (Pusztai induced gut growth is preceded by polyamine accumulation et al., 1991c). in the tissue (Pusztai et al., 1989), not as the result of The 0-adrenoceptor agonist, clenbuterol, increases the mass increased de novo synthesis of polyamines in situ, but by and protein content of skeletal muscle in many species. It has stimulation of polyamine uptake from the circulation (Bar- been proposed that the hypertrophy in rodents was mediated docz et al., 1990a). Thus, the uptake of putrescine through by promoting muscle protein deposition, partly by decreasing the basolateral membrane increased within the first hour of protein degradation (Reeds et al., 1986) and partly by a lectin exposure. However, the effect wore off quickly, lasting for 24 h only (Bardocz et al., 1990b). In contrast, the stimulation of spermidine uptake from the circulation was I Author for correspondence. not immediate but remained elevated and was stimulated EFFECTS OF CLENBUTEROL PLUS PHA ON RAT TISSUES 477 further for as long as PHA was present in the bowel (Bar- acetic acid and the samples were counted for radioactivity docz et al., 1990b). after the addition of 10 ml scintillation liquid, NE 265. The The present study was undertaken to establish firstly left gastrocnemius was freeze dried. whether accumulation of polyamines occurs during clenbu- The plantaris, half of the heart, a 250 mg sample of liver terol-induced muscle hypertrophy and whether clenbuterol and a 2 cm section of the jejunum were immediately frozen in affects the uptake of polyamines from the circulation by liquid N after dissection. These samples were used for skeletal muscle. Since PHA and clenbuterol have opposite measurement of protein synthesis (Garlick et al., 1980) as actions on skeletal muscle, a second objective was to inves- described previously (Reeds et al., 1986). tigate the possibility that clenbuterol could protect the muscle Chemical analysis was performed on the freeze-dried small against the lectin-induced atrophy by preventing the fall in intestine and muscle tissues. An 18 cm piece of the upper rates of protein synthesis. The skeletal musculature represents jejunum and the whole left gastrocnemius muscle from each a pool of amino acids which may be mobilised in times of rat were homogenized in 25 and 20 ml of 2% (w/v) perchloric dietary insufficiency (Millward et al., 1976), trauma and sep- acid respectively and the homogenates centrifuged for 15 min sis (Clowes et al., 1983; Jepson et al., 1986). Therefore the at 10,000g. The polyamine content of the supernatants was study was designed also to investigate the possibility that, if analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography the muscle atrophy was a prerequisite for the gut hyper- (h.p.l.c.) according to Seiler & Knddgen (1980). Protein plasia, i.e. substrates for the latter were released by mobilising (Schacterle & Pollak, 1973), RNA (Sneider, 1957), and DNA compounds stored in muscle, then clenbuterol might also (Lovtrup & Roos, 1961) estimations were carried out on the reduce gut growth. The feasibility of using measurements of precipitates redissolved in a volume of 0.3 M NaOH which polyamine uptake to detect early changes in the metabolism was the same as that of perchloric acid used for homogeniza- of the gut and gastrocnemius muscle in rats given both PHA tion. All chemicals used were the highest grade of purity and clenbuterol was also investigated. from Sigma Chemical Co. (Poole, Dorset). Statistical analysis Methods All data are expressed as means for 4 rats per group. Statis- Male Hooded-Lister rats of the Rowett strain (about 80 g) tical analysis was carried out by a multiple way analysis of were pre-fed ad libitum on a diet containing powdered egg variance 'ANOVA' from 'Minitab' (Statistical Software) and albumin (10% protein) for 3 days, then divided into 12 this programme was used to calculate pooled standard devia- groups, each containing 8 rats; 6 groups were pair-fed with tions. The residual variance (62) was obtained from the egg albumin (control) diet with or without 4 mg kg-' clen- analysis of variance tables. The standard errors of difference buterol (Boehringer-Ingelheim). The other 6 groups were fed (s.e.d.) for comparing two groups of size 4 was calculated on a diet in which raw kidney bean and egg albumin each from the formula: provided 5% protein (Oliveira et al., 1988), with or without 4 mg kg-' clenbuterol. Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), which is s.e.d. = V62 (1/4 + 1/4) responsible for most of the antinutritional effects of kidney the For the analysis of variance the following factors had been bean diet (Oliveira et al., 1988), accounted for 15% of taken into consideration: time (2, 4 and 7 days), clenbuterol bean protein and therefore for 7.5% of total dietary protein. and kidney bean treatments. Groups statistically different Food consumption of all groups of rats was restricted to from control at any time were marked with different super- 5.5 g per rat daily, with free access to acidified water.
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