1 for Each Organism Shown Below, State Which Kingdom You Think It Is in and Give Your Reasons

B1.1a Classifying organisms

1 For each organism shown below, state which kingdom you think it is in and give your reasons. Choose from these kingdoms: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Prokaryotae, Protoctista.

 reproduces using  gets its food from  single-celled seeds formed in the dead organisms organism flowers that it produces in (saprophytic)  cells contain a spring  cell walls are made nucleus  is able to make its of a substance called  uses tiny hairs, own food (autotrophic) chitin called cilia to move  cannot D E F

 cells from long  body is made of  cell walls made of strands many cells that have cellulose  cells contain spiral nuclei  cells do not contain chloroplasts  body has a nervous chloroplasts system running through it  reproduces using  heterotrophic feeder flowers and seeds

 single-celled  tentacles can detect  single-celled organism touch, and use this organism  cells do not contain a information to catch prey  cells contain a nucleus  eats very small water nucleus  uses tail-like organisms  cell walls are made of ‘flagellae’ to move a substance called chitin

2 a Select two organisms that were difficult to classify. b Why were they difficult?

You do not need to remember the details on this sheet for your exam, but you could be asked to apply your knowledge to unfamiliar situations.

The drawing shows a single-celled organism called Euglena.

For many years, scientists argued about whether it was an animal, a plant or neither. Construct an argument to say whether you think it should be classified as an animal, as a plant or as neither. A good argument contains the following features:  a statement of what you believe  the evidence you are using to support what you believe  a counterargument, outlining why other people may think you are wrong and the evidence that they might use against you  your response to the counterargument, saying why you think the counterargument is wrong. You can use the drawing of Euglena (above) and the notes about this organism (below) to construct your argument.

------Euglena are able to take in Euglena will move towards light Euglena live in water. food using their gullets. (but away from very bright light).

Euglena have chloroplasts. Each Euglena cell has a Euglena cells contain nucleus. cytoplasm. Chloroplasts allow an organism The nucleus of a Euglena cell The cell surface membrane of to photosynthesise and so feed contains DNA. Euglena is covered with a stiff autotrophically. coat, called a pellicle.

Euglena can move using its Euglena have eye-spots that The nucleus is the control long flagellum. allow them to detect light. centre of a cell.

Name Class Date

1 How many kingdoms can animals be put into? Circle one answer. 1 5 10 15 100 2 Draw lines to match the organisms with the kingdoms. Do not draw lines for organisms whose kingdom is not shown.

3 There are another two kingdoms into which organisms are sorted. What are they called? Circle two. aves fish proconten Prokaryotae protoctist protoderm 4 Why is there no virus kingdom?

5 A bacterium called Salmonella can cause food poisoning. Which kingdom is it in?

6 Algae have features of both plants and animals. Which kingdom are algae put in?

7 Yeasts are in the Kingdom Fungi. State one difference between a yeast cell and a plant cell.

8 The cells of all the kingdoms have a nucleus, except one. Which kingdom has cells that lack nuclei?

9 Animals are heterotrophic. What does this mean?

10 What part of their cells do plants use to make their own food?

Here is some information about three of the kingdoms into which organisms are classified. You aren’t expected to remember this information.

Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Prokaryotae Kingdom Protoctista • cells have cell walls made of • very simple and single-celled • some are single-celled and chitin • cells do not have nuclei some have more than one • cells have nuclei • most have cell walls that are cell • cannot make their own food made of peptidoglycan • some can photosynthesise • smallest are yeast cells, • smallest are about • cells have nuclei which are about 0.01 mm in 0.0003 mm (0.3 µm*) in • many don’t have cell walls diameter diameter and largest are 0.6 • smallest are about 0.002 mm mm in diameter (2 µm*) in diameter and largest are about 65 m long * 1000 µm (micrometres) = 1 mm (millimetres) 1 a Name the other two kingdoms. b Describe one feature of the members of each of these other two kingdoms. 2 What is the best way to tell the difference between a single-celled protoctist and a prokaryote? Explain your reasoning. 3 a State one reason why some people think that toadstools are plants. b Explain why they are not plants. 4 Some scientists have discovered what they think are the fossils of organisms in some meteorites that contain rock from Mars.

Possible fossil. It has a diameter of about 0.1 µm (0.001 mm).

Which kingdom do you think these organisms might have belonged to? Explain your reasoning. 5 Chlorella is a single-celled organism that contains chloroplasts and has a cell wall that contains cellulose. Which kingdom is it classified in? Explain your reasoning.

6 Why is there not a virus kingdom? Extra challenge 7 A scientific model can make a complicated idea easier to understand. A simple example of a model is an analogy – when you use something familiar as a way of describing something that is complicated, unfamiliar or difficult to see. Use the analogy of a computer virus to describe what a biological virus is and how it functions.