What Is Anatomy & Physiology

What is Anatomy & Physiology? BIG IDEAS: How does the body maintain ______? How are ______and ______interdependent?

Introduction  “Modern medicine began with long-ago observations on the function, and malfunction of the human body. The study of the human body probably began with our earliest ancestors, who must have been curious about how their bodies worked, as we are today. At first, their interest most likely concerned injuries and illnesses, because healthy bodies demand little attention from their owners. Their healers relied heavily on superstitions and notions about magic. However, as healers tried to help the sick, they began to discover useful ways of examining and treating the human body. They observed the effects of injuries, noticed how wounds healed, and examined cadavers to determine causes of death. They also found that certain herbs and potions could sometimes be used to treat coughs, headaches, fevers, and other common signs of illness.  “Over time, people began to believe that humans could understand forces that caused natural events. They began observing the world around them more closely, asking questions and seeking answers. This set the stage for the development of modern medical science.  As techniques for making accurate observations and performing careful experiments evolved, knowledge of the human body expanded rapidly. At the same time, early medical providers coined many new terms to name body parts, describe their locations, and explain their functions and interactions. These terms, most of which originated from Greek or Latin words, formed the basis for the language of anatomy and physiology that persists today.” –Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology Review Questions:  What factors probably stimulated an early interest in the human body?  What kinds of activities helped promote the development of modern medical science?

Anatomy & Physiology  ______- study of the structure of body parts and how they are organized  anatomy = ______ ______– study of the functions of body parts; what they do and how they do it  physiology = ______ Anatomy is to ______, what physiology is to ______.  a body part’s ______depends on the organization of its ______ all physiological ______are performed by anatomical ______ anatomy and physiology are interdependent and ______each other Review Questions:  Why might it be difficult to separate the topics of A & P?  Brainstorm 3 examples of how the structure of a body part makes possible its function. (Ex. Teeth are shaped to break solid foods into smaller pieces.) Levels of ______ ______ cellular  tissues  ______ organ systems  organisms  complexity ______with each level  each level relies on the ______and ______of the level below it Review Questions:  A group of cells with a common function are called ______.  Using the flow chart above, define organism.  Using a different organ system, construct a flow chart demonstrating how that system is organized.

Necessary Life ______ maintain ______ ______ responsiveness (______)  digestion  ______ excretion  ______ growth

Survival Needs  being alive requires certain environmental factors  water – most ______chemical in body  nutrients – ______substances used for energy and ______building  oxygen, normal ______temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure  vital ______– ______body functions that reflect essential metabolic activities  body temperature, blood pressure Review Questions:  List 8 necessary life functions.  In what ways does an organism rely on its external environment.

Homeostasis  ______– stable internal environment  dynamic process b/c physiological variables are constantly ______ to survive, every living organism must maintain ______ How?  homeostatic regulation

Homeostatic Regulation  ______in physiological systems to maintain a stable ______environment  requires a ______, control center, ______ receptor – sensitive to specific ______ ______– receives and processes info  effector – responds (______or ______)

Negative vs. Positive Feedback  ______feedback – when a stimulus rises or falls outside normal, the receptor triggers an automatic response that ______the initial stimulus  negative feedback ______the stimulus  Ex. thermostat  normal room temp  temp rises (stimulus)  registers with thermometer (receptor)  sends info to thermostat (control center)  turns on air conditioner (effector)  room temp drops  normal room temp  Negative Feedback – Room Temp & Body Temp  ______feedback – initial stimulus produces a response that ______the stimulus  positive feedback ______the stimulus  accelerates processes that need to be completed ______(blood clotting or child birth)  Positive Feedback – Blood Clotting Review Questions:  Define homeostasis.  What is the difference between positive and negative feedback?