1. Place a ! Next to Extremely Important Info (Main Idea)

Name: ______

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MARK YOUR TEXT FIRST THE______GIST!!! Record the GIST of these paragraphs 1. Place a ! next to extremely important info (main idea). using 10 words or less for each paragraph. 2. Place ? next to paragraph that doesn’t make sense. ______3. Circle “O” any word/key terms you don’t understand. ______4. Place a  if you understand what you read ______

The end of WWI stirred nationalist activity in India, Turkey, and ______some Southwest Asian countries. The British Empire, which controlled India, began to show signs of cracking. ______

Indian Nationalism Grows ______Indian nationalism had been growing since the mid- 1800s. Many upper-class Indians who attended British schools ______learned European views of nationalism and democracy. They began to apply these political ideas to their own country. Well- ______educated Indians began to resent the two centuries of British rule. ______Two groups formed to rid India of foreign rule: The Indian National Congress, or Congress Party, in 1885, and the ______Muslim League in 1906. Though deep divisions existed between Hindus and Muslims, they found common ground. ______They shared the heritage of British rule and an understanding of democratic ideals. These two groups both worked toward the ______goal of national independence. ______World War I Heightens Nationalist Activity Until WWI, the vast majority of Indians had little interest ______in nationalism. The situation changed as over a million Indians enlisted in the British army. In return for their service, the British ______government promised reforms that would eventually lead to self-government. Indian leaders bided their time. They expected ______to make gains once the war was over. Later in the war, Indian demands led to the declaration ______of Parliament favoring the “increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration, and the gradual ______development of self-governing institutions.” To many Indians, these political reforms signaled that Indians would gain a ______greater voice in government and ultimately achieve their goal of self-rule. ______In 1918, Indian troops returned home from the war. They expected Britain to fulfill its promise. Instead, they found ______themselves once again treated as second-class citizens. Radical nationalists carried out acts of violence to show their ______hatred of British rule. To curb dissent, in 1919 the British passed the Rowlatt Act. This law allowed the government to jail ______protesters without trail for as long as two years. To Western- educated Indians, denial of a trial by jury violated their individual ______rights. Violent protests against the act flared in the Punjab, the Indian province with the greatest number of WWI veterans. ______THE GIST!!! Record the GIST of these paragraphs using 10 words or less for each paragraph. Amritsar Massacre To protest the Rowlatt Act, around 10,000 Hindus and Muslims flocked to Amritsar, the capital city ______of the Punjab, in the spring of 1919. At a huge festival, they intended to fast and pray and to listen to political ______speeches. A small group of nationalists were also on the scene. The demonstration, especially the alliance of Name: ______Hindus and Muslims, alarmed the British. Most people at the gathering were unaware that ______the British government had banned public meetings. However, General Reginald Dyer, the British ______commander at Amritsar, believed they were openly defying the ban. He ordered his troops to fire on the ______crowd without warning. The shooting lasted ten minutes. ______British troops killed nearly 400 Indians and wounded ______about 1200. ______News of the slaughter sparked an explosion of ______anger across India. Almost overnight, millions of Indians ______changed from loyal British subjects into revolutionaries ______and nationalists. These Indians demanded ______independence. ______Gandhi’s Principles of Nonviolence ______The massacre at Amritsar set the stage for ______Mohandas K. Gandhi to emerge as the leader of the ______independence movement. He began to form his social ______and political ideas during the mid-1880s before he ______attended law school in England. Gandhi’s new strategy ______for battling injustice evolved from his deeply religious approach to political activity. His teachings blended ______ideas from all of the major world religions, including Hinduism, Islam, and Christianity. The Indian poet ______Rabindranath Tagore described him as “this great soul in a beggar’s garb.” Gandhi attracted millions of ______followers. Soon they were calling him the Mahatma, meaning “Great Soul.” ______When the British failed to punish the officers responsible for the killings at the Amritsar massacre, ______Gandhi urged the Indian National Congress to follow a policy of noncooperation with the British government: ______A Voice From the Past: ______This is in essence the principle of nonviolent ______noncooperation. It follows therefore that it ______must have its root in love. Its object should ______not be to punish the opponent or to inflict ______injury upon him. Even while noncooperating ______with him, we must make him feel that in us ______he has a friend and we should try to reach ______his heart by rendering him humanitarian ______

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______Name: ______

Civil Disobedience Gandhi developed the principle of satyagraha THE GIST!!! Record the GIST of these paragraphs using (SUH-tyah-grah-ha), or “truth-force.” In English, 10 words or less for each paragraph. satyagraha is called passive resistance or civil disobedience – the deliberate and public refusal to obey an unjust law. Gandhi wrote, “Complete civil ______disobedience is a rebellion without the element of violence…One perfect civil resister is enough to win the ______battle of Right and Wrong.” In 1920, under Gandhi’s influence, the Congress Party endorsed civil ______disobedience and nonviolence as the means to achieve independence. ______Gandhi launched his campaign of civil disobedience to weaken the British government’s ______authority and economic power. He called on Indians to refuse to do the following: buy British goods, attend ______government schools, pay British taxes, and vote in elections. Gandhi staged a successful boycott of British ______cloth, a source of wealth for the British. He urged all Indians to weave their own cloth. Gandhi himself ______devoted two hours each day to spinning his own yarn on a simple handwheel. He wore only homespun cloth and ______encouraged Indians to follow his example. As a result of the boycott, the sale of British cloth in India dropped ______sharply. Throughout 1920, the British arrested thousands ______of Indians who had participated in strikes and demonstrations. Gandhi’s weapon of civil disobedience ______took an economic toll on the British. They struggled to keep trains running, factories operating, and ______overcrowded jails from bursting. Despite Gandhi’s pleas for nonviolence, protests often led to riots. In 1922, ______rioters attacked a police station and set several officers on fire. ______

The slow March to Independence ______In 1930, Gandhi organized a demonstration to defy the hated Salt Acts. According to these British laws, ______Indians could buy salt from no other source but the government. They also had to pay sales tax on salt. To ______show their opposition, Gandhi and his followers walked about 240 miles to the seacoast. There they began to ______make their own salt by collecting seawater and letting it evaporate. This peaceful protest was called the Salt ______March. Soon afterward, some demonstrators planned a ______march to a site where the British government processed salt. They intended to shut this saltworks down. Police ______officers with steel-tipped clubs attacked the demonstrators. An American journalist was an ______eyewitness to the event. He described the “sickening whacks of clubs on unprotected skulls” and people “writhing in pain with fractured skulls or broken ______shoulders.” Still the people continued to march THE GIST!!! Record the GIST of these paragraphs peacefully, refusing to defend themselves against their using 10 words or less for each paragraph. attackers. Newspapers across the globe carried the journalist’s story, which won worldwide support for ______Gandhi’s independence movement. More demonstrations took place throughout ______India. Eventually, about 60,000 people, including Gandhi, were arrested. ______

Great Britain Grants India Self Rule ______

Gandhi and his followers gradually reaped the ______rewards of their civil disobedience campaigns and gained greater political power for the Indian people. In ______1935, the British Parliament passed the Government of India Act. It provided local self-government and limited ______democratic elections. With this act, India began moving toward full ______independence from Great Britain. However, the Government of India Act also fueled mounting tensions ______between Muslims and Hindus. These two groups had conflicting visions of India’s future as an independent ______nation. Indian Muslims, outnumbered by Hindus, feared that Hindus would control India if it won independence. ______

The Indian Subcontinent Gains ______Independence ______

In 1939, India was stunned when Britain committed ______India’s armed forces to World War II without first consulting the colony’s elected representatives. Indian ______nationalists felt humiliated. In 1942, the Congress Party launched a “Quit India” campaign. It was intended to ______drive Great Britain out of India. The end of World War II, in 1945, brought changes to the Indian subcontinent as ______dramatic as those anywhere in the world. ______A Movement Toward Independence ______The story was similar throughout the colonial world. When World War II broke out, Africans and Asians ______answered their colonial rulers’ cries for help. These Africans and Asians fought on distant battlefields. They ______also guarded strategic bases and resources at home. The war brought soldiers from widely separated colonies ______into contact with one another. Soldiers from the colonies shared their frustrations, dreams for independence, and ______strategies for achieving it. ______“Asia for Asians” During WWII, the Japanese “Asia for Asians” ______campaign helped to generate nationalism throughout the region. It also sparked independence movements in the ______various countries Japan occupied in Southeast Asia. ______The Japanese defeat of European forces was a sign to the nationalists that the Europeans were not as strong ______Name: ______

as they had thought them to be. Asian nationalists came to realize that their colonial masters were not THE GIST!!! Record the GIST of these paragraphs using unbeatable. Sometimes the Europeans suffered defeat 10 words or less for each paragraph. at the hands of others- such as the Japanese – who were nonwhite and non-Western, like the nationalists. ______The Colonial Response Britain was recovering from the enormous costs ______of the war. It began to rethink the expense of maintaining and governing distant colonies. The new ______government in Britain also called into question the very basis of imperialism. Was it acceptable to take by force ______the land and resources of another nation in order to enrich the imperial nation? ______

Independence Brings Partition to India ______

In 1919, the British massacred unarmed Indians at ______Amritsar. This incident, more than any other single event, had marked the beginning of the end of British ______rule in India. The incident had caused millions of Indians to become strong nationalists overnight. A year later, in ______1920, Mohandas Gandhi launched his first nonviolent campaign for Indian independence. Gandhi was ______admired as the Mahatma, or “Great Soul,” of the Indian independence movement. ______

The Congress Party and the Muslim League ______

National Congress, or the Congress Party, was a ______national political party. It claimed to represent all of India. India in the 1940s had approximately 350 million ______Hindus and about 100 million Muslims. Most members of the Congress Party were Hindus, but the party at ______times had many Muslim members. A Muslim even served as one of its presidents, from 1940-1945. ______

The Muslim League was an organization ______founded in 1906 in India to protect Muslim interests. The league was concerned that the mainly Hindu Congress ______Party would look out primarily for Hindu interests. The leader of the Muslim League, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, ______had once been a member of the Congress Party. However, he later insisted that only the league spoke for ______Muslims. He said that all Muslims ought to resign from the Congress Party. The Muslim League stated that it ______would never accept Indian independence if it meant rule by the Hindu-dominated Congress Party. Jinnah stated, ______“The only thing the Muslim has in common with the Hindu is his slavery to the British.” The British ______encouraged the division between Hindus and Muslims in the belief that it would strengthen their authority. ______THE GIST!!! Record the GIST of these paragraphs The Muslim League first officially proposed the using 10 words or less for each paragraph. partition of India into separate Hindu and Muslim nations at its Lahore conference in 1940. Most Muslims lived in the northwest and northeast areas of the subcontinent. ______Gandhi was deeply hurt. He strongly opposed the two- nation theory on political, cultural, and even moral ______grounds. ______Partition into India and Pakistan ______When World War II ended, the British government changed from the Conservative Party’s Winston ______Churchill to the Labour Party’s Clement Atlee. The stage was set for the British transfer of power. However, the ______problem persisted of who should receive that power once it was transferred. Rioting of Hindus and Muslims ______against one another broke out in Calcutta, East Bengal, Bihar, and Bombay. In August 1946, four days of rioting ______in Calcutta left more than 5,000 people dead and more than 15,000 hurt. Gandhi walked through the worst ______areas there. He did his best to reduce the violence between Hindus and Muslims. Lord Louis Mountbatten ______was the last viceroy (ruled as an appointed deputy of the soverign) of India. He feared that the Hindus and ______Muslims of India would never be able to live together in peace. He began to accept the idea that partition, or ______the dividing up of India into two nations – mostly Hindu India and mostly Muslim Pakistan – was unavoidable. ______

The British house of Commons passed an act on ______July 16, 1947, that granted the two nations independence and in one month’s time. In that short ______period, more than 500 independent native princes had to decide which nation they would join- India or ______Pakistan. The administration of the courts, the military, the railways, and the police – the whole of the civil ______service – had to be divided down to the last paper clip. Most difficult of all, millions of Hindus, Muslims, and ______Sikhs would shortly find themselves minorities in a hostile nation. These people had to decide where to go. ______

During the summer of 1947, 10 million people ______were on the move in the Indian subcontinent. Whole trainloads of refugees were massacred. Muslims killed ______Sikhs who were moving into India. Hindus and Sikhs killed Muslims who were headed into Pakistan. In all, an ______estimated 1 million died. “What is there to celebrate?” Gandhi mourned. “I see nothing but rivers of blood.” ______Gandhi personally went to Delhi to plead for fair treatment of Muslim refugees. While he was there, he ______himself became a victim. He was shot on January 30, 1948, by a Hindu extremist who thought Gandhi too ______protective of Muslims. ______Name: ______

Modern India THE GIST!!! Record the GIST of these paragraphs using 10 words or less for each paragraph. At the stroke of midnight on August 15, 1947, India would become free. It would also become the world’s largest democracy. As the hour approached, Jawaharlal ______Nehru (jah-WAH-hahr-lahl NAY-roo), independent India’s first prime minister, addressed the Constituent ______Assembly. ______A Voice From The Past: ______Long years ago, we made a tryst [appointment] with destiny, and now the ______time comes when we shall redeem our ______pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the ______midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India ______will wake to life and freedom. Nehru Leads IndiaJawaharlal Nehru ______For the first 17 years after independence, India had one prime minister – Jawaharlal Nehru. He had ______been one of Gandhi’s most devoted followers. Educated in Britain, Nehru won popularity among all groups in ______India. He emphasized democracy, unity, and economic modernization. ______Nehru assumed several large challenges along with the office of prime minister. One such challenge ______was a dispute over the territory of Kashmir. Although its ruler was Hindu, Kashmir had a large Muslim population. ______The state bordered both India and Pakistan. Pakistan invaded the area shortly after independence, causing ______Kashmir’s ruler to align Kashmir with India. War between India and Pakistan in Kashmir continued until the United ______Nations arranged a cease-fire in 1949. The cease-fire left a third of Kashmir under Pakistani control and the ______rest under Indian control. Late, in 1962, China seized part of Kashmir. In 1972, Indian and Pakistani forces ______fought there again. In that year, a new truce line was set up between the Indian and Pakistani areas of Kashmir. ______Today, tensions continue to flare along the cease-fire line established by the UN in 1949. ______Nehru used his leadership to move India forward. He led other newly independent nations of the world in ______forming an alliance of countries that were neutral in the dispute between the United States and the Soviet ______Union. On the home front, Nehru called for a reorganization of the states by language. He also ______pushed for industrialization and sponsored social reforms. He tried to elevate the status of the lower castes and expand the rights of women. ______