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92 100 Introduction to Psychology Chapter 10 / EXERCISE

Part A – Multiple Choice Questions

1. A human newborn’s motor capacities are characterized by:

a) reflexes. b) self-directed responses. c) skilled motor control. d) voluntary movement.

2. At which age does the object permenance achieved?

a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 5

3. A theory of mind is:

a) Understanding actions/thoughts of other people b) Comprehension of others’ intentions c) able to take another’s perspective d) the primacy effect

4. Concrete and Formal operations require that child has mastered ____ schema

a) operational b) assimilation c) sensorimotor d) conservational

5. Brian is a two-month-old infant who is easily upset and frightened by new objects or people; his sister, Sara, was more easy-going and calm as an infant. These siblings have different:

a) imprinting styles. b) temperaments. c) stages of moral development. d) prosocial instincts.

92 100 Introduction to Psychology Ebru İNANÇ Instructor 07-08 Spring BILKENT UNIVERSITY APPLIED SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

6.A firm, close, enduring emotional bond between the baby and the primary caregiver is called:

a) Locomotion b) Attachment c) Emotion Regulation d) Social Referencing

7Harley Hallow’s experiment was about attachment, and it was to test____:

a) whether the babies will show seperation anxiety when the caregiver leaves the room b) if human voice frequently bring relief from stress c) the stability of attachment d) if the babies are attached to caregivers on the basis of nutrition

8.According to Mary Ainsworth, when considering different patterns of ways that children form bonds with parents , which of the following is not one of the parenting styles?

a) Securely attached b) Anxious / resistant attachment c) Anxious / avoidant attachment d) Organized attachment

9.In ______parenting style, there are many rules and demands, few explanations and little sensitivity to the child’s perspective.

a) Authoritative b) Authoritatian c) Permissive d) Uninvolved

Part B – Match the Followings

In the first column you will see some terms related with “Physical and Cognitive Development”. In the second column, there are the descriptions of these terms. Please match them accordingly 92 100 Introduction to Psychology Ebru İNANÇ Instructor 07-08 Spring BILKENT UNIVERSITY APPLIED SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Memory Related Terms Explanations

1. Genetic inheritance ( 3 ) He was first to propose that a child’s thinking was qualitatively different from that of adults

2. Representational thought ( 5 ) he carried out experiments to find out whether babies attach to caregivers on the basis of nutrition

3. Piaget (4 ) _____ A parenting style

4. Permissive ( 2 ) In the Preoperational period, with development of object permanence comes ____

5. Harry Harlow ( 1 ) ______may set up learning pathways, specific processing paths for certain types of information

Part C - Short Answer Questions

1. Please explain what “attachment” is, by taking into account “contact comfort”, Harlow’s experiment, Bowlby, differences in attachment (Mary Ainsworth), attachment to father and absence of attachment.

Attachment

6-8 months: with locomotive ability frequently comes… Separation Anxiety

Separation Anxiety: Baby becomes upset when CG leaves room/goes out of sight

 Implies that formation of attachment has occurred

Attachment: A firm, close, enduring emotional bond between the baby and the primary caregiver

Harry Harlow’s experiments

Do babies attach to caregivers on the basis of nutrition?

Infant rhesus monkeys raised in cages with two fixed objects:

 terry-cloth covered wire-mesh object,  wire-mesh object that held a bottle of milk

In times of stress/fear/uncertainty, monkeys always went to terry-cloth “mother”

-- not the “mother” where they had been fed

Contact comfort: more important than where/how fed for purposes of attachment

Humans?

Contact comfort: also important

 Children’s fondness for stuffed animals, blankets, etc: attachment formed for comfort, not for food

Other implications of contact comfort:

 Many animals, including humans, need contact/physical comfort for normal development  Bowlby: among the first to describe a theory of attachment in humans

Differences Among Children

Temperament: most important difference in very young children

 Some common descriptors: “easy” “difficult,” and “slow to warm up”  Based on structural/biological innate differences seen even from a very young age

Differences in Experience:

 socially and environmentally, exposure varies across children  differences in attachment patterns

Differences in Attachment: Mary Ainsworth

Different patterns of ways that children form bonds with parents differ with parental style:

 Securely attached  Anxious / resistant attachment  Anxious / avoidant attachment  Disorganized attachment

Stability of attachment

 Does child project same type of attachment across situations? Mixed research results.

(A): The secure attachment and the good outcome are cause and effect.

(B): The secure attachment and the good outcome are both the effects of92 a100 third Introduction factor to Psychology (the sensitive mother). Ebru İNANÇ Instructor 07-08 Spring BILKENT UNIVERSITY APPLIED SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT BUSINESS INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Attachment to Father

Fathers can form the “secure base” for children as easily as mothers

Fathers: different interaction style with children

 More physical, more vigorous  Usually less likely to provide hugs/kisses  Some social, some biological reasons likely responsible

Absence of Attachment

Absence of any parenting/absent physical contact  extremely disordered behavior

 Seen in experimentally induced isolated animal models (this experimentation is no longer permitted)  Seen in rare instances of orphanages

 Romanian orphans: little or no physical contact

 This kind of disordered parenting: permanent social and emotional scars

92 100 Introduction to Psychology Ebru İNANÇ Instructor 07-08 Spring