Appendix A: State MLDA for Beer, 1970-1988 (SUPPLEMENTARY CONTENT for ONLINE PUBLICATION)

Appendix A: State MLDA for beer, 1970-1988 (SUPPLEMENTARY CONTENT FOR ONLINE PUBLICATION)

State on 1/1/1970 Changes in the MLDA in the period 1/1/1970 –1/1/1988 Alabama 21 7/1/1975 - 19; 10/1/1985 - 21gc Alaska 21 9/1/1970 - 19; 11/1/1984 - 21 Arizona 21 8/1/1972 - 19; 1/1/1985 - 21gc Colorado 18 7/1/1987 - 21 Connecticut 21 10/1/1972 -18; 7/1/1982 -19; 10/1/1983-20; 9/1/1985-21gc Delaware 21 7/1/1972 - 20; 1/1/1984 - 21gc DC 18 9/1/1986 - 21gc Florida 21 7/1/1973 - 18; 10/1/1980 - 19; 7/1/1985 - 21gc Georgia 21 7/1/1972 -18; 9/1/1980 -19; 9/1/1985 -20; 9/1/1986 - 21 Hawaii 20 3/1/1972 - 18; 10/1/1986 - 21 Iowa 21 4/1/1972-19; 7/1/1973-18; 7/1/1976 -19gc; 9/1/1986 - 21gc Idaho 20 7/1/1972 - 19; 4/1/1987 - 21 Illinois 21 9/1/1973 - 19; 1/1/1980 - 21 Kansas 18 7/1/1985 - 21gc Louisiana 18 3/1/1987 - 21 Maine 20 6/1/1972 - 18; 10/1/1977 - 20; 7/1/1985 - 21gc Maryland 21 7/1/1974 -18; 7/1/1982 - 21gc Massachusetts 21 3/1/1973 - 18; 4/1/1979 - 20; 6/1/1985 - 21gc Michigan 21 1/1/1972 - 18; 12/1/1978 - 21 Minnesota 21 6/1/1973 - 18; 9/1/1979 - 19gc; 9/1/1986 - 21gc Mississippi 18 10/1/1986 - 21 Montana 21 7/1/1971 -19; 7/1/1973 -18; 1/1/1979 -19; 4/1/1987- 21 Nebraska 20 6/1/1972 - 19; 7/1/1980 - 20gc; 1/1/1985 - 21gc New Hampshire 21 6/1/1973 - 18; 5/1/1979 - 20; 6/1/1985 - 21gc New Jersey 21 1/1/1973 - 18; 1/1/1980 - 19gc; 1/1/1983 - 21gc New York 18 12/1/1982 - 19; 12/1/1985 - 21 North Carolina 18 10/1/1983 - 19; 9/1/1986 - 21 Ohio 18 8/1/1982 - 19; 7/1/1987 - 21gc Oklahoma 18 9/1/1983 - 21 Rhode Island 21 3/1/1972 -18; 7/1/1980 -19; 7/1/1981 -20; 7/1/1984 - 21 South Carolina 18 1/1/1984 - 19; 1/1/1985 - 20; 9/1/1986 - 21 South Dakota 19 7/1/1972 - 18; 7/1/1984 - 19; 4/1/1988 - 21 Tennessee 21 5/1/1971 - 18; 6/1/1979 - 19; 8/1/1984 - 21gc Texas 21 8/1/1973 - 18; 9/1/1981 - 19; 9/1/1986 - 21 Vermont 21 7/1/1971 - 18; 7/1/1986 - 21gc Virginia 21 7/1/1974 - 18; 7/1/1981 - 19; 7/1/1985- 21gc West Virginia 18 7/1/1983 - 19; 7/1/1986 - 21 Wisconsin 18 7/1/1984 - 19; 9/1/1986 - 21gc Wyoming 21 5/1/1973 - 19; 7/1/1988 - 21 Note: The MLDA in Arkansas, California, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Washington was 21 years during 1/1/1970-1/1/1988. Source: Wagenaar (1981), O’Malley and Wagenaar (1990), and the National highway traffic safety administration online reports. gc Indicates that the law change includes a “grandfather clause.” 2

Appendix B: Comparison of abortion data across NLSY and NSFG surveys (SUPPLEMENTARY CONTENT FOR ONLINE PUBLICATION)

Panel A NLSY NSFG a Birth Abortion Age at 1st Total # of 1st 1st pregn. ended in: Birth Abortion Total # of 1st 1st pregn. ended in: ratio ratio pregnancy pregn. Birth Abortion ratio ratio pregn. Birth Abortion 15 257 201 44 78.2 17.1 726 483 164 66.5 22.6 16 406 324 57 79.8 14.0 1041 731 182 70.2 17.5 17 438 326 75 74.4 17.1 1318 934 223 70.9 16.9 18 473 346 72 73.2 15.2 1473 1023 268 69.5 18.2 19 459 347 71 75.6 15.5 1334 957 214 71.7 16.0 20 329 230 52 69.9 15.8 1165 846 149 72.6 12.8 21-23 841 642 106 76.3 12.6 2752 2021 336 73.4 12.2 Average 15-20 75.2 15.8 70.2 17.3 Average 15-19 76.2 15.8 69.8 18.2 National statistics 15-19 (AGI) b 51.6 34.6 51.6 34.6

Panel B NLSY NSFG a White c Black Hispanic White Black Hispanic Total # 1st pregnancies among 15-20 1183 737 442 3970 2860 227 of which ended in birth (%) 69.1 82.6 78.5 65.8 76.8 73.1 of which ended in abortion (%) 20.5 9.5 13.1 20.6 12.2 14.5 Total # 1st pregnancies among 21-23 488 192 161 1947 687 118 of which ended in birth (%) 73.2 77.6 84.5 73.1 74.2 73.7 of which ended in abortion (%) 15.0 9.9 8.7 12.8 10.5 12.7 Note: a Pooled 1976, 1982, 1988, 1995 years. For comparability, the following restrictions are applied to the NSFG surveys: 1) only first pregnancies and their outcomes are considered (reflects 33%-37% of all pregnancy records); 2) age at conception is 15-23; 3) conception occurred between 1972 and 1988. Due to restrictions 2) and 3), between 40-50% of all first pregnancy records from the NSFG 1982-1995 surveys are used; for the 1976 survey this number is 14%. b Averages for 1972-1985 time period. This number is not directly comparable to the corresponding NLSY or NSFG statistics as it reflects the share of all terminated pregnancies among women age 15-19, not the share of first pregnancies that are terminated. c Includes a poor white sample.

2 Appendix C: Composition of first pregnancies in the dataset by age, race, and the MLDA (SUPPLEMENTARY CONTENT FOR ONLINE PUBLICATION)

Panel A: Distribution of first pregnancies by age and Panel B: Share of first pregnancies occurred in states race with the MLDA 18, 19 or 20 years

Panel C: Share of first pregnancies by outcome (abortion and live birth) and the MLDA

3 Appendix D: Probit estimates (SUPPLEMENTARY CONTENT FOR ONLINE PUBLICATION) Table D-1: Probit coefficient estimates and the average effect of a decrease in the MLDA on the outcome for 15-20 and 21-23 age groups

15-20 year-old 21-23 year-old Non- Non-poor poor white Poor white Black Hispanic Poor white Black Hispanic white MLDA is 18, 19 -0.09 0.32** 0.14+ -0.41** 0.08 0.18 -0.12 0.02 or 20 (0.08) (0.09) (0.08) (0.12) (0.09) (0.15) (0.12) (0.22) Baptist family 0.05 0.16* 0.06 0.28* 0.08 -0.11 -0.11 -0.27 (0.05) (0.08) (0.05) (0.11) (0.08) (0.13) (0.13) (0.34) Other religion 0.00 0.03 0.07 -0.02 0.05 0.01 -0.22+ -0.40** (0.04) (0.06) (0.05) (0.09) (0.06) (0.10) (0.11) (0.15) Atheist family 0.13* 0.31** 0.24** -0.09 0.27** -0.10 0.21 0.36 (0.05) (0.09) (0.08) (0.18) (0.08) (0.17) (0.23) (0.22) AFQT score below 0.15** 0.23** 0.19** 0.19** 0.09+ 0.28** 0.23** 0.33** the mean (0.03) (0.05) (0.04) (0.04) (0.05) (0.07) (0.07) (0.08) Mother's education -0.04** -0.02+ -0.02** 0.00 -0.02* 0.01 0.01 -0.01 (years) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) Two-parent house -0.11** -0.06 -0.20** -0.16** -0.11+ -0.09 -0.06 -0.22* at 14 (0.04) (0.06) (0.04) (0.04) (0.06) (0.07) (0.08) (0.09)

4 Currently married 0.75** 0.70** 0.52** 0.94** 0.73** 0.62** 0.51** 0.78** (0.04) (0.06) (0.13) (0.05) (0.05) (0.09) (0.08) (0.07) Constant -2.62** -3.03** -2.54** -5.45** - -12.01 24.09 -50.97** 42.85* (0.24) (0.29) (0.20) (0.37) (17.10 (29.13) (24.23) (25.21) ) Observations 125,341 51,652 63,846 44,715 43,84 14,237 17,262 12,544 7 Discrete change due to -0.001 0.006** 0.003* -0.010* 0.001 0.004 -0.003 0.001 a decrease in the MLDA () (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.01) Note: **significant at 1%; * at 5%; + at 10%. Standard errors clustered by state. Person-month observations. All models include state, calendar year, and calendar month fixed effects as well as a cubic polynomial for age. An excluded category for religion is women raised in Catholic families. The dpendent variable equals 1 if pregnant; 0 otherwise.

5 Appendix D (continued) Table D-2: Probit coefficient estimates and the average effect of a decrease in the MLDA on the outcome for 15-17 and 18-20 age groups

15-17 year-old 18-20 year-old Non- Non-poor poor white Poor white Black Hispanic Poor white Black Hispanic white MLDA is 18, 19 -0.12 0.03 0.18+ -0.18 -0.14 0.70** 0.07 -0.93** or 20 (0.13) (0.13) (0.10) (0.17) (0.11) (0.15) (0.20) (0.28) Baptist family 0.16+ 0.14 0.19* 0.32+ -0.04 0.19* -0.01 0.24* (0.09) (0.10) (0.09) (0.18) (0.06) (0.10) (0.10) (0.10) Other religion 0.04 0.07 0.27** -0.05 -0.04 -0.02 -0.11 0.00 (0.06) (0.07) (0.09) (0.14) (0.05) (0.09) (0.10) (0.11) Atheist family 0.24** 0.21 0.37** 0.25 0.02 0.48** 0.17 (0.08) (0.15) (0.12) (0.23) (0.07) (0.12) (0.14) AFQT score below 0.21** 0.22** 0.14* 0.17+ 0.10** 0.23** 0.24** 0.18** the mean (0.06) (0.07) (0.06) (0.09) (0.04) (0.06) (0.08) (0.05) Mother's education -0.04** -0.02+ -0.03** 0.00 -0.04** -0.01 -0.01 0.01 (years) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) Two-parent house -0.08 -0.05 -0.23** -0.11* -0.13** -0.10 -0.17** -0.20** at 14 (0.06) (0.07) (0.04) (0.05) (0.05) (0.07) (0.05) (0.07) Currently married 0.86** 0.81** 0.67* 1.33** 0.75** 0.69** 0.51** 0.87** (0.11) (0.09) (0.29) (0.07) (0.05) (0.08) (0.12) (0.08) Constant -2.58** -2.83** -2.78** -3.15** -6.02* -8.91+ -7.04+ -7.33* (0.29) (0.31) (0.26) (0.55) (2.65) (4.68) (3.71) (3.52) Observations 68,716 28,897 37,694 25,285 56,40 21,550 25,614 18,348 0 Discrete change due to -0.001 0.001 0.004+ -0.003 -0.003 0.015** 0.002 -0.040+ a decrease in the MLDA () (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.01) (0.02) Note: **significant at 1%; * at 5%; + at 10%. Standard errors clustered by state. Person-month observations. All models include state, calendar year, and calendar month fixed effects as well as a cubic polynomial for age. An excluded category for religion is women raised in Catholic families. Dependent variable equals 1 if pregnant; 0 otherwise.

6 Appendix D (continued) Table D-3: Probit coefficient estimates for abortion model, women age 15-20

Non-poor Poor white Black Hispanic white MLDA is 18, 19 or -0.36 2.51** 0.48* 1.55+ 20 (0.34) (0.86) (0.22) (0.85) Baptist family -0.05 0.19 0.30 0.28 (0.26) (0.34) (0.36) (0.34) Other religion 0.34* 0.03 0.36 0.76* (0.16) (0.24) (0.34) (0.37) Atheist family -0.23 -0.20 -0.21 2.14** (0.32) (0.47) (0.57) (0.42) AFQT score -0.54** -0.79** -0.83** -1.06** below the mean (0.18) (0.19) (0.26) (0.22) Mother's 0.16** 0.03 0.14** 0.18** education (0.04) (0.05) (0.04) (0.03) Two-parent 0.11 0.43+ 0.15 0.12 house at 14 (0.15) (0.23) (0.20) (0.46) Currently -1.77** -1.78** 0.02 -1.45** married (0.27) (0.46) (0.47) (0.30) Constant -2.31** -4.38** -2.10* -2.90* (0.79) (1.15) (0.91) (1.38) Observations 541 302 393 274 Note: **significant at 1%; * at 5%; + at 10%. Standard errors clustered by state. Samples are limited to women who are pregnant for the first time, excluding pregnancies ending in miscarriages or stillbirths. Dependent variable equals 1 if the 1st pregnancy ended in an abortion, 0 if in a live birth. All models include state and calendar year fixed effects and a cubic polynomial for age; dummies for calendar months are excluded. An excluded category for religion is women raised in Catholic families.

7 Appendix D (continued) Table D-4: Probit coefficient estimates for models with a “legally eligible” indicator, women age 18-20

1st pregnancy Abortion Non-poor Poor Non-poor Poor white white Black white white Black Eligible to -0.16** 0.14 -0.12* -1.38** 0.35 0.66 drink legally (0.06) (0.11) (0.05) (0.53) (1.33) (0.80) Baptist family -0.04 0.19* -0.01 -0.28 0.44 -0.70 (0.06) (0.10) (0.10) (0.38) (1.27) (0.52) Other religion -0.04 -0.02 -0.11 0.41* 0.08 -0.05 (0.05) (0.09) (0.10) (0.16) (0.90) (0.39) Atheist family 0.02 0.46** 0.17 0.62 1.83 -1.37* (0.07) (0.13) (0.14) (0.60) (1.80) (0.69) AFQT score 0.10** 0.23** 0.24** -0.24 -1.88** -1.39** below the mean (0.04) (0.06) (0.08) (0.29) (0.66) (0.45) Mother's -0.04** -0.01 -0.01 0.29** -0.29+ -0.02 education (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.07) (0.17) (0.07) Two-parent -0.13** -0.10 -0.17** -0.13 0.57 0.29 house at 14 (0.04) (0.07) (0.05) (0.18) (0.69) (0.17) Currently 0.75** 0.68** 0.51** -2.16** -0.02 married (0.05) (0.08) (0.12) (0.53) (0.54) Constant -5.70* -8.73+ -6.49+ -18.53 -107.58 38.13 (2.65) (4.76) (3.71) (21.86) (66.79) (41.33) Observations 56,400 21,550 25,614 310 84 130 Note:**significant at 1%; *at 5%; + at 10%. Standard errors clustered by state. All models include state and calendar year fixed effects and a cubic polynomial for age. In addition, the discrete hazard models include calendar month fixed effects. An excluded category for religion is women raised in Catholic families. For the discrete hazard model, the dependent variable equals 1 if pregnant for the first time, 0 otherwise. For abortion models, it equals 1 if the 1st pregnancy ended in an abortion, 0 if a live birth; the sample is limited to pregnant women excluding pregnancies ending in miscarriages/stillbirths. The estimates for age group 15-20 are available upon request.

8 Appendix E: Trends in alcohol use and bar attendance by eligibility status (SUPPLEMENTARY CONTENT FOR ONLINE PUBLICATION)

Panel A: Share of women drinking in the past month

Panel B: Share of women going to bars in the past month

Note: Data are from the 1982-1985 annual NLSY79 surveys. (The questions were added to the survey in 1982, when the youngest NLSY79 cohort was age 17. Due to the aging of the cohorts the analysis of alcohol consumption patterns among the underage is not feasible). Going to bars is conditional on the positive alcohol use in the past month.