Task Sheet: Phase 1

on the record Key sheet.

 Use briefing Stage 4 - Volcano sheet 2 to calculate the costs of helicopter trips to maintain your Eruption! instruments. Write this in the table on the record sheet. Task sheet: phase 1 Key Stage 4 - Volcano Background Eruption! Rotimon is an imaginary island. La Soufriere is its youngest volcano. It last erupted in the 1970s. It Task sheet: phase 1 is not monitored at the moment.

Recently the volcano has shown some strange Background signs. Tourists have reported strong sulfur Rotimon is an imaginary island. La Soufriere is its dioxide smells. They have noticed bubbles in the youngest volcano. It last erupted in the 1970s. It crater lake. Some felt earthquakes when lying is not monitored at the moment. down near the top. Recently the volcano has shown some strange The island’s chief minister is worried. She wants signs. Tourists have reported strong sulfur the volcano to be monitored. dioxide smells. They have noticed bubbles in the What to do crater lake. Some felt earthquakes when lying down near the top. Your group is a team of volcanologists. You have £50,000 to monitor the volcano for six months. The island’s chief minister is worried. She wants This money must pay for the monitoring and the volcano to be monitored. maintenance of your instruments and your What to do staffing costs. Your group is a team of volcanologists. You have  Decide where to build your observatory. £50,000 to monitor the volcano for six months. It must be far from the volcano. Mark this This money must pay for the monitoring and with an X on your map. maintenance of your instruments and your  Choose the best monitoring techniques staffing costs. from briefing sheet 1 to monitor the  Decide where to build your observatory. volcano. Cut these out from briefing It must be far from the volcano. Mark this sheet 2, and use Blu Tack to stick them with an X on your map. around the map. Draw lines to show where you will place each instrument  Choose the best monitoring techniques (apart from the satellites!) from briefing sheet 1 to monitor the volcano. Cut these out from briefing  Use briefing sheets 1 and 2 to work out sheet 2, and use Blu Tack to stick them how many staff you need and the cost of around the map. Draw lines to show employing them. Record this in the table www.oxfordsparks.net/volcano  Repeat for each instrument within 3 km of the summit.

Stage B where you will place each instrument (apart from the satellites!) Find out how much extra money you have for next year by deciding which statements below  Use briefing sheets 1 and 2 to work out apply to you. If you had… how many staff you need and the cost of employing them. Record this in the table a one or more seismometers within 3 km on the record sheet. of the summit you detected a strong increase in earthquakes before the  Use briefing sheet 2 to calculate the eruption. The chief minister agrees that costs of helicopter trips to maintain your you should expand the monitoring. You instruments. Write this in the table on have £30,000 extra. the record sheet. b one or more seismometers within 3 km Key Stage 4 - Volcano of the summit, and all your seismometers were within 10 km of the summit, you knew that all the Eruption! earthquakes were below Soufriere. You have £40,000 extra. Task sheet: phase 2 c one or more seismometers within 10 km Background of the summit, but none within 3 km, you detected some earthquakes before There has been a small eruption near the summit. the eruption. You have This might have destroyed some of your £10,000 extra. instruments. d four or more cGPS receivers within 3 km The chief minister is worried there will be a you detected changes in the volcano bigger eruption. She may give you extra money to slope shape three days before the monitor the volcano for one more year. The eruption. The chief minister believes your amount of money depends on how well you argument that this is a valuable predicted the small eruption. monitoring technique. You have £20,000 extra. What to do e collected satellite radar data you could Stage A see changes in ground shape after the  If you have an instrument that is within 3 eruption. You have £10,000 extra. km of the summit, throw a dice. If you f a ground-based UV camera within 5 km throw a 1, 2, or 3, the eruption destroyed of the summit and to its west (left) you the instrument. Remove this instrument did not detect extra sulfur dioxide, since from your map. the eruption was at night. But If you throw a 4, 5, or 6 the instrument measurements after the eruption showed survives. Leave it on the map. extra sulfur dioxide. You have £10,000 extra. www.oxfordsparks.net/volcano g c Stage A o l a Systems that rely on telemetry to transmit l data, and all ground-based instruments, have ected satellite UV spectroscopy data you been damaged. Throw a dice to determine did not detect extra sulfur dioxide, since the total extent of this damage: throwing a the eruption was too small. You have no one means your instruments have lost ⅙ of extra money. their value; a five means your instruments have lost ⅚ of their value, and so on. Stage C Calculate the total cost of replacing or repairing the damaged instruments.  Calculate how much extra money you have for next year. b The solar panels on some of your instruments are also damaged. Throw a dice to calculate  Use briefing sheet 1 to decide which the fraction of solar panels that need extra instruments and/or data to buy. replacing: a one means that ⅙ of your solar You can also replace broken instruments. panels must be replaced. One new solar Cut all these out, and use Blu Tack to panel costs £1,000. Calculate the total cost of stick them next to your map. Draw lines replacing the damaged solar panels. to show where you will place each instrument (apart from the satellites!) c Estimate the helicopter time required to replace and repair your damaged instruments  Use briefing sheets 1 and 2 to work out and solar panels. how many staff you need and their cost, and briefing sheet 1 to calculate the d Use the values calculated in a, b and c to costs of helicopter trips to maintain your calculate how much money you need to instruments. Write these in the tables on reinstate your monitoring system. Write this the record sheet. on the record sheet.

Remember, your money must pay for new instruments and data, and for staff to maintain the instruments and interpret the data, as well as for helicopter maintenance trips. Stage B

Key Stage 4 - Volcano e A week later, the chief minister tells you that the government has insurance. It can meet Eruption! 50% of the costs of reinstating your monitoring system. Decide which instruments Task sheet: phase 3 to replace, or whether to spend the money on different monitoring techniques.

Background f Your part-time staff tell you they cannot afford to live on the island. They will leave Six months later there has been no change in the unless you employ them full-time. Decide nature of activity at the volcano. However, a what to do about this. hurricane hits the island. Much of your monitoring equipment is damaged. Stage C What to do www.oxfordsparks.net/volcano g Two weeks after the hurricane, emergency aid arrives from the United Nations. Your team has an extra £10,000 to develop monitoring capacity. Decide how to spend this unexpected income.

www.oxfordsparks.net/volcano Key

Stage 4 - Volcano happening. You called for a partial evacuation. You saved lives and Eruption! £50,000. c If you had any other system you did Task sheet: phase 4 not have enough data to call for an evacuation. People died. No money Background was saved.

One month later there is a major eruption. Did your monitoring techniques work?  Add up and record the value of your instruments and savings. What to do

 Calculate the value of your remaining Key Stage 4 - Volcano instruments: Eruption!  Everything within 3 km is destroyed

 Half your instruments within 5 km Task sheet: phase 4 are destroyed Background  A quarter of your instruments within 10 km are destroyed. Six months later there is a major eruption. Did your monitoring techniques work?

 Find out how much value your monitoring What to do system saved (or not!) by deciding which  Calculate the value of your remaining statement below applies to you: instruments: a If you had a working network of 3 or  more seismometers and one working Everything within 3 km is destroyed GPS station within 5 km and either  Half your instruments within 5 km inSAR or a ground-based UV camera are destroyed within 5 km to the west (left) of the volcano then you predicted the  A quarter of your instruments within eruption in advance. You called for an 10 km are destroyed. evacuation. You saved lives and £100,000 worth of possessions.  Find out how much value your monitoring b If you had a working network of 3 or system saved (or not!) by deciding which more seismometers and either inSAR statement below applies to you: or a ground-based UV camera within 5 km to the west (left) of the volcano a If you had a working network of 3 or then you could see that things were more seismometers and one working GPS station within 5 km and either www.oxfordsparks.net/volcano 5 km to the west (left) of the volcano then you could see that things were happening. You called for a partial inSAR or a ground-based UV camera evacuation. You saved lives and within 5 km to the west (left) of the £50,000. volcano then you predicted the c If you had any other system you did eruption in advance. You called for an not have enough data to call for an evacuation. You saved lives and evacuation. People died. No money £100,000 worth of possessions. was saved.

b If you had a working network of 3 or more seismometers and either inSAR  Add up and record the value of your or a ground-based UV camera within instruments and savings.

Key Stage 4 - Volcano Eruption!

Briefing sheet [1] Detecting volcanic activity

Monitoring What it detects Other information Staffing technique Seismometer Seismic energy from  You need three or more to locate local earthquakes. Scientist to interpret data, 2.5 earthquakes,  Powered by a car battery trickle-charged with a solar days/week explosions, ocean panel. waves, and so on.  Can be buried.  Data transmitted by mobile phone, Wi-Fi, or telemetry. Telemetry involves the automatic recording of readings from an instrument and their transmission by radio signals.

Continuous global Measures the daily  Each instrument gives a single location, so 4-6 Scientist to interpret data, 2.5 positioning system averaged position of a instruments are needed to give adequate coverage. days/week (cGPS) GPS receiver.  Receivers must have a good view of a clear sky.  Powered by a car battery trickle-charged with a solar panel.  Precise to within a few millimetres.  Data transmitted by mobile-phone, Wi-Fi, or telemetry.

Satellite radar data Wide-scale changes in  Limit of detection on the ground is an area of about Scientist to interpret images, 1.0 (inSAR) the shape of the 30 m × 30 m. day/week ground.  Images produced every 11 days for the whole island.  There is just one working satellite that collects this data.

Ground-based UV Sulfur dioxide gas given  Images require UV light source (the sun), so produced Scientist to interpret data, 1.0 cameras out by the volcano. in daylight only. day/week  Instruments must be downwind of the volcano. www.oxfordsparks.net/volcano  Powered by a car battery trickle-charged with a solar panel.  Fairly large uncertainties in data, so need several instruments.

Satellite UV Sulfur dioxide gas  Images produced every day for whole island. Scientist to interpret images, 0.5 spectroscopy emitted by the volcano.  The current satellite (Ozone Monitoring Instrument, day/week OMI) can only detects gas that is 6 km or more above sea level.

www.oxfordsparks.net/volcano Key Stage 4 - Volcano Eruption!

www.oxfordsparks.net/volcano Briefing sheet [2] Instruments and staffing

One One cGPS One year One seismometer monitoring of inSAR ground £10,000 system data -based £10,000 £5,000 UV camera £5,000 One One cGPS One year One seismometer monitoring of inSAR ground £10,000 system data -based £10,000 £5,000 UV camera £5,000 One One cGPS One year One seismometer monitoring of inSAR ground £10,000 system data -based £10,000 £5,000 UV camera £5,000 One One cGPS One year One seismometer monitoring of inSAR ground £10,000 system data -based £10,000 £5,000 UV camera £5,000 One One cGPS One year One seismometer monitoring of inSAR ground £10,000 system data -based £10,000 £5,000 UV camera £5,000

Key Stage 4 - Volcano Eruption Map

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Key Stage 4 - Volcano Eruption Record sheet

Phase one

Staff role Cost (£) Helicopter trips

Number of hours Cost (£)

Phase two Helicopter trips Extra funds available: £______Number of hours Cost (£) Staff role Cost (£)

www.oxfordsparks.net/volcano Funds needed to reinstate Phase 4 monitoring system: £ ______Savings: £ ______Extra funds available: £10 000 Phase 3 Value of instruments: £_____

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