Mad King Ludwig Memorial History Tournament s3

Mad King Ludwig Memorial History Tournament Chicago Open 2006 History Doubles, July 28, 2006 Questions by Chris Frankel

Tossups, Round 7

1. Grenoble, Aix, and Rennes, were among the regions who did not acknowledge its passage until a year later, while Rouen took ten years to adopt it. It promised citizens abroad safety from the Inquisition in the 56 section addendum that forms its “secret” articles, while its main section was comprised of roughly 95 articles. The ability to hold government jobs and have public exercise of faith in limited areas were among the privileges offered in this document, which would be undermined decades later by the siege of La Rochelle and the Peace of Allais and finally revoked in the Edict of Fontainebleau. FTP, identify this decree issued by Henry of Navarre and offering tolerance to Huguenots. ANSWER: Edict of Nantes

2. Before this encounter occurred, merchants such as Umichand and Petruse served as intermediaries in the negotiations with William Watts leading to the alliance that would bring victory. The two opposing commanders had signed the Treaty of Alinagar months before this battle, but such factors as the increasing influence of Joseph Dupleix and the French on the losing ruler prompted Robert Orme to send a message from Fort St. George ordering the campaign of conquest that culminated in it. The fighting occurred near a mango grove outside Murshidabad, with the outcome determined by the defection of Mir Jafar, whose reward was his replacing the loser, Sirij Ud Daula as Nawab. FTP, identify this 1757 battle in which Robert Clive established British dominance over India. ANSWER: Battle of Plassey

3. Its policy decisions were overseen by a committee known as the Tuesday Meeting, although its main legislative body was the General Affairs Council. Its primary political movement, the Concordia Society, offered propaganda about “great unity” and the “kingly way.” The expansion of it was ended by the Tangku Truce, signed after the province of Jehol had been annexed by this state, whose origins were questioned by the Lytton Commission, leading to a rift with the League of Nations. Established by the efforts of the Kwantung Army, it installed a ceremonial leader who was christened Kang Teh and had its capital at Changchun. FTP, identify this state that featured Pu Yi as a puppet ruler, a Japanese-run regime in Manchuria. ANSWER: Manchukuo (prompt on an early buzz of “Manchuria”

4. A fee of two million riksdaler was imposed as a result of the agreement, which was revised two decades later in the Treaty of Abo. It was itself preceded by negotiations with Turkey in a treaty signed at Adrianople eight years earlier, as well as a treaty immediately before it that saw Saxony-Poland cede Stettin and Pomerania. Andrei Osterman, who initially negotiated with Georg von Gortz, was promoted for his role in this treaty, which saw his nation gain such territories as Ingria, Karelia, and Livonia at the expense of the Hessian-born Frederick I, who had inherited the throne from Charles XII. FTP, Peter the Great was the beneficiary of what 1721 treaty, which saw Russia gain many Swedish territories and ended the Great Northern War? ANSWER: Treaty of Nystad

5. This leader’s son was the victor at the Battle of Ghost Mountain, ending a civil war that had earlier caused this man to be brought to Port Dunford for an attempted restoration by Theophilus Shepstone. In that war, he fought the Mandlakazi, who were led by his rival, Zibhebhu. An earlier civil war saw him defeat and kill his brother at the Battle of the Tugela River, earning him the right to succeed his father, Umpanda. In the months preceding his capture, his forces killed the heir Napoleon- Eugene Bonaparte, and he himself rejected demands for disarmament made by Henry Bartle Frere, leading to the war that would end with his defeat at Ulundi, but not before his army routed Lord Chelmsford’s at Isandlwana. FTP, name this king who ruled the Zulu during their war with the British. ANSWER: Cetewayo or Cetshwayo 6. Misdes, Gillimas, and Gisco Strytanus were three of the five envoys sent on a desperate diplomatic mission to prevent this conflict, and it was ordered that at Lilybaeum, an offering of 300 hostages be prepared. Soon after, Censorinus led a mass confiscation of weapons from his enemy’s capital, and joined Manilius in besieging it when its residents walled up and refused to abandon it. The last stand of this war was made at the temple of Eshmoun, but by then the attacking Romans already had momentum from their successful siege of Byrsa. Originating as a response to prior resistance to the encroachment of Massinissa, it was spurred on by Cato the Elder’s repeated claims that “Karthago delenda est.” FTP, identify this war in which Scipio Aemilianus oversaw the final destruction of Carthage. ANSWER: Third Punic War

7. The first man to hold the Vinerian professorship, he counted James Clitherow as his foremost contemporary biographer. James Kent modeled his best-known book as a parallel to his work, while James Wilson was a staunch critic of this man, and challenged his assertion of the unquestioned sovereignty of the state in deciding the case that inspired the Eleventh Amendment, Chisholm v. Georgia. Discussions of private and public wrongs comprise the last two of the four books that comprise his magnum opus, to which A Fragment on Government was Jeremy Bentham’s response. A solicitor general to Queen Charlotte, the wife of George III, this was, FTP, which jurist who authored a set of Commentaries on the Laws of England? ANSWER: William Blackstone

8. Thirteen years after this agreement’s signing, the international commission it created was eliminated by the Montreux Convention. The confluence of the Arda and Martisa rivers was set as a boundary, with ownership of the village of Tchorek-Keuy to be determined by majority ethnic makeup under this treaty, whose 22nd article relinquished claims to Cyrenaica and Tripolitania that had been obtained earlier in a treaty of the same name that had ended a war with Italy in 1912. Great Britain acquired Cyprus, and though the Brussels line was established as a temporary border several months after this treaty, Britain would finish the task of setting a border with Iraq in the 1926 Treaty of Angora. Eleftherios Venizelos was the primary Greek negotiator of, FTP, which 1923 treaty that supplanted the Treaty of Sevres and allowed Ataturk’s government to establish an independent republic in Turkey? ANSWER: Treaty of Lausanne

9. The settlement of La Montagne was built for people who had defected from this group to become Christians, while an earlier attempt to convert them resulted in the death of St. Isaac Jogues[*]. The forging of a silver chain marked its entry into the Covenant Chain, an agreement which was later renegotiated by William Johnson and represented its first formal outside alliance. This group, which later signed the Treaty of Canandaigua, had a constitution called the Great Binding Law, which was authored by one of its founders, Dekanawidah. Increased from [**] five to six contingents after the Tuscaroras migrated up from North Carolina, this is, FTP, what union of upstate New York Indian tribes? ANSWER: Iroquois Confederacy or Iroquois Nation or Haudenosaunee (accept Mohawk Indians before the *, prompt on “Five Nations” or “Six Nations” before the **)

10. The Frazier-Lemke Act was passed to aid victims, and the Shelterbelt Project was introduced to minimize the effects of this crisis, whose name was coined by reporter Robert Geiger the day after Black Sunday. The Department of Commerce launched the Dalhart Control Project to examine its occurrence in Texas, and the FSA and SCS agencies were created to help relocate victims, many of whom faced “Bum Blockades” and border closings organized by the LAPD, and to teach them proper conservation techniques. Hundreds of thousands migrated to California during this crisis, which was characterized by the appearance of “black blizzards.” FTP, identify this agrarian disaster of the 1930’s that resulted in layers of dirt being blown all over the Midwest. ANSWER: Dust Bowl

11. The five provisions of the treaty that created this region also governed the acquisition of horse and oxen and set penalties for acts of murder by the king’s thegns. Bodies known as wapentakes typically oversaw local government in this area, which had a southwestern boundary extending from the point of intersection between the Ouse River and Watling Street and a northwestern boundary with Strathclyde. Its territory south of the Humber River was soon reconquered with the aid of the Mercians by Edward the Elder, the son of the man who had created it by signing the Treaty of Wedmore after defeating Guthrum at the Battle of Edington. FTP, identify this territory that Alfred the Great set aside as an area for autonomous Viking rule. ANSWER: Danelaw

12. The Forty Group was eventually absorbed into this movement, which was targeted in a raid called Operation Jock Scott. One of their most successful attacks was an arms raid on the Naivasha Police Station, prompting a new offensive against them, Operation Anvil, to be initiated by George Erskine. Henry Potter, the acting governor, was replaced by Evelyn Baring during the outbreak of this movement’s violence. Eric Bowyer, who was killed with pangas, became the first white victim attributed to this group, whose leadership included a man called General China, as well as Field Marshall Dedan Kimathi. Responsible for a massacre at Lari, this is, FTP, what militant group of 1950’s rebels opposing British colonialism in Kenya? ANSWER: Mau Mau

13. He immigrated to America under the name Count de Survilliers and spent his last years constructing the Point Breeze estate in Bordentown, New Jersey. Along with Ludwig Cobenzl, he was a main negotiator of the Treaty of Luneville, and had earlier been an ambassador to Parma and Rome and a representative in the Council of Five Hundred. He became a king for the first time after the ouster of Ferdinand IV, but was soon replaced by Joachim Murat. However, when he ceded the throne of Naples in an agreement at Bayonne, he gained another nation’s crown, which he held until he and Jean- Baptiste Jourdan were forced to retreat to France after losing the Battle of Vitoria during the Peninsular War. FTP, name this man who ruled as king of Spain from 1808-1813 and also happened to be Napoleon’s brother. ANSWER: Joseph Bonaparte or Joseph I

14. Two of this man’s collections of memoirs are Pointing the Way and Tides of Fortune. His simultaneous firing of seven cabinet members was dubbed the second Night of the Long Knives, while an earlier dispute over his support for government spending caused Peter Thorneycroft, his Chancellor of the Exchequer, to resign in protest. He negotiated a deal to purchase Polaris missiles from the U.S., the Nassau Agreement, causing France to veto his nation’s entry into the European Economic Community. Acknowledging the decolonization of South Africa in his famous “Wind of Change” speech, this man was succeeded by Alec Douglas-Home after the exposure of his subordinate’s affair with Christine Keeler. FTP, identify this British Prime Minister who resigned due to a scandal involving his Secretary of War, John Profumo. ANSWER: Harold MacMillan

15. Robert MacDonald’s death in Norfolk from wounds suffered in this incident inspired public rallies and placed him with the three other Americans who died immediately in it. John Strachen and Jerkin Ratford were two of the four men taken as prisoners in this encounter, which stemmed from George Cranfield Berkeley’s order to retrieve escapees from the Melampus and the Halifax. Salusbury Pryce Humphreys initiated this conflict several miles off Cape Henry, demanding to examine the vessel commanded by the man who would go on to kill Stephen Decatur, James Barron. Leading to the passage of the Embargo Act, this is, FTP, what incident in which the namesake British ship boarded and impressed several sailors from the other namesake American ship? ANSWER: Chesapeake - Leopard Affair (accept names in the other order, prompt if only one name is mentioned)

16. This battle was prefaced by violent a reprisal campaign that included massacres at the Garonne and the Dordogne Rivers and was designed to punish a revolt by Munuza. That campaign is described in the Futuh Misr, though the major source on the battle itself is a chronicle by a bishop of Beja named Isidore. A preoccupation with gaining booty weighted down the losing forces, whose continuous cavalry charges could not break the well-disciplined phalanx of their enemies’ standing infantry. The victor had been summoned by Eudes of Aquitaine, perhaps to protect to Basilica of St. Martin, and earned his nickname by crushing Abd-al-Rahman. FTP, a Muslim invasion of Europe was halted by what 732 victory of Charles Martel? ANSWER: Battle of Tours or Battle of Poitiers

17. A meeting with the king at Teplitz preceded the August conferences that led to their adoption. Article XIII of the Act of Confederation was also debated in the meetings that produced them, and one of their provisions established an “extraordinary” investigating committee at Mayence. The enforcement of one provision forbidding the assembly of the Burschenschaften prompted Wilhelm von Humboldt to resign from politics. Friedrich von Gentz was the secretary at the conference that drafted them, and another of their provisions prevented all documents under twenty pages in length from being printed without state approval. FTP, Karl Sand’s murder of August von Kotzebue prompted Klemens von Metternich’s passage of what set of repressive laws? ANSWER: Carlsbad Decrees

18. George Boutwell, Thomas Williams, and John Bingham were three of the seven men delegated to the managing committee for this event. Henry Stanbery resigned from office to provide counsel for it, and the man that followed Stanbery in both his roles as counselor and as Attorney General was William Evarts. Outlined in an 11 article document, it saw such men as William Fessenden of Maine and Lyman Trumbull of Connecticut break party ranks to oppose its goal. However, it was ultimately Edmund Ross who cast the deciding vote in this case, which resulted from an attempt to install Lorenzo Thomas in place of Edwin Stanton in violation of the Tenure of Office Act. FTP, identify this set of proceedings that sought to remove the 17th U.S. president from office. ANSWER: U.S. Senate impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson (accept any answer that includes the underlined terms, prompt on any answer that mentions only one of them)

19. At this location, the dead were interred in complexes at Monasteriako Kephali, Isopata, and Zafer Papoura, while the most prominent structure was built facing Mount Jouctas. This city and its surrounding region were seized by Metellus Creticus during Pompey’s campaign against pirates, and the early reports of William Stillman fueled American interest in its unearthing. Discoveries near the Dictaean Cave prompted a second attempt to purchase land in Kefala from its Turkish owners; an inability to do so earlier had thwarted the efforts of its original discoverer, Minos Kalokairinos. Instead, it was a curator of the Ashmolean Museum whose work near Herakleion unearthed the palace of its civilization’s namesake king. FTP, identify this ancient city excavated by Sir Arthur Evans, a landmark of the Minoans. ANSWER: Knossos

20. One peasant revolt in this nation placed a swineherd named Ivailo on its throne, and other noteworthy rulers of that period included George I, who started the Terter Dynasty, and Kaloyan, who inherited the throne from the brothers Peter IV and Ivan I, who founded its second empire and the Asen Dynasty. It was subjugated after the overthrow of Ivan Shishman, and later began to experience a national revival initiated by the monk Pasius. Its unsuccessful April Uprising was the culmination of efforts by Vasil Levski and Stefan Stambulov, and by 1908, Prince Ferdinand would proclaim its independence. Forced to cede some of its territory in the Treaty of Neuilly, this is, FTP, which Eastern European nation, whose last king was Simeon II and whose capital is located at Sofia? ANSWER: Bulgaria Mad King Ludwig Memorial History Tournament Chicago Open 2006 History Doubles, July 28, 2006 Questions by Chris Frankel

Bonuses, Round 7

1. Answer the following about the inspiration behind a crappy movie, FTPE. [10] 18 Americans died in the attempt by rangers and Delta Force to invade this city, where they encountered unexpectedly fierce fighting from street militias fighting for the Habr Gedir clan. ANSWER: Mogadishu [10] The American invasion of Mogadishu failed to capture this warlord, who waged a bloody civil war against the Abgaal clan of his rival, Ali Mahdi Mohammed. He died in 1996 after being shot in a street skirmish. ANSWER: Mohammed Farre Aidid [10] In 1969, this general became dictator of Somalia in a military coup that filled the vacuum left by the murder of Abdirashid Ali Shermarke. Mohammed Aidid helped depose him in 1991. ANSWER: Mohammed Siad Barre

2. Answer the following about the spread of Christianity in Slavic lands, FTPE. [10] Rastislav invited the tag team of Cyril and Methodius to spread the word to this Czech kingdom, which reached its peak under Svatopluk before being conquered by the Magyars. ANSWER: Moravia [10] A bishop named Jordan baptized this newly converted father of Boleslaw I, and first major ruler of the Piast Dynasty in Poland, who began encouraging the spread of Christianity through his nation. ANSWER: Mieszko I or Mieczyslaw I [10] An ally of Basil II, this since-canonized ruler of Kievan Rus converted to the Eastern Orthodox faith and made Russia a Christian kingdom. ANSWER: Vladimir I or Vladimir the Great

3. Name these Marxist historians, FTPE. [10] Perhaps the earliest example of Marxist historiography is this man’s discussion of Thomas Muentzer in The Peasant War in Germany. However, he is better known as the author of The Condition of the Working Class in England. ANSWER: Friedrich Engels [10] Another Marxist staple is this British historian’s The Making of the English Working Class. In addition to writing a biography of William Morris and ripping on Louis Althusser in The Poverty of Theory, he spent his last years as a critic of nuclear proliferation. ANSWER: Edward Palmer Thompson [10] If you’re not thrilled by this Trinidadian writer’s study of the cultural influence of cricket, Beyond a Boundary, you might instead try his Marxist history of the Haitian Revolution, The Black Jacobins. ANSWER: Cyril Lionel Robert James

4. Mahmud Shah was its last sultan. FTPE: [10] Mahmud Shah took refuge in Johor after the fall of this peninsular Muslim kingdom, which was founded by Parameswara and ultimately subjugated by the Portuguese in 1511. ANSWER: Malacca or Melaka [10] This admiral, who replaced Francisco de Almeida as the Portuguese governor of India, conquered the Sultanate of Malacca. He also lent his name to a southwestern American city. ANSWER: Afonso (or Alfonso) de Albuquerque [10] Albuquerque also took this tiny territory on India’s western coast, capturing it from the Bijapur sultan Yusuf Adil Shah. It would remain a Portuguese colony until 1962, and became an Indian state in 1987. ANSWER: Goa

5. Identify the following regarding the history of the Mormon movement, FTPE. [10] Joseph Smith grew up in a western New York region which was the site of so many Second Great Awakening movements that Charles Finney gave it this name for being a hotbed of religious activity. ANSWER: Burned-Over District [10] Ken Jennings’ calling Jerry Vinokurov an asshole on the HSQB forum is mildly reminiscent of this 1857 incident where John Doyle Lee and his Mormon followers teamed up with some Paiute Indians and slaughtered some 120 immigrants in a wagon train. ANSWER: Mountain Meadows Massacre [10] The Supreme Court ruled that religious practices were not exempt from the authority of federal law in this 1879 case involving the eponymous Mormon polygamist. ANSWER: Reynolds v. U.S.

6. He assisted in the negotiation of the Thirty Years’ Peace with Sparta. FTPE: [10] Identify this wealthy Athenian statesman and son of Hipponicus, whose visit to Susa resulted in an eponymous peace that ended the Persian Wars. ANSWER: Callias [10] Herodotus highly praised Callias in Book VI of his Histories, which also contains an account of this battle, a Greek victory under Miltiades that is also associated with the story of Phidippides. ANSWER: Battle of Marathon [10] This Persian king, who faced an Athenian-supported Egyptian revolt and allowed the Jews to settle in Jerusalem during his reign, accepted the Peace of Callias. ANSWER: Artaxerxes I

7. Answer some questions about a certain group, FTPE. [10] The rejection of transubstantiation and efforts to translate the Bible to provide access to scripture as an alternative to the words of the clergy characterized this heretical group, led by John Wycliff. ANSWER: Lollards [10] Though initially a friend of Henry V, this alleged basis for the character Falstaff fell out with the king over his support for the Lollards. Convicted of heresy in 1413, he escaped and helped plan numerous Lollard conspiracies, but was captured and executed in 1417. ANSWER: Sir John Oldcastle or Lord Cobham [10] Archbishop of Canterbury under Henry IV and Henry V, he was an outspoken opponent of the Lollards. ANSWER: Thomas Arundel

8. Laws of the Roman Republic, FTPE. [10] A group of ten men known as the Decemviri was commissioned around 450 B.C. to create this oldest code of law under the Roman Republic. ANSWER: The Twelve Tables [10] This 287 B.C. law gave plebians a voice in the government by asserting that bills passed by the Concilium Plebis would be enforced as law without requiring Senate approval. It was named for a plebian dictator named Quintus. ANSWER: Lex Hortensia or Horetensian Law [10] Tiberius Gracchus issued this law, which sought to enforce limits on land holdings placed on the wealthy and redistribute the confiscated land to poor citizens. ANSWER: Lex Sempronia Agraria or Sempronian Law

9. 8. Their notable leaders included Seth Warner and John Stark. FTPE: [10] Identify this military force that was founded to oppose the attempts of outside New Yorkers to lay claim to New Hampshire Grants. ANSWER: Green Mountain Boys [10] Benedict Arnold begrudgingly teamed up with the Green Mountain Boys in 1775, capturing this fort in upstate New York and seizing its significant cannon arsenal. ANSWER: Fort Ticonderoga [10] Stark commanded the Green Mountain Boys to victory over a force of Hessians and Canadian mercenaries that John Burgoyne had sent to invade New York in this August 1777 battle. ANSWER: Battle of Bennington 10. Answer the following about the military career of some guy named Eugene. FTPE. [10] In this 1708 battle, roughly a year before Malplaquet, Eugene crushed the Duke of Vendome outside a town in southern Belgium, driving the duke out of the war for an extended period. ANSWER: Battle of Oudenarde [10] Eugene commanded Austria’s forces against the Ottomans, and his victories at Petrovaradin and Belgrade led to the signing of this 1719 treaty, which also forced Venice to surrender numerous territories to the Turks. ANSWER: Treaty of Passarowitz [10] Eugene participated in the siege of Philippsburg during this war, his final military effort. Started when Stanislaus I and Augustus III vied for the claim to the throne after Augustus II died, it was resolved by the Treaty of Vienna. ANSWER: War of the Polish Succession

11. Answer the following about the colonial history of a Latin American nation, FTPE: [10] The earliest major attempt at independence originated in this nation’s Minas Gerais region, where Tiradentes led a failed revolt in Vila Rica, and was executed in 1792. ANSWER: Brazil [10] Pedro I finally declared Brazil’s independence from Portugal in 1822 with this statement that he issued at the eponymous river near Sao Paolo. ANSWER: Grito de Ipiranga or Cry of Ipiranga (accept “shout” or similar translations for “grito”) [10] Brazil first came under Portuguese control after this explorer, in the service of Manuel I, landed on its shores and called it “Vera Cruz.” ANSWER: Pedro Alvares Cabral

12. This dynasty’s founder, Wang Geon moved the capital to Gaesong and was given the title of Taejo after his death. FTPE: [10] Identify this Korean dynasty founded in 918. The influence of Buddhism during its reign is best represented by an enormous 13th Century woodblock edition of the Tripitaka that remains a national relic. ANSWER: Goryeo or Koryo [10] The Goryeo Dynasty engaged in a series of wars with these Mongol barbarians. Ruled by the Liao Dynasty, they were based out of Manchuria and launched three major invasions of Korea. ANSWER: Khitan [10] Seonggye drove the Goryeo out of power and started this dynasty, which had its capital at Seoul and remained in power from 1392-1910. Sejong and Taejong were two of its prominent rulers. ANSWER: Yi or Choson or Joseon

13. Martin Bucer and Johannes Oecolampadius were two of its attendees. FTPE: [10] Called by Philip of Hesse, this conference sought to establish a consensus on the Protestant doctrine, but was held up by failure to reach agreement over the nature of transubstantiation. ANSWER: Marburg Colloquy [10] Martin Luther and this Swiss reformist, who was later killed at Kappel, were the leaders of the opposing Protestant factions in the Marburg Colloquy. ANSWER: Ulrich Zwingli [10] Earlier, Zwingli had ordered the persecution of these radical religious reformers. Conrad Grabel and Felix Manz were the leaders of the Swiss branch of this movement, whose members followed a strict literal view of the Bible and believed that only believers, and not babies, should be initiated into the Church. ANSWER: Anabaptists

14. Answer some questions about a stupid fucking movement, FTPE. [10] Annie Wittenmyer was the first president of this lobby group, which was most famously led by Frances Willard. Gaining suffrage and opposing child labor were among the broader social reforms advocated by this prohibitionist organization. ANSWER: Women’s Christian Temperance Union [10] In 1893, Howard Hyde Russell founded this Ohio-based organization, which focused solely on prohibition and rose to prominence under Wayne Wheeler. ANSWER: Anti-Saloon League [10] The fascists in the WCTU and Anti-Saloon League achieved collective orgasm with the passage of this bill, named for a Minnesota representative and created to enforce prohibition under the 18th Amendment. ANSWER: Volstead Act

15. Name these cities affected by the actions of Benito Mussolini, FTPE. [10] The site of the only Italian death camp during World War II, it lent its name to a “Free Territory” made by the U.N. in 1947. Also claimed by Yugoslavia due to its proximity to Slovenia, this city was cited by Winston Churchill as the easternmost point of the Iron Curtain. ANSWER: Trieste [10] Nazi Germany occupied Trieste shortly after placing a previously deposed Mussolini in charge of the puppet state called the Italian Social Republic, which was based out of this small town in Lombardy. ANSWER: Salo [10] In his early years, Mussolini worked for the socialist newspaper Avanti! in this city before breaking to found the Fascist movement here in 1919. Ironically, the bodies of Mussolini and Clara Petacci would hang upside down here after their 1945 executions. ANSWER: Milan

16. Answer the following about riots and agitation during the Civil Rights Movement. FTPE: [10] Amelia Boynton Robinson helped organize a series of demonstrations for voting rights that involved planned marches from this city to Montgomery. The first of them was violently put down by policemen at the Edmund Pettus Bridge, inspiring Martin Luther King to lead the second. ANSWER: Selma [10 The arrest of Marquette Frye touched off six days of rioting in this Los Angeles neighborhood. ANSWER: Watts [10] Subsequent race riots in such cities in Newark, Detroit led Lyndon Johnson to create this commission to investigate the social causes behind them. Named for the Illinois governor who led it, this body delivered a 1968 report attributing rioting to social inequality and the poor conditions of black ghettos. ANSWER: Kerner Commission or National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders

17. They included Bramber, Dunwich, and East Looe. FTPE: [10] Give this name for these sparsely populated districts criticized for having undue representation in Parliament, at least until the Reform Act of 1832 fixed that. ANSWER: rotten boroughs [10] Located near Salisbury, this notorious rotten borough was once the site of a Norman castle and cathedral on a hilltop. By the time of the Reform Act, it was depopulated and sinking into the ground, it still sent two delegates to the House of Commons. ANSWER: Old Sarum [10] A successor to the Duke of Wellington, this Whig Prime Minister and namesake of a Newcastle monument presided over the passage of the Reform Act. The cutesy giveaway for him would probably mention tea. ANSWER: Charles, Earl Grey

18. Answer some stuff about a group of barbarians, FTPE. [10] The last stand of these barbarians ended with the death of the king Teias, who had tried to continue the rebellion against the Byzantines led by their prior king, Totila. Queen Amalasuntha was another noteworthy ruler of these people. ANSWER: Ostrogoths [10] Earlier on, the Ostrogoths held friendly relations with the Byzantines, whose emperor, Zeno, had Theodoric the Great murder this barbarian chieftain at a banquet. This man had deposed Romulus Augustulus, thus ending the Western Roman Empire. ANSWER: Odoacer [10] This tribe filled the void left by the Ostrogoths in Italy, with its leader Alboin leading a campaign of conquest against the Byzantines there. Their later kings of note included Liutprand and Aistulf. ANSWER: Lombards 19. FTPE, answer the following about some angry responses to the French Revolution. [10] The Chouans, who were centered primarily in Brittany and Normandy, joined the revolting Catholic peasants in this region’s eponymous 1793 rebellion against the Revolutionary government, which was put down brutally. ANSWER: Vendee [10] On this date, Robespierre met his match when a convention of delegates passed resolutions voting against him and calling for the arrest of him and his confidants, leading to his execution the next day. ANSWER: 9 Thermidor (prompt on “Thermidorian Reaction”) [10] Shortly after Robespierre’s execution, royalists led this colorfully-named campaign of violence against the Jacobins. A similar 1815 attempt by supporters of Louis XVIII to purge Bonapartists also bears this name. ANSWER: White Terror

20. This scandal stemmed from Operation Susannah. FTPE: [10] The Israeli defense minister for whom this controversy was named sent a group of Egyptian Jews to bomb American and British targets in Egypt and turn the nations against Gamel Abdel Nasser. ANSWER: Lavon Affair or Esek Habish [10] After Pinhas Lavon was forced, Prime Minister Moshe Sharrett asked this first Israeli prime minister to become defense minister again. This man would regain his role as prime minister shortly after. ANSWER: David Ben-Gurion or David Grun [10] The Lavon Affair contributed to Ben-Gurion’s split with this party and formation of the breakaway Rafi Party. Founded in 1930, this left-leaning workers’ party became the dominant party in Israel under Ben-Gurion, and would later be incorporated into the Labor Party in 1968. ANSWER: Mapai