Hesc 310- Pre-Clinical Anatomy and Physiology

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I LAB WORKSHEET 1 SKULL & VERTEBRAL COLUMN

Supplies: Articulated model skull and vertebral column. Brief Atlas. Textbook.

1. Without opening the model skull, identify all  Fourteen facial bones (know names+places) visible cranial bones. Which cranial bones are  Sagittal, coronal, lambdoid, and squamous NOT visible without opening the skull? sutures  Occipital condyles 2. With the model skull still closed, identify all  Foramen magnum visible facial bones. Which facial bones are  Carotid canal, jugular foramen NOT visible without opening the skull?  Atlanto-occipital joint  Sella turcica & hypophyseal fossa 3. Open the skull. Identify all cranial and/or  Styloid process facial bones visible from the inside. Are there any cranial or facial bones which are hard to see  Ramus of the mandible from inside or from outside? If so, name them  Mandibular condyle & coronoid process and describe their location.  Mandibular angle  Temporomandibular joint 4a. How many paired and unpaired cranial bones  Regions of temporal bone: squamous, petrous, did you find? tympanic, mastoid  Mastoid process, styloid process 4b. How many paired and unpaired facial bones  External & internal acoustic meatus (internal did you find? may not be very visible on model skeleton)  Zygomatic arch 5. Put your finger in the nasal cavity. Which  Anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae bones can you palpate with your finger in the  Alveolar margins nasal cavity?  Superior and inferior margins of the orbit  Optic canal 6. Identify the location of the paranasal sinuses.  Superior and inferior orbital fissures What are their names and locations? (Hint: they are named for the bones in which they reside.) 8. What goes through the: foramen magnum? Can you put your finger in any of them? Jugular foramen? Carotid canal? (Marieb & Hoehn textbook has answers. In 10th edition, see 7. Identify the following landmarks: pp. 202, 208; Figs 7.6, 7.7; Table 13.2 pp. 501, 502; pp. 732, 744.)  Eight cranial bones (know names & places)

next page Vertebral Column

1. How many cervical, thoracic, and lumbar  Anterior and posterior sacral foramina vertebrae do you count on the model? Are the  Sacroiliac joint numbers what you expect?  Compare spinous process of T12-L4 to the spinous processes of C7-T4. How are they 2. In a conventional laminectomy, both laminae different? and the spinous process are removed. Identify these structures in a cervical and in a lumbar 5. The list above includes transverse foramen, vertebra. vertebral foramen, intervertebral foramen, anterior and posterior sacral foramen. In general, 3. Examine the (fused) sacrum. How many what is a foramen? What goes through the sacral vertebrae do you think fused to make it? transverse formanina? The verterbral foramina? How did you decide the number? Is the number The intervertebral foramina? The anterior & what you expected? posterior sacral foramina?

4. Identify the following bones and landmarks. 6. What condition is visible in the radiograph? (Some landmarks may be hard to identify because the vertebral columns cannot be disassembled.)  Transverse processes of the vertebrae  Transverse foramen (which vertebrae have transverse foramina?)  Vertebral arch  Vertebral pedicle  Vertebral body  Vertebral foramen  Intervertebral foramen (sometimes called neural foramen)  Intervertebral disc  Superior and inferior articular facets  Facet joints (= zygapophyseal joints = Z joints), go from C2 to S1  Atlas  Axis  Odontoid process (dens)  Spinous process of C7  T1  T12  L1  L5  Superior and inferior costal facets  Transverse costal facets (which vertebrae have them?)  Alae of sacrum 7. What region of the spine is shown in the radiograph below? Why do you think so? What surgical procedure has been done in this patient?