Details of Pollen Profiles That Show Evidence for Disturbance Possibly Attributable To

Site Reference No. of 14C Date range of Evidence Date of earliest evidence Notes dates core (cal. B.P.) Altar Lough, Fossitt 5 0–15,000 Fraxinus and Taxus from ca. 8,000 B.P. with decline in ca. 6,300 B.P. (post AP decline evident at ca. 8,000 Co. Donegal (1994) Corylus. Second strong woodland decline at 6,300 B.P. 6,485±110 B.P.; 5225– B.P. as for other sites in Fossitt (mostly Corylus). Urtica present from 6,100 B.P.; Plantago 5627 cal. B.C.) (1994) lanceolata from 5,800 B.P Ballynagilly, Pilcher and 17 0–10,500 Melampyrum dominant in early part of diagram; present from ca. 5,900 B.P. (ca. 4600– Co. Tyrone Smith 7,000 B.P., abundant from 5,920±60 B.P. – UB-255. 4900 cal. B.C.) (1979) Reduction in tree pollen (mostly Betula) at ca. 5,800 B.P. Clowanstown, Gearey et 11 2,500–12,000 Plantago rises with Alnus; very unusual tree pollen curve pre- Gearey suggests Alnus not Co. Meath al. (2010) Corylus rise. Includes all major arboreal taxa including Alnus established until 4350 cal. and Fraxinus B.C. with P. lanceolata Derragh Lough, Selby et al. 9 1,000–10,500 Declines in several tree and shrub taxa (Ulmus, Corylus, ca. 5637 cal. B.C. and Seven of the nine dates post-date Co. Longford (2005) Pinus). P. lanceolata present in immediate aftermath. following A.D. 567 with the remaining two Nymphaea pollen at 5–10% TLP of Mesolithic age Lough Catherine, Hirons and 4 0–7,300 Fraxinus and Ilex both early (Fraxinus present throughout). Limit of Ilex 4257–3775 Co. Tyrone Edwards Ilex limit prior to 5,190±95 B.P. – UB2389. Fraxinus present cal. B.C. – late Mesolithic (1986) significantly earlier (to sometime post 6140±130 B.P. but to early Neolithic, but pre- absent immediately pre-Elm Decline dated by both Fraxinus and Plantago presence Lough Maumeen, Huang 7 0–11,000 Forest fire and minerogenic erosion phase from 7700–7350 ca. 5000 B.C. (prior to Earliest events reinterpreted by Connemara, (2002) cal. B.C. with 'initial clearance phase' at 3800–3500 cal. B.C. 4542– 4219 cal. B.C.) Ghilardi and O'Connell (2013) as Co. Galway (early Neolithic). Constant Fraxinus curve from 4300–4050 related to the 8.2ka climatic event cal. B.C. with Filipendula and alder rise. Declines in Pinus (e.g. Alley et al. 1997). and Corylus Lough Mullaghlahan, Fossitt 6 0–15,000 Fraxinus increases with other trees declining. Increased ca. 6,000 B.P. (ca. 4800– AP decline evident at ca. 8,000 Co. Donegal (1994) Calluna, Hedera, Taxus and Ilex from ca. 6,000 B.P.; Urtica 5000 cal. B.C.) B.P. as for other sites in Fossitt and Plantago from 5,500 B.P. (1994) Lough Nabraddan, Fossitt 5 0–15,200 Decline in Corylus with increase in Fraxinus and Alnus from After 8750–4582 cal. B.C. Suggestions of disturbance Co. Donegal (1994) 7,000 B.P. Initial Plantago presence also at this depth with (note large 2-σ error range, evident at ca. 8,000 B.P. as for significant rise in charcoal from here (present from 8,000 but pre-Alnus) other sites in Fossitt (1994) B.P.) Mount Gabriel, Mighall et 6 0–15,000 Initial disturbance ca. 8,365 B.P. with some arboreal taxa ca. 8,365 B.P. (7600–7200 Co. Cork al. (2008) declining (e.g. Quercus; Pinus; Ulmus) and increase in cal. B.C.); ca. 7,715 B.P. Gelasinospora indicating dry conditions. Peak in (ca. 6650–6450 cal. B.C.; microcharcoal; some Melampyrum and herbaceous taxa (e.g. 7,030±70 B.P. (6021–5750 Trifolium). Second disturbance at ca. 7,715 B.P. with major cal. B.C.); 6,098±51 B.P. Corylus decline, Melampyrum present; Poaceae and (5209–4864 cal. B.C.) Pteridium increase. Further indications at 7,030±70 B.P. with Vicia and Filipendula peaks to >5% TLP. Consistent Plantago curve from 6,098±51 B.P. (5209–4864 cal. B.C.) Site Reference No. of 14C Date range of Evidence Date of earliest evidence Notes dates core (cal. B.P.) Molly's Lough, Lamb and 4 0–14,000 Abrupt reduction in arboreal taxa, particularly Ulmus, ca. 5,800 B.P. (ca. 4800 Co. Clare Thompson Quercus and Corylus. Corresponding increase in herbaceous cal. B.C.) (2005) taxa (e.g. Plantago; Brassicaceae). Precedes limit for Fraxinus, Taxus and Ilex An Loch Mór, Molloy 33 0–11,600 Significant presence of P. lanceolata (ca. 5% TLP) pre-Elm P. lanceolata from ca. 4500 Early and abundant presence of P. Inis Oírr, and Decline. Ilex present from ca. 4100 cal. B.C.; Fraxinus and cal. B.C.; Ilex increasing lanceolata Interpreted by authors Aran Islands O'Connell Taxus present throughout pre-Elm Decline Zone B3 (4500– from ca. 4100 cal. B.C. as most likely the result of (2004) 3650 cal. B.C.) ‘unfavourable edaphic conditions' (p. 51) although human action cannot be entirely ruled out. Newferry, Smith 7 5,300–9,000 Decline in some arboreal taxa (e.g. Quercus; Corylus) with The 14C dates obtained for Seven dates relating to Co. Antrim (1984) presence of Fraxinus, Taxus and Populus with herbaceous this zone are as follows: Woodman's (1977) stratigraphic taxa present in Woodman's Zone 7 of Monolith IV (ca. 5950– 6,975±120 B.P. (UB-885); Zone 7 6050 B.C.) 7,190±110 B.P. (UB-517); 6,995±60 B.P. (UB-516); 6,980±115 B.P. (UB-887); 6,915±60 B.P. (UB-886); 7,485±115 B.P. (UB-497) and 8,895±125 B.P. (UB- 636). Total range therefore 8294–7615 cal. B.C. to 5975–5674 cal. B.C. Newland's Cross, Preece et 3 5,000–11,200 Pollen of relatively little interest, but clearance suggested by After 8750–4582 cal. B.C. Co. Dublin al. (1986) mollusca and charcoal. Reduction in Discus rotundatus (note large 2-σ error range, (shade tolerant) and increase in Succinea oblonga (non-shade but pre-Alnus) tolerant) suggest opening of canopy Slieve Gallion, Pilcher 12 0–11,000 Reduction in some arboreal taxa from ca. 5,870±65 B.P. UB- 4854–4550 cal. B.C. Co. Tyrone (1973) 276 (esp. Corylus). Expansion of Melampyrum to >5% TLP. Sluggan Bog, Smith and 23 0–14,500 Plantago and Fraxinus arrive; Alnus increases significantly, 5839–5515 cal. B.C. Co. Antrim Goddard Pinus and Corylus decline at 6,760±90 B.P. – UB-221A. (1991) Some signs of burning (e.g. burned pine stumps). Little response in other herbs Weir's Lough, Hirons and 5 0–7,600 Some Fraxinus pre-Elm Decline with 3 x cereal type. Sometime prior to 4273– Co. Tyrone Edwards Increased Pteridium. Fraxinus and Ilex both pre 5,295±85 3967 cal. B.C. Late (1986) B.P. – UB-2488. Rumex, Plantago, Brassicaceae. 3 x cereal Mesolithic to earliest grains earlier than this (ca. 5,740 B.P.) Neolithic

Details of pollen profiles that show evidence for disturbance possibly attributable to Mesolithic activity used in construction of Fig. 4; dates expressed in cal. B.C, cal. B.P, and (uncal.) B.P.