Saw Palmetto for Hair Loss and BPH

Saw Palmetto (Serenoa Repens), Stinging Nettle(Urtica dioica), Pygeum (Prunus africana) for Hair Loss and BPH

In this review of 18 controlled clinical studies, the authors concluded that saw palmetto was more effective than placebo and just as effective as the standard drug finasteride (Propecia and Proscar®) in relieving the symptoms of moderate BPH [Wilt et al., 1998]. The native American plant is also associated with fewer side effects and costs significantly less than conventional drug therapies. Currently, saw palmetto is the physician's first choice for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia in Germany and Austria. Doctors understand the Mechanisms of actions of Saw Palmetto for treating hair loss and benign prostatic hyperplasia are the very much the same. In both the Prostate and the hair follicle the following happens.

1. Inhibition 5-alpha-reductase, thereby a. inhibiting conversion of testosterone to DHT; b. this in turn reduces the level of DHT in the bloodstream.

2. Inhibition of aromatase, which stimulates the conversion of testosterone to estradiol; a. this lowers the levels of DHT in the prostate.

3. Decrease in the activity of estrogen receptors in the prostate.

4. Inhibition of phospholipase A2, a. which inhibits free arachadonic acid, b. which reduces inflammation.

5. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase enzymes, a. which inhibits arachadonic acid, b. which reduces inflammation.

6. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase pathways, a. which inhibits arachadonic acid, b. which reduces inflammation.

7. Spasmolytic activity, a. which increases prostate muscle tone and reduces atonic tissue.

8. Inhibition of fibroblastic growth factor (FGF) and epithelium growth factor (EFG), a. which would reduce prostate growth and inflammation.

9. Inhibition of the prostate’s uptake of the hormone prolactin, a. which may inhibit prolactin-induced prostate growth.

Beyond the facts noted above, studies show that the extract of Saw Palmetto appears to lack any direct estrogenic activity, effect on the pituitary or progestational effects. Benign enlargement of the prostate is thought to be caused by chain of interactions involving the conversion of testosterone into another form within the prostate gland. Scientists think the key compounds present in saw palmetto may help circumvent this process.(1, 2, 3)

Scientists also believe prostate enlargement may in part be related to the presence of estrogen in the prostate. It is believed that saw palmetto can help the male body dispose of this excess estrogen.(4)

Saw Palmetto Extract Saw palmetto has been extensively studied over the past several years for the treatment of enlarged prostate in men ( BPH ). Saw Palmetto extract which is a known anti-androgen is the liposerolic extract of the fruit of Saw Palmetto.

Saw Palmetto has shown to effectively block the formation of DHT and is also believed to block the androgen receptors which are found on the hair follicles. It also blocks Type 1 and Type 2 forms of 5 alpha- reductase and has shown to be more potent than Finasteride, the active ingredient of Propecia.

Saw Palmetto

Study: Human prostatic steroid 5 alpha-reductase isoforms--a comparative study of selective inhibitors.

This study suggests that Fenistride (active ingredient of Propecia) only inhibited the Type 2 form of 5 alpha reductase where Saw Palmetto extract inhibited both type 1 and 2 forms of 5 alpha-reductase and was more potent than Fenistride.

AUTHOR Iehlé C; Délos S; Guirou O; Tate R; Raynaud JP; Martin PM

JOURNAL J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 54: 5-6, 1995 Sep, 273-9

ABSTRACT The present study describes the independent expression of the type 1 and 2 isoforms of human 5 alpha- reductase in the baculovirus-directed insect cell expression system and the selectivity of their inhibition. The catalytic properties and kinetic parameters of the recombinant isozymes were consistent with published data. The type 1 isoform displayed a neutral (range 6-8) pH optimum and the type 2 isoform an acidic (5-6) pH optimum. The type 2 isoform had higher affinity for testosterone than did the type 1 isoform (Km = 0.5 and 2.9 microM, respectively). Finasteride and turosteride were selective inhibitors of the type 2 isoform (Ki (type 2) = 7.3 and 21.7 nM compared to Ki (type 1) = 108 and 330 nM, respectively). 4-MA and the lipido- sterol extract of Serenoa repens (LSESr) markedly inhibited both isozymes (Ki (type 1) = 8.4 nM and 7.2 micrograms/ml, respectively; Ki (type 2) = 7.4 nM and 4.9 micrograms/ml, respectively). The three azasteroids were competitive inhibitors vs substrate, whereas LSESr displayed non-competitive inhibition of the type 1 isozyme and uncompetitive inhibition of the type 2 isozyme. These observations suggest that the lipid component of LSESr might be responsible for its inhibitory effect by modulating the membrane environment of 5 alpha-reductase. Partially purified recombinant 5 alpha-reductase type 1 activity was preserved by the presence of lipids indicating that lipids can exert either stimulatory or inhibitory effects on human 5 alpha-reductase.

Study: Testosterone metabolism in primary cultures of human prostate epithelial cells and fibroblasts.

This Study shows that Fenistride and 4-MA inhibited the formation of some testostrone Metabolites (including DHT), where as Saw Palmetto inhibited the formation of all the Testostrone metabolites studied. AUTHOR Délos S; Carsol JL; Ghazarossian E; Raynaud JP; Martin PM

JOURNAL J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 55: 3-4, 1995 Dec, 375-83

ABSTRACT We compare testosterone (T) metabolism in primary cultures of epithelial cells and fibroblasts separated from benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH) and prostate cancer tissues. In all cultures, androstenedione (delta 4) formed by oxidation of T by 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD) represented 80% of the metabolites recovered. The amounts of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), formed by reduction of T by 5 alpha-reductase (5 alpha-R), were small: 5 and 2% (BPH) and 8 and 15% (adenocarcinoma) for epithelial cells and fibroblasts, respectively. Northern blot analysis of total RNA from epithelial cells (BPH or adenocarcinoma) attributed the reductive activity to the 5 alpha-reductase type 1 isozyme and oxidative activity to the 17 beta-HSD type 2. In cancer fibroblasts, only little 17 beta-HSD type 2 mRNA was detected. The 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors, 4-MA (17 beta-(N,N-diethyl)carbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5 alpha- androstan-3-one) and finasteride, inhibited DHT formation with a preferential action of 4-MA on epithelial cells (BPH or adenocarcinoma) and of finasteride on fibroblasts from adenocarcinoma. Neither inhibitor acted on delta 4 formation. On the other hand, the lipido-sterol extract of Serenoa repens (LSESr, Permixon, Saw Palmetto) inhibited the formation of all the T metabolites studied [IC50 S = 40 and 200 micrograms/ml (BPH) and 90 and 70 micrograms/ml (adenocarcinoma) in epithelial cells and fibroblasts, respectively]. These results have important therapeutic implications when selecting appropriate treatment options for BPH.

Study: The effect of Permixon on androgen receptors.

This study shows that Saw Palmetto extract was able to effectively reduce Binding of Testostrone and DHT to their receptors on various tissues.

AUTHOR el-Sheikh MM; Dakkak MR; Saddique A

JOURNAL Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 67: 5, 1988, 397-9

ABSTRACT Permixon, the liposterolic extract of the plant Serenoa Repens is a recently introduced drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The effect of Permixon on dihydrotestosterone and testosterone binding by eleven different tissue specimens was tested. The drug reduced the mean uptake of both hormones by 40.9% and 41.9% respectively in all tissue specimens. Since hirsutism and virilism are among other gynecological problems caused either by excessive androgen stimulation or excess endorgan response, we suggest that Permixon could be a useful treatment in such conditions and recommend further investigations of the possible therapeutic values of the drug in gynecological practice.

A proprietary blend of saw palmetto extract (Serenoa repens [Bartram] Small, Arecaceae), nettle root extract (Urtica dioica L., Urticaceae), and pumpkin seed oil (Cucurbita pepo L., Cucurbitaceae) against placebo in 44 men aged 45 to 80. (All three of these herbs are approved by the German Commission E for treatment of BPH symptoms.) The test formula, which also contained lemon bioflavonoid extract and vitamin A, was manufactured by the Nutrilite division of Amway. Prostate Enlargement (Benign): Saw Palmetto, Pygeum africanum, Stinging Nettle Root

Serenoa serrulata

Palmae

Names: Sabal.

Habitat: Eastern N. America.

Collection: The berries of this impressive palm are gathered from September through until January.

Part Used: Berries.

Constituents: * Essential oil

* Fixed oil, consisting of 25% fatty acids; caproic, lauric,palmitic & 75% neutral fats

* Sterols

* Polysaccharides; galactose, arabinose and uronic acid.

Actions: Diuretic, urinary antiseptic, endocrine agent.

Indications: Saw Palmetto is a herb that acts to tone and strengthen the male reproductive system. It may be used with safety where a boost to the male sex hormones is required. It is specific in cases of enlarged prostate glands. It will be of value in infections of the genito-urinary tract.

Ellingwood gives the following specific symptomatology: "The directinfluence of this agent is exerted upon the entire reproductive apparatus,especially upon the prostate gland of the male. It is demanded in enlargedprostate, with throbbing, aching, dull pain, discharge of prostatic fluid, attimes discharge of mucus, also of a yellowish, watery fluid, with weakenedsexual power, orchalgia, epididymitis and orchitis, when associated withenlarged prostate. In women, ovarian enlargement, with tenderness and dullaching pains, weakened sexual activity, and small undeveloped mammary glands,are much benefited by its continued use. It is a sedative to all irritableconditions of these organs and is a profound nutritive tonic, operating muchlike phosphorus. It increases the size and secreting power of the mammaryglands where they are abnormally small and inactive. It improves the tone and overcomes irritability of the ovaries, relieving dysmenorrhoea when due to a tonicity. It may be given with confidence in wasting of the testes in the early stages and the development of varicocele retarded with the growth and nutrition of the testes developed materially by its use. To this agent is ascribed considerable power in reducing the size of hypertrophied prostate in older men and in quickly relieving cystic and other disorders incident to this condition. It relieves irritation of the bladder to a satisfactory extent, correcting the irritable character of the urine, increases the muscular power of the patient to expel the urine and produces a sense of relief, that is inevery way gratifying and satisfactory. In the treatment of impotence in young men who have been excessive in their habits, or have masturbated, it can be relied upon with positiveness. It will overcome the excitability from exhaustion and increase sexual power in those newly married who, having been anxious concerning their sexual strength or ability, have become suddenly almost entirely impotent after marriage. If the patient is instructed to abstain, from 4 to 6 weeks and to have confidence in his ultimate recovery, this agent in doses of from 20 to 30 drops 3 or 4 times daily, combined with a direct nerve tonic, such as Avena sativa in doses of 15 drops or the one one-hundredth of a grain of phosphorus, will establish a cure. It will relieve any undue irritation, due to excess and exhaustion, that may be present in anypart of the genito-urinary apparatus. An exceedingly important use for this remedy that I have not been able to find in the books, is its use for sterility. In simple cases where there is no organic lesion on the part of the patient, this agent has an excellent reputation for restoring the ovarian action properly and assisting in putting the patient into an excellent condition. One conscientious reliable lady physician assures me that in five definite cases, pregnancy has followed the use of this remedy where sterility was pronounced previously, and thought to be incurable. In its influence upon the nasal and bronchial mucous membranes this agent has been given with excellent advantage in the treatment of acute catarrh, chronic bronchial coughs of all characters, including whooping cough, laryngitis and the cough of phthisis. It is credited also with cures in the treatment of a phonia."

Combinations: For debility associated with the reproductive system it will combine well with Damiana and Kola. For the treatment of enlarged prostate glands it may be used with Horsetail and Hydrangea.

Preparations & Dosage: Decoction: put l/2-l teaspoonful of the berries in a cup of water, bring to the boil and simmer gently for 5 minutes. This should be drunk three times a day.

Tincture: take l-2 ml of the tincture three times a day.

Citations from the Medline database for the genus Serenoa(Sabal)

Saw PalmettoBoccafoschi and Annoscia S: Comparison of Serenoa repens extract with placebo by controlled clinical trialin patients with prostatic adenomatosis. Urologia 50:1257-68, 1983 Breu W Hagenlocher M Redl K Tittel G Stadler F Wagner H [Anti-inflammatory activity of sabal fruit extracts prepared withsupercritical carbon dioxide. In vitro antagonists of cyclooxygenase and5-lipoxygenase metabolism]

Arzneimittelforschung (1992 Apr) 42(4):547-51Champault G, Bonnard AM, Cauquil J and Patel JC: Medical treatment of prostatic adenoma. Con trolled trial: PA 109 vs placebo in110 patients. Ann Urol 18:407-10, 1984 Champault G, Patel JC and Bonnard AM: A double-blind trial of an extract of the plant Serenoa repens in benignprostatic hyperplasia.

Br J Clin Pharmacol 18:461-2, 1984 Cirillo-Marucco E, Pagliarulo A, Tritto G, et al: Extract of Serenoa repens (PermixonR) in the early treatment of prostatichypertrophy. Urologia 5:1269-77, 1983 Crimi A and Russo A: Extract of Serenoa repens for the treatment of the functional disturbances ofprostate hypertrophy. Med Praxis 4:47-51, 1983 Duvia R, Radice GP and Galdini R: Advances in the phytotherapy of prostatic hypertrophy. Med Praxis 4:143-8, 1983 Emili E, Lo Cigno M and Petrone U: Clinical trial of a new drug for treating hypertrophy of the prostate(Permixon). Urologia 50:1042-8, 1983 Hiermann A [The contents of sabal fruits and testing of their anti-inflammatoryeffect]

Arch Pharm (Weinheim) (1989 Feb) 322(2):111-4Sultan C, Terraza A, Devillier C, et al: Inhibition of androgen metabolism and binding by a liposterolic extract of"Serenoa repens B" in human foreskin fibroblasts. J Steroid Biochem 20:515-9, 1984 Tarayre JP, Delhon A, Lauressergues H, et al: Anti-edematous action of ahexane extract of the stone fruit of Serenoa repens Bartr. Ann Pharm Franc41:559-70, 1983 Tasca A, Barulli M, Cavazzana A, et al: Treatment of obstructivesymptomatology caused by prostatic adenoma with an extract of Serenoa repens.Double-blind clinical study vs. placebo. Minerva Urol Nefrol 37:87-91, 1985 Timmermans LM Timmermans LG Jr [Determination of the activity of extracts of Echinaceae and Sabal in thetreatment of idiopathic megabladder in women] Acta Urol Belg (1990) 58(2):43-59 Tripodi V, Giancaspro M, Pascarella M, et al: Treatment of prostatichypertrophy with Serenoa repens extract. Med Praxis 4:41-6, 1983 Wagner H Flachsbarth H [A new antiphlogistic principle from Sabal serrulata, I (author'stransl)]

Planta Med (1981 Mar) 41(3):244-51

Saw Palmetto May Relieve Prostate Problems

Source: Tufts University February 8, 2002

Prostate problems top the list of many older men's health concerns. One herbal remedy, saw palmetto, seems to promise relief from some of the urinary problems that come with an enlarged prostate, but exactly how it works is unclear. A study in a recent issue of Urology adds to what scientists know about what effect -- if any -- saw palmetto has on men's urinary tract health.

Testing an herbal remedy

University of Chicago researchers recruited 85 middle-aged and older men with lower urinary tract symptoms (urinary frequency, difficulty in urinating or in fully emptying the bladder). Half the group received 320 mg saw palmetto daily for 6 months; the other group received placebo (inactive sugar pills). Urinary tract symptoms, sexual function, and urinary flow were measured in all participants at the start of the study and at 2-month intervals.

The men who received saw palmetto saw significant improvements in lower urinary tract symptoms when compared with the placebo group. Urine flow rate improved slightly in both groups, suggesting a "placebo effect," and there was no difference between the groups in measurements of sexual function.

How does it work?

While it does seem to be of some benefit to men with enlarged prostates, just why it is helpful is by no means clear. An enlarged prostate can cause urination problems by pushing up against the urethra, the duct leading from the bladder, partially obstructing urine flow. Some studies suggest that saw palmetto helps to ease urine flow by reducing the prostate's pressure against the urethra. Other studies have been less conclusive, so there are still some major information gaps in what we know about how it affects the prostate. Regardless, saw palmetto is a widely used herbal remedy, both by itself and in combination with standard medications.

Read the fine print

A scientist who reviewed this study cautions that it's important to distinguish between what the herb might be able to do -- improve moderate lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (non-cancerous enlarged prostate) -- and what it can't do. Saw palmetto will not affect prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels. It will not cure or arrest the progression of prostate cancer or eliminate the need for surgery.

Given those limitations, saw palmetto seems to be safe to use at standard doses, but it -- and all over-the-counter herbs -- should be considered a medication. As such, men who want to give it a try should inform their physicians, so it can be noted in their medical records along with other current medications.

Source

 Randomized, double-blind trial of saw palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. GS. Gerber, D. Kuznetsov, BC. Johnson, et al., Urology, 2001, vol. 58, pp. 960--965

Research Reviews More Research Support for Those Who Use and Recommend Herbs for Prostate Health The latest research on saw palmetto further supports its use as the option of first choice for men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, or prostate enlargement). The study was the first American study to evaluate an herbal formula for the treatment of BPH, and provided some intriguing clues about the mechanism of its action (Marks, et al., 2000). Europeans already favor the natural approach for treating this common condition in mature men. In Italy, herbal remedies are used five times as often as synthetic drugs, and in Germany, more than 90 percent of men and their physicians choose natural remedies over synthetics for treating BPH.

The recent American study was a small, controlled, six-month clinical trial that tested a proprietary blend of saw palmetto extract (Serenoa repens [Bartram] Small, Arecaceae), nettle root extract (Urtica dioica L., Urticaceae), and pumpkin seed oil (Cucurbita pepo L., Cucurbitaceae) against placebo in 44 men aged 45 to 80. (All three of these herbs are approved by the German Commission E for treatment of BPH symptoms.) The test formula, which also contained lemon bioflavonoid extract and vitamin A, was manufactured by the Nutrilite division of Amway.

According to the results, those taking the herbal remedy experienced improvements in clinical symptoms of prostate enlargement, but the improvements were not statistically significant, possibly because of the small number of subjects. However, the results demonstrated something else that has never before been documented for saw palmetto combinations. In the group taking the saw palmetto formula, the researchers observed changes at the cellular level that may cast some light on the way saw palmetto works. The epithelium (lining) of the prostate contracted, and showed a larger number of atrophied (non-growing) cells than seen in the placebo group. While the total prostate volume (size) did not change, the epithelial contraction and the increase in atrophied cells both suggest that the saw palmetto combination slowed the growth of prostate tissue.

Blood tests and tissue analysis confirmed that the herbal remedy did not affect levels of hormones or of PSA (prostate specific antigen), a marker used to test for prostate cancer. The absence of effects on PSA or dihydrotestosterone levels - which have been noted in other studies as well - show that saw palmetto does not work by the same mechanism as the synthetic pharmaceutical drugs such as finasteride. The effect is not hormonal, which accounts for the absence of the negative side effects that are common with synthetic drugs, including loss of libido and sexual function. Synthetic prostate drugs have strong effects on hormone levels because they inhibit an enzyme (5-alpha-reductase) that regulates male sex hormones.

The authors concluded, "Saw palmetto herbal blend for symptomatic BPH resulted in the contraction of prostatic epithelial tissues, apparently via a nonhormonal mechanism. Serum PSA was unchanged. The effect on symptom score and urinary flow was mild but statistically significant in large studies. Thus, saw palmetto herbal blend appears to be a reasonable alternative for men with early, uncomplicated prostatism. No major side effects were observed." In addition, they noted, "…the saw palmetto option deserves consideration as first line intervention in men with symptomatic and uncomplicated BPH." - Rob McCaleb, HRF

[Marks LS, Partin AW, Epstein JI, Tyler VE, Simon I, Macairan ML, Chan TL, Dorey FJ, Garris JB, Veltri RW, Santos PBC, Stonebrook KA, deKernion JB. Effects of a saw palmetto herbal blend in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 2000; 163(5): 1451-1456.] JAMA reviews 18 controlled studies on saw palmetto

Male readers will be pleased to know that the Journal of the American Medical Association recently published a favorable review on saw palmetto (Serenoa repens [Bartram] Small, Arecaceae) for relieving the uncomfortable urinary symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Symptoms of BPH, such as difficult urination and more frequent nighttime urination, affect roughly 50 percent of American men between the ages of 40 and 59, at an annual treatment cost of more than $2 billion. In this review of 18 controlled clinical studies, the authors concluded that saw palmetto was more effective than placebo and just as effective as the standard drug finasteride (Proscar®) in relieving the symptoms of moderate BPH [Wilt et al., 1998]. The native American plant is also associated with fewer side effects and costs significantly less than conventional drug therapies. Currently, saw palmetto is the physician's first choice for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia in Germany and Austria.

Compared to previous reviews on saw palmetto, the selection criteria used for this paper were much more meticulous, including only those studies that were randomized, placebo-controlled, and lasted at least 30 days. The 2,939 men involved in the studies ranged in age from 40 to 88 years, with a mean age of 65 years. On average, the studies lasted nine weeks and employed a dosage of 160 mg of standardized saw palmetto extract twice daily. Overall, there was a 28 percent improvement in urinary symptom scale scores in men taking saw palmetto. More specifically, compared to placebo, saw palmetto improved nocturia (nighttime urination) by 25 percent, peak urine flow by 24 percent, mean urine flow by 28 percent, and residual urine volume (incomplete emptying of the bladder) by 43 percent compared. Saw palmetto was just as effective as finasteride in improving urological symptoms and flow measures. In general, the men taking saw palmetto were twice as satisfied with the results as the placebo group and reported fewer sexual complaints than those taking finasteride. Roughly five percent of men in the finasteride groups reported erectile dysfunction, compared to just one percent of men in the saw palmetto groups and 0.7 percent in the placebo groups.

Despite the careful selection and statistical analysis of studies for this article, the authors noted several problems in the review process. Inconsistencies in the way investigators reported their outcome data made it more difficult to quantify the results of multiple trials for this review. In addition, the studies employed different scales for measuring urological improvement, due to a lack of standard symptom scales at the time that most of the studies were conducted. The researchers were also inconsistent in reporting secondary outcomes, including nocturia, mean urine flow, residual volume, peak urine flow, and prostate size. Lastly, only two of the 18 studies included a follow-up period lasting at least six months.

The reviewers concluded with their "wish list" for future saw palmetto research, pointing out a need for long-term studies using standardized dosages of saw palmetto, validated symptom scales, and inclusion of all secondary measurements. They also see a need for comparisons between saw palmetto and other conventional drug therapies, as well as investigations of long-term safety and effectiveness. At this time, researchers do not know whether saw palmetto prevents long-term complications of benign prostatic hyperplasia, such as acute urinary retention, or if it reduces the need for surgery. - Krista Morien (HRF)

Full article $20 [Wilt TJ, Ishani A, Stark G, MacDonald R, Lau J, Mulrow C. Saw palmetto extracts for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review. JAMA 1998; 280 (18): 1604-1609.]

Saw Palmetto Shrinks Prostate Tissues

In the first American randomized clinical trial of saw palmetto (Serenoa repens [Bartr.] Small, Arecaceae), the respected prostate herb proved beneficial in reducing swelling of prostate tissues in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). While numerous studies have confirmed the ability of saw palmetto extract (SPE) to reduce BPH symptoms, this is the first evidence that it actually shrinks enlarged prostate tissues (Overmyer, 1999).

The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial involved 44 men with symptomatic prostate enlargement who took 320 mg of saw palmetto extract with nettle root extract or placebo for six months (Nutrilite® Saw Palmetto with Nettle Root, Nutrilite Division of Amway, Ada, MI). Researchers tested the participants for the usual clinical parameters, including International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), maximum urinary flow rate, residual urine volume, prostate volume, and prostate specific antigen (PSA, described below). Unlike previous research, this study included an ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy, allowing the scientists to assess changes in the participants’ prostate tissue. Biopsies were taken at baseline and after six months of treatment.

As with previous research, SPE proved effective (or "somewhat effective," according to the researchers) in reducing overall symptom score and maximum urinary flow. Although symptom score (IPSS) dropped in the SPE group, it dropped similarly in the placebo group (2.9 and 2.6 respectively). The urinary flow rate increased in the SPE group while declining in the placebo group. There were no effects on hormone levels or other blood parameters.

The most intriguing part of this story is that SPE suppressed swelling of the prostate epithelium, causing a contraction in the tissues in the epithelium of the prostate and the transitional zone. Interestingly, SPE produced this benefit without affecting the levels of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone, which means that SPE works by an unidentified but non-hormonal mechanism. This is especially good news for men because conventional drug therapy for BPH frequently causes hormonal side effects, including reduced sex drive and performance. It should also be good news for doctors, because SPE did not affect the level of PSA in the blood. PSA tests are used to detect prostate cancer, and conventional therapy interferes with PSA testing by masking this early warning sign.

An editorial by Leonard Marks, M.D. accompanying the research report should provide perspective for physicians still uncertain about herbal therapies. "Saw palmetto extract (SPE) should now be considered a treatment option for men with symptomatic BPH, absent complications of the disorder. SPE is extremely safe; it is likely to exert positive effects; many patients want it; and more potent remedies, i.e., drugs or surgery, are generally not required in most BPH cases." Marks points out that saw palmetto has been used in Europe for generations, that its safety "has never been seriously questioned," and with the exception of occasional stomach upset, no side effects have been reported. "In particular, use of the extract has not been associated with erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory disturbance, or altered libido." – Rob McCaleb

Full article $20 [Overmyer M. Saw palmetto shown to shrink prostatic epithelium. Urology Times 1999; 27(6): 1,42.]

About 10 million American men are thought to suffer from the effects of benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH. This condition, seen in men over 45 years of age, causes diminished urinary flow that results from the nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland. About one in every two men over age 70 is thought to have symptoms of BPH.

The cost of treatment for BPH is significant. In the United States alone the cost exceeds $2 billion annually. Further-more, there are almost 2 million office visits to physicians annually from men seeking relief from the symptoms of BPH.

Since the prostate sits under the bladder, the enlargement of the prostate gland will cause a narrowing of the urethra. This leads to difficult or painful urination, retention of urine, a weak urine flow, an increased sense of need to urinate, frequent nighttime trips to the bathroom, and the potential for a kidney infection. Prostate growth is stimulated when testosterone from the blood is converted by 5-alpha-reductase to the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone. An enlarged prostate usually contains abnormally high levels of dihydrotestosterone.

Three-way Relief Standard treatment options for BPH include the use of drugs such as Proscar, or surgical removal of some prostatic tissue. Proscar inhibits the activity of 5-alpha-reductase. Side effects may result from the use of the synthetic drugs, including hypertension, dizziness, and impotence.

Symptomatic relief of urinary difficulties in men with an enlarged prostate may also be provided by a number of botanicals, often without the side effects. The most widely used botanical for treatment of mild to moderate cases of BPH is saw palmetto (Serenoa repens), a low-growing palm of the Southeastern region of the United States. The palm grows to a height of three to four feet in pine woods and on the sandy dunes of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida and has leaves that grow in an attractive fan-shaped arrangement. However, it is the fruit that attracts medical interest. The palm produces one-inch berries that ripen between August and October. The fruit is a green or yellow color that turns dark blue when ripe. Inside the berries there is pale-brown spongy pulp. Saw palmetto berries contain a variety of phytosterols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids.

Palmetto Power There are a number of well-controlled clinical studies that confirm the safe and effective use of saw palmetto for the treatment of BPH. Saw palmetto extracts can reduce the activity of 5-alpha-reductase by about 40 percent, and hence reduce the uptake of dihydrotestosterone by the prostate gland. The active substances in saw palmetto berries, such as the phytosterols, provide beneficial effects such as increased urinary flow, increased ease in commencing urination, reduced post-voiding residual volume, decreased frequency of urination, and a decreased urge to void during the night.

While saw palmetto effectively diminishes the symptoms of BPH, it appears to act without reducing the size of the prostate. In addition, the spasmolytic and antiinflammatory effects produced by extracts of saw palmetto berries help explain its beneficial role in treating BPH.

Experiments have shown that men with an enlarged prostate who received an extract of saw palmetto for 30 days experienced 45 percent less nocturnal trips to the bathroom, a 50 percent increase in urinary flow rates, diminished residual urinary volume, and less pain during urination. After three months 90 percent of the patients using the saw palmetto considered the therapy successful with few, if any, side effects.

One-half to one teaspoon of the dried berries, or two to three capsules (each 500 milligrams), is the typical daily dose. As with all herbal preparations, therapeutic benefits are most predictable when standardized products are used. A recent study found that saw palmetto extract had a higher benefit-to-risk ratio and a lower cost to patients than did the conventional synthetic drugs.

Prostate Cancer The symptoms of BPH and prostate cancer are similar, so the use of saw palmetto may reduce the symptoms of prostate problems and mask the signs of a more serious prostate problem. Since saw palmetto may skew the results of the blood test used to screen for prostate cancer, your physician should be informed when you are taking saw palmetto.

Cancer of the prostate, the second most common cause of death from cancer in American men, is a more serious condition than BPH. About 185,000 new cases of prostate cancer were identified during 1999 in the United States. Among the dietary factors, a high intake of vegetables and a regular use of soy appear to protect against prostate cancer. Lycopene, the red pigment in tomatoes, pink grapefruit, and watermelon, accumulates in the prostate gland. A regular intake of lycopene-rich tomato products significantly reduces the risk of prostate cancer by 30 to 40 percent. On the other hand, a high consumption of fat, saturated fat, red meat, and dairy products possibly increases the risk of prostate cancer.

Conclusion Saw palmetto can successfully provide symptomatic relief to men with an enlarged prostate gland. It is well tolerated, with very few reports of side effects. Extracts of saw palmetto berries are currently approved by both French and German governments for the treatment of BPH.

Winston J. Craig, Ph.D., R.D., is a professor of nutrition at Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan.

Saw Palmetto May Relieve Prostate Problems

Source: Tufts University February 8, 2002

Prostate problems top the list of many older men's health concerns. One herbal remedy, saw palmetto, seems to promise relief from some of the urinary problems that come with an enlarged prostate, but exactly how it works is unclear. A study in a recent issue of Urology adds to what scientists know about what effect -- if any -- saw palmetto has on men's urinary tract health.

Testing an herbal remedy

University of Chicago researchers recruited 85 middle-aged and older men with lower urinary tract symptoms (urinary frequency, difficulty in urinating or in fully emptying the bladder). Half the group received 320 mg saw palmetto daily for 6 months; the other group received placebo (inactive sugar pills). Urinary tract symptoms, sexual function, and urinary flow were measured in all participants at the start of the study and at 2-month intervals.

The men who received saw palmetto saw significant improvements in lower urinary tract symptoms when compared with the placebo group. Urine flow rate improved slightly in both groups, suggesting a "placebo effect," and there was no difference between the groups in measurements of sexual function.

How does it work?

While it does seem to be of some benefit to men with enlarged prostates, just why it is helpful is by no means clear. An enlarged prostate can cause urination problems by pushing up against the urethra, the duct leading from the bladder, partially obstructing urine flow. Some studies suggest that saw palmetto helps to ease urine flow by reducing the prostate's pressure against the urethra. Other studies have been less conclusive, so there are still some major information gaps in what we know about how it affects the prostate. Regardless, saw palmetto is a widely used herbal remedy, both by itself and in combination with standard medications.

Read the fine print

A scientist who reviewed this study cautions that it's important to distinguish between what the herb might be able to do -- improve moderate lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (non-cancerous enlarged prostate) -- and what it can't do. Saw palmetto will not affect prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels. It will not cure or arrest the progression of prostate cancer or eliminate the need for surgery.

Given those limitations, saw palmetto seems to be safe to use at standard doses, but it -- and all over-the-counter herbs -- should be considered a medication. As such, men who want to give it a try should inform their physicians, so it can be noted in their medical records along with other current medications.

Source

 Randomized, double-blind trial of saw palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. GS. Gerber, D. Kuznetsov, BC. Johnson, et al., Urology, 2001, vol. 58, pp. 960--965

Stinging Nettle for Hair Loss and BPH (Urtica dioica)

Hair stinging nettle has gained a great deal of attention in the area of prostate health and support of allergies.

More recently, nettle root has been claimed to be beneficial in the treatment of benign enlargement of the prostate gland.(2, 3)

1. The root is used in combination with other herbs such as saw palmetto and pygeum to relieve symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). It has also been used as a conditioner for dandruff and hair loss. Balch, James F. and Phyllis A., Prescription for Nutritional Healing, Avery Publishing Group, Garden City, New York, 1997, 2nd ed., pg.74. 2.

Stinging Nettle (Urtica divica ) In Germany, extracts from the roots of the stinging nettle plant have been used to effectively treat prostatic enlargement. Who would think that God would use a plant known as “stinging nettle” to help relieve prostate symptoms! The root of the plant contains many of the active ingredients in saw palmetto and may have even more prominent anti-inflammatory properties. Typically, stinging nettle extract is combined with other herbs like saw palmetto and pygeum rather than used alone.

Nettle’s root affects hormones and proteins that carry sex hormones (such as testosterone or estrogen) in the human body, which may explain why this herb helps with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Although it is often a painful annoyance on hikes through the forests of many regions, stinging nettle has gained a great deal of attention in the area of prostate health and support of allergies.

Nettle may help treat the effects of gout, arthritis, rheumatism and childhood eczema because of its reported ability to help the body rid itself of certain toxins.(

Relief for the Prostate Stinging nettle root preparations are commonly used for the symptomatic relief of urinary difficulties associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The nettle preparations are typically used for painful and frequent urination, excessive nighttime urination, and urine retention in BPH patients.

In a clinical trial lasting 11 months that involved patients with stage 1 or stage 2 BPH, improvement of urinary flow in men treated with a combination nettle root-saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) fruit extract was similar to that observed in those receiving the drug Finasteride. Symptoms associated with an enlarged prostate were almost identical for both treatment groups. Adverse reactions, however, were fewer for the nettles-saw palmetto treatment group than for the Finasteride group.

In another study physicians assessed the nettle root-saw palmetto extract treatment as safe and effective and well tolerated, and patients reported an improvement in their prostatic symptoms. In a Polish study in which a stinging nettle-pygeum (Prunus africanum) bark preparation was used for eight weeks, patients experienced an improvement in urinary flow and a decrease in residual urine and frequency of nighttime urination. Furthermore, when stinging nettle extract alone was given to elderly BPH patients, a significant improvement in urinary flow and volume resulted after nine weeks, compared with the placebo group. Stinging nettle root generally relieves the symptoms of an enlarged prostate without reducing the enlargement. The active substances responsible for the action of stinging nettle root are unknown, but the root does contain some polysaccharides, plant sterols, and terpenoids that could explain its activity.

Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica). Beyond stinging painful joints, there's another method of using this herb to treat arthritis: steaming the fresh leaves and enjoying then as a vegetable. Although you have to wear gloves to harvest the leaves, they lose their sting when cooked.

The Rheumatoid Disease Foundation suggests that three milligrams of boron daily may be helpful in treating both osteo- and rheumatoid arthritis. An analysis of stinging nettle provided by USDA scientists shows this herb contains 47 parts per million of the mineral boron, figured on a dry-weight basis. That means a 100-gram serving of stinging nettle-easily prepared by steaming several ounces of young, tender leaves-could contain more than the recommended amount of boron.

According to the Rheumatoid Disease Foundation, boron is effective because it plays a role in helping bones retain calcium. It also has a beneficial influence on the body's hormonal system, and hormones play a role in helping the body maintain healthy bones and joints.

Action and Uses---Although not prescribed by the British Pharmacopceia, the Nettle has still a reputation in herbal medicine, and is regarded in homoeopathy as a useful remedy. Preparations of the herb have astringent properties and act also as a stimulating tonic.

Nettle is anti-asthmatic: the juice of the roots or leaves, mixed with honey or sugar, will relieve bronchial and asthmatic troubles and the dried leaves, burnt and inhaled, will have the same effect. The seeds have also been used in consumption, the infusion of herb or seeds being taken in wineglassful doses. The seeds and flowers used to be given in wine as a remedy for ague. The powdered seeds have been considered a cure for goitre and efficacious in reducing excessive corpulency.

In old Herbals the seeds, taken inwardly, were recommended for the stings or bites of venomous creatures and mad dogs, and as an antidote to poisoning by Hemlock, Henbane and Nightshade.

A quaint old superstition existed that a fever could be dispelled by plucking a Nettle up by the roots, reciting thereby the names of the sick man and also the names of his parents.

Preparations of Nettle are said to act well upon the kidneys, but it is a doubtful diuretic, though it has been claimed that incipient dropsy may be remedied by tea made from the roots.

A novel treatment for diabetes was reported by a sufferer from that disease in the daily press of April, 1926, it being affirmed that a diet of young Nettles (following a two days' fast) and drinking the brew of them had been the means of reducing his weight by 6 stone in three days and had vastly improved his condition.

An efficient Hair Tonic can be prepared from the Nettle: Simmer a handful of young Nettles in a quart of water for 2 hours, strain and bottle when cold. Well saturate the scalp with the lotion every other night. This prevents the hair falling and renders it soft and glossy. A good Nettle Hair Lotion is also prepared by boiling the entire plant in vinegar and water, straining and adding Eau de Cologne. For stimulating hair growth, the old herbalists recommended combing the hair daily with expressed Nettle juice.

The homoeopathic tincture of Nettle is made of 2 OZ. of the herb to 1 pint of proof spirit.

The powder of the dried herb is administered in doses of 5 to 10 grains.

Medicinal Action and Uses---The herb and flowers, either fresh or dried, have been used to make a decoction for checking any kind of haemorrhage.

The leaves are also useful to staunch wounds, when bruised and outwardly applied.

The dried herb, made into a tea and sweetened with honey, promotes perspiration and acts on the kidneys, being useful in cases of chill.

Linnaeus reported that this species also has been boiled and eaten as a pot-herb by the peasantry in Sweden.

Many Uses The stinging nettle plant has been used historically as a mild diuretic; to treat infections of the lower urinary tract, anemia, hemorrhoids, asthma, hay fever, and other allergies; to stop bleeding; and to heal wounds. American Indians use nettles to treat rheumatic conditions, such as arthritis. Nettle tea has also been used for eczema and other chronic skin conditions. Some people enjoy cooking the young leaves and eating them as a green vegetable. They do contain a variety of vitamins and minerals. Today, a nettle extract is used to formulate skin and hair care products.

Preparations of the aerial parts (leaf, flower, and stem) of stinging nettles are considered safe when used appropriately. No interactions with food or with other drugs are known. Potentially nettles could adversely react with sedatives or anticoagulants. Taking during pregnancy is not recommended because of possible stimulatory effects on the uterus.

Diuretic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity Stinging nettle preparations have produced a positive diuretic effect in clinical trials. High levels of flavonoids in nettles may contribute to its diuretic action. Patients with cardiac or chronic venous insufficiency who were treated with stinging nettle juice for two weeks experienced a significant increase in urinary output and a slight decrease in systolic blood pressure. The hypotensive effect of nettles has also been seen in experimental animals. Nettle leaves have been recommended for inflammatory diseases of the lower urinary tract.

Traditionally nettles are used for symptomatic treatment of joint pains. In Germany nettle extracts are used to help treat rheumatic complaints with some measure of success. The pain and stiffness experienced by patients with acute arthritis have been partially relieved by consuming stewed stinging nettle. When consumed along with the anti-inflammatory drug Diclofenac, stinging nettle was observed to enhance the anti-inflammatory activity of low doses of the drug. The phenolic acids and polysaccharides in nettles are thought to provide its anti-inflammatory activity.

A tea can be prepared by taking the finely cut aerial parts of nettles and steeping them in boiling water for 10 minutes. This preparation can be consumed three to four times a day. Relief for the Prostate Stinging nettle root preparations are commonly used for the symptomatic relief of urinary difficulties associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The nettle preparations are typically used for painful and frequent urination, excessive nighttime urination, and urine retention in BPH patients.

In a clinical trial lasting 11 months that involved patients with stage 1 or stage 2 BPH, improvement of urinary flow in men treated with a combination nettle root-saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) fruit extract was similar to that observed in those receiving the drug Finasteride. Symptoms associated with an enlarged prostate were almost identical for both treatment groups. Adverse reactions, however, were fewer for the nettles-saw palmetto treatment group than for the Finasteride group.

In another study physicians assessed the nettle root-saw palmetto extract treatment as safe and effective and well tolerated, and patients reported an improvement in their prostatic symptoms. In a Polish study in which a stinging nettle-pygeum (Prunus africanum) bark preparation was used for eight weeks, patients experienced an improvement in urinary flow and a decrease in residual urine and frequency of nighttime urination.

Furthermore, when stinging nettle extract alone was given to elderly BPH patients, a significant improvement in urinary flow and volume resulted after nine weeks, compared with the placebo group. Stinging nettle root generally relieves the symptoms of an enlarged prostate without reducing the enlargement. The active substances responsible for the action of stinging nettle root are unknown, but the root does contain some polysaccharides, plant sterols, and terpenoids that could explain its activity.

Root preparations of nettles are safe to use. No interactions are known to occur with food or drugs. Occasionally mild gastrointestinal complaints may result. The root can be taken either as a tea or in the form of capsules or tablets.

Winston J. Craig, Ph.D., R.D., is a professor of nutrition at Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan.

This practice, called urtication-from nettle's botanical name, Urtica dioica-dates back at least 2,000 years. Although it's an odd-sounding practice, there's no escaping the fact that it's been around so long precisely because it helps so many people.

The root is used in combination with other herbs such as saw palmetto and pygeum to relieve symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). It has also been used as a conditioner for dandruff and hair loss. (1) When mixed with salt and boiled it produces a yellow dye. (2) Nettles are also helpful in relieving the symptoms of hayfever and other allergic reactions that produce increased congestion in the sinuses. (3) The mineral content makes nettles helpful for goiter, osteoporosis, muscle cramps, high blood pressure and malabsorption syndrome. Almost any condition that requires improved mineral balance will benefit from nettles.

Nettles may be used as a tea, tincture, compress, in ointment or powdered, depending on the area of use. The root may be tinctured or simmered in water to make a decoction. The young sprouts in spring may be prepared as a vegetable or added to soup. A type of beer was made with the young sprouts in earlier times. (2) A recipe for Nettle Pudding and Nettle Beer may be found in our Recipes section. A cup or two of nettle tea drunk daily will help with gout, rheumatism, eczema, milk production, and heavy menstrual or other internal bleeding. (1) An infusion of nettles and red clover, mixed in equal proportions, helps cleanse the blood and is useful in treating acne. A compress soaked in nettle tea may be applied to arthritic joints, tendinitis, sprains and sciatica to relieve pain. Because of its astringency, nettles may be made into an ointment for hemorrhoids or the tea may be used in a sitz bath. Powdered nettle leaves may be inhaled like snuff to stop nosebleeds. The juice from the whole fresh plant may be used to antidote the sting and as a tonic for debilitated conditions or for a weak heart with fluid retention. (1) Maude Grieve offers a recipe for Nettle Hair Tonic: "Simmer a handful of young Nettles in a quart of water for 2 hours, strain and bottle when cold. Well saturate the scalp with the lotion every other night. This prevents the hair from falling and renders it soft and glossy." (2) The root may be used similarly.

Although nettles have no known side effects, there are some potential interactions to be aware of with certain prescription medications. Because of its vitamin K content, it has the potential to decrease the effectiveness of blood-thinning medications. It may increase the effectiveness is diuretics and medications that lower blood pressure. This should be watched in very elderly people who are more likely to lose their balance easily when blood pressure is too low. Nettles may also increase the effectiveness of anti-diabetic drugs commonly used in adult- onset diabetes. It has a hypoglycemic effect of its own. Nettles may still be used in any of these conditions, but a consistent daily amount should be taken to allow for adjustments in medications if necessary.

Stinging nettle is truly a useful herb even if it is a pain to pick. It is one of the best sources of minerals and has a wide variety of uses. It may even be considered a food when picked in the spring. Of course, don’t forget your gloves.

Bibliography:

3. Ody, Penelope, The Complete Medicinal Herbal, Dorling Kindersley, New York, 1993, p. 108. 4. Grieve, M., A Modern Herbal, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1981, Vol. II, pp. 574-79. 5. Balch, James F. and Phyllis A., Prescription for Nutritional Healing, Avery Publishing Group, Garden City, New York, 1997, 2nd ed., pg.74.

anti-allergenic

chamomile, echinacea, stinging nettle

arthritis

catmint, celery, clover, comfrey, devils claw, elderflower, ginger, lemon grass, alfalfa, parsley, pennywort, stinging nettle, strawberry, turmeric

asthma

prostate problems

corn silk, raspberry, stinging nettle

scalp problems

maidenhair fern, rosemary, stinging nettle

STINGING NETTLE urtica dioica stinging nettle research stinging nettle benefits stinging nettle prostate Urtica dioica for prostate

Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) is a perennial herb with stinging hairs found in the United States mostly in forests, mountains, weedy, undisturbed areas and roadsides. Extracts of the stinging nettle roots have been used in Germany for the therapy of prostate disorders and rheumatoid arthritis . Extracts from stinging nettle contain a number of substances including caffeic acid, malic acid, polysaccharides and probably many other compounds including lectins, lignans, and phytosterols. Stinging nettle has been shown to be anti-inflammatory by preventing the body from making inflammatory chemicals known as prostaglandins. Stinging nettle’s root may affect hormones and proteins that carry sex hormones (such as testosterone or estrogen) in the human body; this may explain why it helps benign prostatic hyperplasia.

The recommended dose of stinging nettle is 50 to 150 mg twice daily.

PROSTA-STRONG is a new, comprehensive prostate product formulated by Ray Sahelian, M.D.

Ingredients: Stinging Nettle extract Saw Palmetto extract Pygeum Africanum extract Rye Pollen extract Beta Sitosterol Green Tea leaf extract Lycopene Quercetin Treating Symptoms of an Enlarged Prostate – The Natural Way Have you ever embarked on a new exercise program or went out and played catch with a child in your life that you haven’t seen for a while? Or perhaps, with the warmer days of spring arriving, you’ve already jumped into your spring cleaning or gardening. More than likely, the next morning you woke up feeling muscles you never knew you had! Similarly, most men do not pay much attention to their prostate gland until they start to develop symptoms. Unfortunately, these symptoms are often annoying, inconvenient and embarrassing. Signs of a problem include needing to get up during the night to urinate, having to urinate more frequently and a feeling of incomplete emptying after urination. Also, the flow of urine may be slower than usual, it may be difficult to get the flow started and there may be dribbling after the main flow has passed. If you have any of these symptoms, you may have a condition called benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH. BPH affects more than half of men in their 60s and as many as 90 percent of men in their 70s and 80s. As common as this problem is, however, it’s important to realize it can be treated and so can the annoying symptoms that often accompany prostate enlargement. Also, BPH is not cancerous, but since the symptoms of an enlarged prostate are often similar to those of prostate cancer you should see your healthcare provider if you have any of these problems. Your doctor will advise you on screening tests that can detect prostate abnormalities. Fortunately, you don’t have to suffer from the annoying symptoms of BPH. God has provided natural ingredients from His plant kingdom to help you find relief. Here are some key ingredients that have been proven scientifically to aid in prostate health: Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens) Probably the most popular and one of the most effective natural treatments is the herb saw palmetto. It is the extract of the saw palmetto berry that is so effective for the prostate. The extract inhibits the 5-alpha-reductase enzyme, which in turn lowers the amount of the potent DHT form of testosterone. Saw palmetto also has anti-inflammatory properties which can decrease inflammation within the prostate gland itself. A recent report in the prestigious Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) analyzed data from 18 separate studies on saw palmetto and concluded that the herb significantly reduces the symptoms of BPH, without the side effects associated with commonly-used drugs like finasteride. Pygeum (Pygeum africanum) Pygeum is an evergreen tree that grows in Africa. An extract from the bark of this tree has been used in Europe for several decades and found to be quite effective at improving urinary flow, stopping the urgency of urination and decreasing inflammation in the prostate. Often combined with saw palmetto, pygeum has shown some remarkable effects in reducing the symptoms of prostate enlargement. Stinging Nettle (Urtica divica ) In Germany, extracts from the roots of the stinging nettle plant have been used to effectively treat prostatic enlargement. Who would think that God would use a plant known as “stinging nettle” to help relieve prostate symptoms! The root of the plant contains many of the active ingredients in saw palmetto and may have even more prominent anti-inflammatory properties. Typically, stinging nettle extract is combined with other herbs like saw palmetto and pygeum rather than used alone. Rye Pollen (Secale cereale ) This extract from rye pollen, also known as Cernitin™, contains several water-soluble and fat-soluble compounds that increase the force of contraction of the bladder muscle and also inhibit the 5-alpha-reductase enzyme, which in turn helps shrink the prostate. A number of clinical trials have proven rye pollen extract to be effective at reducing the symptoms associated with BPH. Red Clover (Trifolium pratense ) This herb is a rich source of isoflavones which have had excellent results in treating the symptoms of prostate enlargement. In one study, a single 40-milligram tablet daily resulted in a 21 percent reduction in symptoms after only 30 days, and an average 30 percent reduction after three months. The most significant benefit of the red clover extract was decreasing the need for men to urinate during the night. Where can you find all these special ingredients? My Prostate Support combines high-potency extracts of saw palmetto and pygeum, plus nettle root powder, rye pollen extract and red clover extract. But it doesn’t stop there – Prostate Support also contains 11 other nutrients and herbs essential for the health and function of the prostate. It’s simply the best remedy you’ll find anywhere for relieving your prostate symptoms.

Nettle Root (Urtica dioica) Konrad L, et.al., Antiproliferative effect on human prostate cancer cells by a stinging nettle root (Urtica dioica) extract. Planta Med. 2000 Feb;66(1):44-7. Lichius JJ, et.al., The inhibiting effects of components of stinging nettle roots on experimentally induced prostatic hyperplasia in mice. Planta Med. 1999 Oct;65(7):666-8. Lichius JJ, et.al., Antiproliferative effect of a polysaccharide fraction of a 20% methanolic extract of stinging nettle roots upon epithelial cells of the human prostate (LNCaP). Pharmazie. 1999 Oct;54(10):768-71. Lowe FC, et.al., Review of recent placebo-controlled trials utilizing phytotherapeutic agents for treatment of BPH. Prostate. 1998 Nov 1;37(3):187-93. Lichius JJ,. et. al., The inhibiting effects of Urtica dioica root extracts on experimentally induced prostatic hyperplasia in the mouse. Planta Med. 1997 Aug;63(4):307-10. Vahlensieck W Jr, Drug therapy of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Fortschr Med. 1996 Nov 10;114(31):407-11. Krzeski T, et.al., Combined extracts of Urtica dioica and Pygeum africanum in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: double-blind comparison of two doses. Clin Ther. 1993 Nov- Dec;15(6):1011-20. Schottner M, et.al., Lignans from the roots of Urtica dioica and their metabolites bind to human sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Planta Med. 1997 Dec;63(6):529-32. Hryb, D, et.al., 1995. "The Effect of Extracts of the Roots of the Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica) on the Interaction of SHBG with its Receptor on Human Prostatic Membranes, " Planta Med 61:31- 32. Gansser D, 1995 "Plant constituents interfering with human sex hormone-binding globulin. Evaluation of a test method and its application to Urtica dioica root extracts." Z Naturforsch [C] 50(1-2), 98-104. Hirano T, 1994, "Effects of stinging nettle root extracts and their steroidal components on the Na+,K(+)-ATPase of the benign prostatic hyperplasia." Planta Med 60(1), 30-33 Other Clinical Research

Pygeum (Prunus africana) for Hair Loss and BPH

Hair Pygeum (Pygeum africanum) Pygeum is an evergreen tree that grows in Africa. An extract from the bark of this tree has been used in Europe for several decades and found to be quite effective at improving urinary flow, stopping the urgency of urination and decreasing inflammation in the prostate. Often combined with saw palmetto, pygeum has shown some remarkable effects in reducing the symptoms of prostate enlargement.

Pygeum is most commonly used to support healthy prostate function. More specifically, pygeum has been heavily researched for its possible role in treating benign prostate enlargement. One study suggested that pygeum could improve urinary flow and reduce inflammation in benign prostate enlargement.(1) One of the key active compounds in pygeum, oleanolic acid, may also stimulate an immune response that can prevent development of malignancy in those with benign prostate enlargement.(2)

Pygeum has also been used in conjunction with stinging nettle, another herb that may support prostate health, with positive results.(3)

Body Pygeum (Prunus africana) Protecting a powerful prostate remedy

by Evelyn Leigh, Herb Research Foundation

Pygeum has received more than its share of international attention lately. Relatively unknown outside of Africa until recent years, the tree has gained a solid reputation for helping to maintain and improve prostate health. But unfortunately, increased awareness of pygeum’s value is proving destructive to the plant itself. As international demand for pygeum bark escalates, conservationists fear that non-sustainable harvesting may bring a species already stressed by deforestation to the brink of extinction.

After centuries of traditional African use, in the 1960s pygeum came to the attention of French scientists, who began to investigate its benefits in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). BPH, or prostate enlargement, is an extremely common condition that affects up to half of men between the ages of 40 and 60, causing a variety of troublesome urinary symptoms. Today, pygeum is the favorite natural remedy for BPH in France and is also widely used in Italy and Germany. In the U.S., while the herb is still second in popularity to saw palmetto, demand for pygeum is on the rise.

To date, more than 26 modern clinical studies have documented pygeum’s effectiveness in relieving symptoms of BPH, including urinary frequency, incomplete emptying of the bladder, impaired urinary flow, and nighttime urination. Most recently, a study conducted in Central Europe showed that pygeum’s benefits were sustained for at least one month after treatment ended. Pygeum is often used in combination with other herbs beneficial to prostate health, such as saw palmetto, nettle root, and pumpkin seed. In various regions of Africa, the bark has been employed for treating chest pain, malaria, inflammation, fever, and kidney disease, as well as bladder pain and BPH. In South Africa, the bark is brewed into a decoction, sometimes in milk, for the relief of urinary tract symptoms.

A native of high, forested regions of Africa, pygeum is an evergreen tree with leathery leaves, deeply fissured gray or dark brown bark, and small, creamy-white flowers. Mature trees can reach heights of up to 150 feet. When ripe, pygeum fruit (technically called a drupe) looks something like a cherry. In fact, as a member of the rose family, pygeum is closely related to cherries, plums, almonds and other rose family plants in the genus Prunus. More than 200 Prunus species are distributed around the world, but pygeum (also known as African prune) is the only one native to Africa. Pygeum’s natural range includes mountainous areas of South Africa, Madagascar, Cameroon, Kenya, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zaire. The plant is esteemed not only for its medicinal properties, but also for its hard, durable wood, which is used in the construction of wagons, axe handles, farm tools, dwellings, and veneers and paneling for the export market.

Unfortunately, recent widespread destruction of mature pygeum forests in Madagascar and Cameroon has threatened the survival of this valuable wild tree. Overenthusiastic harvesting to meet international demand, particularly the destructive practice of felling trees to facilitate bark stripping, is taking a grave toll. Pygeum is a slow-growing tree, and government efforts to protect it have been well intentioned but less than successful. Sustainable pygeum harvest entails taking only small patches of bark at a time, giving the tree time to recover before further harvest. Not surprisingly, the temptation to increase bark yield by overharvesting proves too great for some collectors.

Pygeum is now listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES). This international treaty, supported by 146 member nations, helps monitor and protect endangered plants and animals in trade. Appendix II listing helps ensure survival of wild species while protecting trade interests through the use of a system of export permits. In the meantime, the price of pygeum bark on the international market has become so high that many dietary supplement manufacturers have begun to substitute less expensive alternatives, such as nettle root, in their prostate health formulas.

Growing a future for pygeum

On the brighter side, the continuing demand for pygeum in the U.S. and Europe presents an excellent opportunity for A-SNAPP participants. A rich opportunity for sustainable pygeum production exists in South Africa, Madagascar, Cameroon, and other nations. Future A-SNAPP plans include a pilot project that will first monitor the harvest of bark so that trees are not killed, and next start plantations of young trees that will ultimately serve as a sustainable, long-term future source of this important botanical – not only for the dietary supplement market, but for use in traditional African medicine. A Primer on Market Research

By Justin Laboe, Herb Research Foundation

Editor’s Note: The following article is an excerpt. To access the full article, please look for it on the A- SNAPP resource page.

Any person or business involved in the production, distribution, or sale of natural plant products needs information to help them make important business decisions. Farmers need to know what to grow and how much; traders, wholesalers, distributors, and manufacturers need to know fair prices for the products they buy; and retailers need to know what products people want. Market research is intended to provide this information. Because of the wide variety of uses—and users—of information, there are many different types of market research. To help make sense of all the available information, it can be helpful to classify market research into the four categories described below.

Consumer Research Consumer research analyzes the people who purchase products, defining who they are, where they live, why they buy the products, what other related products they buy, and how much money they are willing to spend. This research is used by people responsible for getting a product into the hands of the consumer. Consumer research is usually compiled from surveys of randomly selected individuals or households within a specific geographic area.

Industry Research Industry research broadly refers to any systematic gathering of information designed to help businesses throughout the entire "value chain"—the producers, wholesalers, manufacturers, and retailers who add value (i.e., price) to the final product purchased by consumers. Some research is descriptive in nature, such as directories of businesses or "case studies" of individual businesses. Other industry research is more analytical and quantitative. This research might try to estimate the total value of all retail sales of a particular herb or all natural products, total wholesale values, or the sum of all money received by farmers that grow the herb (termed "farm value"). Methodologies for this type of research vary widely.

Trade Research Trade research is that which specifically addresses wholesale markets of goods such as natural products. This type of research can include "spot prices" that report wholesale prices for a product at a specific point in time. Private market research firms and government agricultural marketing agencies often generate this kind of market report. A-SNAPP also generates spot-price reports for many herbs. Information about international trade in products is also available from various government agencies.

Production Research Production research is essential for farmers, wild harvesters, and producer associations to plan future production and allocate scarce resources into projects that are most likely to yield the highest return for their efforts. It is important for farmers to share production statistics for their crops. This provides a powerful knowledge base from which farmers and producer groups can coordinate production and reduce the risk of producing more of a specific product than the market demands.