Test Date is: ______

H Biology Study Guide: Vertebrates Chordates, Fishes and Amphibians You should be able to:  Compare and contrast vertebrates and chordates.  Describe the benefits and limitations of a two-chambered heart (compared to worms’ one chambered heart) and a single-loop circulatory system compared to 3 or 4-chambered hearts and a double-loop circulatory system.  Explain the reproductive process of a typical (i.e. oviparous) fish.  Identify the organ that senses motion in the water.  Explain how fish control their buoyancy, and how this helps save energy.  Contrast Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes fish.  List characteristics that show amphibians are adapted to life on land (compared to fish).  Describe how amphibians still rely on water.  Describe the three major changes in the metamorphosis of amphibians from water creature to land creature. Reptiles and Birds You should be able to:  Describe adaptations reptiles have to allow them to survive without water around.  Explain how a 3 or 4-chambered heart benefits a land creature.  Describe how reptiles sense odors.  Explain how having no legs is a benefit to snakes.  Describe the structures and formation of the shell of turtles and tortoises.  Describe two major advantages endotherms have and the cost (disadvantage) of being endothermic.  List major adaptations birds have that enable them to fly (including energetic needs adaptations).  Explain adaptations birds may have that benefit how they eat (beaks, feet, wings, vision). Mammals You should be able to:  Describe adaptations of mammals have that show they are the most highly evolved group.  Explain how the number of offspring and amount of care given to the offspring are related to the survival of the animals as a species.  List and explain some adaptations mammals have based on how they obtain food, especially teeth, jaws, feet and speed of movement.  Describe what is unique about, and give examples of marsupials (how they differ from placental mammals).  Explain what is unique about monotremes. Evolutionary Trends The textbook and your notes will be beneficial as you prepare information to answer the following open-ended question:

Choose ONE body system, either a) circulation and respiration or b) reproductive strategies or c) method of locomotion (must be related to catching food and evading capture). You must cover specifics for all five classes of vertebrate animals (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals) IN ORDER. Identify adaptations that demonstrate how each group has evolved to be more complex from one group to the next. Discuss and support how each adaptation you mention is a benefit to the animal based on its way of life. A good response will be organized, focused, consistently supported and have brief introduction and concluding statements. You should plan your response ahead of the test. Part of the grade will be based on organization and the expectation that you had a cohesive plan and logic to your answer.