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BEIT BERL ACADEMIC COLLEGE
The Academic English Department
A BASIC ENGLISH READING COURSE Part II: Academic Articles
Compiled by Susan Zisser
WINTER 2017
For Internal Use Only
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Television: How It Affects Us………..…………pgs. 2-8
2. Internet Issues……………………………………pgs. 9-16
3. The Importance of Sleep………………………..pgs. 17-22
1 2 4. What Stops us From Committing Crime……….pgs. 23-31
6. Deviance and Crime …………………………….pgs. 32-37
7. The War on Drugs………………………………..pgs.38-45
8. How We Learn to Behave………………………..pgs.46-52
9. Women’s Liberation………………………………pgs. 53-62
10. Levels of Sleep …………………………………..pgs.63-67
11. Growing Up Male or Female ……………………pgs. 68-73
12. Can Stress Make Us Sick?...... pgs. 74-78
13. What’s the Most Stressful Job?.………………….pgs. 79-84
14. Gender Issues………………………………………pgs. 85-92
15. A Cultural Difference ………………………………pgs. 93-96
Television: How It Affects Us (485)
1. How does television affect our lives? It can be very helpful to people who carefully choose the programs that they want to watch. Television can increase our knowledge of the outside world; there are high quality programs that help us understand many fields of study; science, medicine, the arts, and so on. Moreover, television benefits very old people who can't often leave the house, as well as patients in hospitals. It also offers non-native
2 speakers the advantage of daily informal language practice; they can increase their vocabulary and practice listening.
2. On the other hand, there are several serious disadvantages to television. Of course, it provides us with a pleasant way to relax and spend our free time, but in some countries, people watch the "boob tube" for an average of six hours or more a day. Many children stare at a TV screen for more hours each day than they do anything else, including studying and sleeping. It's clear that the tube has a powerful influence on their lives and that its influence is often negative.
3. Recent studies show that after only 30 seconds of TV, a person's brain "relaxes" the same way that it does just before the person falls asleep. Another effect of television on the human brain is that it seems to cause poor concentration. Children who view a lot of TV can often concentrate on a subject for only fifteen to twenty minutes; they pay attention only for the amount of time between commercials!
4. Another disadvantage is that TV often causes people to become dissatisfied with their own lives. Real life doesn't seem as exciting to these people as the lives of the actors on the screen. To many people, TV becomes more real than reality, and their own lives seem boring. Also, many people get upset or depressed when they can't solve problems in real life as quickly as TV actors seem to. On the screen, actors solve serious problems in a half-hour or a thirty-second commercial.
5. Before a child is fourteen years old, he or she views eleven thousand murders on the tube. He or she begins to believe that there is nothing strange about fights, killing, and other kinds of violence. Many studies show that people become more violent after certain programs. They may even do the things that they saw in a violent show. An example is the effect of the movie "The Deer Hunter". After it appeared on TV in the United States, twenty-nine people tried to kill themselves in a way similar to an event in the film.
6. The most negative effect of the "boob tube" might be people's addiction to it. People often feel a strange and powerful need to watch TV, even if they don't enjoy it. Addiction to
3 4 a TV screen is similar to drug or alcohol addiction: people almost never believe that they are addicted.
4 Television: How It Affects Us
I. Pre-reading: Read the title, all of paragraph 1 and the first sentence only of paragraphs 2-6. Answer the following questions.
1. What is the topic of this text? Answer in 5 words or less
2. What is the author's purpose in writing this text? Circle the BESTanswer.
a. To list the advantages of watching television. b. To convince us not to watch television c. To explain why television has disadvantages. d. To compare the good and bad effects of television
3. What is the main idea of this text? Answer in one sentence.
II. Close reading. Read all of the text. Answer the following questions:
4. According to paragraph one, for which people can watching television be helpful?
Mark (x) 3 answers.
____ people who don't care which shows they watch
____ people who carefully choose what they watch
____ people who have knowledge of many fields of study
____ people who are old or sick and must stay indoors
____ people who want to learn a new language.
PARAGRAPH 2
5 6 5. According to the author, is relaxing in front of the television always a bad thing?
YES / NO Circle one answer
JUSTIFICATION ______6. Why does television have a strong influence on children? ______
7. According to paragraphs 3-6, what are four disadvantages to television?
(Choose one from each paragraph 3-6)
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
d. ______e.
PARAGRAPH 5
8. What idea does the example of the movie "The Deer Hunter" support? ______
PARAGRAPH 6
9. Why might some people watch television even if they don't enjoy it?
______
______
VOCABULARY PRACTICE: Fill in the blank spaces with these words.
6 provide reality increase quality negative program view
appear brain addiction suicide
a. Choose the ______you want to watch.
b. Television can ______our knowledge of the world.
c. After thirty seconds of TV, a person's ______relaxes.
d. Some children ______television for many hours a day.
e. The influence of TV on our lives is often ______.
f. After the movie ______on TV, many people tried to kill themselves.
g. Television ______us with a pleasant way to spend our free time.
h. Too much television viewing can become an ______.
i. To many people, TV becomes more real than ______
III. MATCH THE NEAR SYNONYMS a. to affect 1. research b. commercials 2. a result c. an effect 3. an advantage d. fight 4. advertisements e. a study (studies) 5. influence f. a benefit 6. Violence
IV. MATCH THE OPPOSITES a. advantage 1. decrease
7 8 b. negative 2. different c. similar 3. unpleasant d. pleasant 4..positive e. increase 5. disadvantage
V. Translate the following noun groups into Hebrew. our knowledge high quality programs many fields daily informal language practice a pleasant way a powerful influence recent studies the same way the human brain poor concentration certain programs a violent show the most negative effect drug or alcohol addiction
Internet Issues (512) From: Academic Encounters: Life in Society By Kristine Brown and Susan Hood, Cambridge, 2002
8 1. The Internet is an amazing information resource. Students, teachers, researchers use it as an investigative tool. Journalists use it to find information for stories. Doctors use it to learn more about medical developments. Ordinary people use it for shopping, banking, and communicating with family and friends. People all over the world use it to connect with individuals from other countries and cultures. However, while there are many positive developments associated with the Internet, there are also certain fears and concerns.
2. One concern relates to a lack of censorship or control over what appears on the Internet. Anyone can put information on the Internet that can then be read by anyone else, at any time. This makes it very different from television or radio. With television and radio there are editors to check the accuracy or appropriateness of the content of programs. With the Internet, parents cannot check a published guide to determine what is suitable for their children to see. While software can be used to block access to certain websites, such as those displaying pornography, this can never be completely effective.
3. There are also concerns about privacy and control of communication on the Internet. For example, when you use e-mail or participate in chat groups, it is possible that your private messages may be read by others without your knowing. If you buy things on– line or browse the Internet, it is possible to trace all the websites that you visit. Such information can be used to build up a profile of your interests and habits. One purpose for such a profile is to provide information to companies who sell on-line advertising space. If they know your habits and interests, they can select particular advertisements to send to you when you are on-line. One potential danger is that the information could be used by others to your disadvantage. For example, an employer could use such information to decide that you are not a suitable applicant for a job.
4. A further issue relates to the misuse of the Internet in the workplace. Many companies are now finding that they need to establish policies to control when employees use the Internet and for what purposes. Recent surveys undertaken in the United States have revealed, for example, that: 47 percent of employees send up to five personal e-mails per day, 32 percent send up to ten personal e-mails daily, and 28 percent receive up to twenty personal e-mails per day. 9 10
5. A fourth and growing area of concern is that of Internet addiction. An Internet addict is someone who is unable to control his or her own use of the Internet and whose behavior threatens to overwhelm his or her normal life. Internet addiction can result in many problems including a lack of sleep, lateness for appointments, neglect of work responsibilities, and the disintegration of marriages and families. Internet addiction is not just a matter of how much time a person spends on-line. It is more a matter of how much damage Internet use causes in a person's life.
Internet Issues: Questions
Pre-reading: Read the title, first paragraph and first sentence only of each paragraph. Circle the correct answer.
The author's purpose in this article is a. to discuss why the internet is an amazing information resource. b. to prove that the internet is useful for many different professions c. to present many positive developments associated with the internet 10 d. to explain why using the internet is problematic
CLOSE READING QUESTIONS: Paragraph 1 1. Is the Internet an entirely positive information resource? Yes / No (Circle one) Justification: ______
Paragraph 2: 2. What MAIN IDEA does the following example support? “Anyone can put information on the internet that can then be read by anyone else, at any time.” ______
3. Why is it not always possible for parents to protect their children from viewing pornography? ______
Paragraph 3 4. What may be the danger of buying things online or simply browsing the internet? ______
5. What does “such information” (line 5, paragraph 3) refer to? ______
11 12
6. How might information about your internet habits be used by others to your disadvantage? ______
Paragraph 4
7. What main idea do the recent surveys in the United States support? ______
Paragraph 5
8. How does the writer define an internet addict?
a.______
b.______
9. Is spending a lot of time on the Internet always a symptom of addiction?
YES / NO (Circle one answer) JUSTIFICATION: ______
12 10.According to the entire article, what are the writer’s major concerns about the internet? a. ______b. ______c. ______d. ______
Internet Issues: Vocabulary
:Match the words in bold with their meanings (The first one is done for you)
F There are also certain fears and.1 a. wrong use concerns Such information can be used to.2 b. additional .build a profile Parents cannot determine what.3 c. absence 13 14 .is suitable for their children to see Parents cannot determine what is.4 d. like this .suitable for their children to see There are restrictions on what .5 e. appropriate, a kind of programs can be shown on good match .television It is possible to trace the .6 f. worries .websites you visit One purpose of such a profile is.7 g. decide to provide information to companies who sell on-line .advertising space Employees send up to five.8 h. boss .personal e-mails a day An employer could use such.9 i. go back to find information to decide that you are .not a suitable applicant for the job A further issue relates to the.10 j. give misuse of the internet in the .workplace A further issue relates to the.11 k. workers misuse of the internet in the .workplace Internet addiction can result in .12 l. limitations .lack of sleep
Internet Issues
Translate the following noun groups: an amazing information resource an investigative tool the latest medical developments internet misuse
14 other countries and cultures positive developments certain websites your private messages completely effective such information your interests and habits one purpose on-line advertising space particular advertisements one potential danger a further issue recent surveys internet misuse
מילות קשור CONNECTORS
CONTRAST ADDITION CAUSE
But moreover because/ since/ for On the other hand as well as RESULT However also / furthermore lead to (led to) Although in addition as a result/ consequently While/whereas another so / therefore / thus Choose a word to logically connect the two sentences (in the middle).
1. Television has several advantages. Television can be addicting.
15 16 2. Television can increase our knowledge. It has several negative effects.
3. Television benefits very old people who cannot leave the house. It offers non- native speakers the advantage of informal language practice.
4. Too much television can lead to poor concentration. It can cause people to become dissatisfied with their lives.
5. Children often watch many violent programs. Some children become more violent.
6. You should not watch too much television. You may become addicted.
7. There are many positive developments connected with the internet. There are also certain fears and concerns.
8. Some people limit their use of the internet. Other people spend too much time online.
9. Software can block access to pornography. This can never be completely effective.
THINKING ABOUT THE TOPIC: Discuss these questions with your neighbor:
1. How many hours do you usually sleep every night?
2. Do you sleep more or less than you did when you were younger? Explain your answer.
3. How do you feel if you don’t get enough sleep? Explain.
4. Do you dream every night? Do you remember your dreams?
The Importance of Sleep (527)
16 From: Making Connections: Low Intermediate
By Jessica Williams, Cambridge, 2011
1. For about one third of your life, your eyes will be closed. You will not move very much. You will breathe very slowly. You will be quiet. In other words, for about one third of your life, you will be asleep.
2. Why do we sleep so much? What is the purpose? Scientists do not have a complete answer. They believe that sleep restores your energy and helps your brain to work better. If you do not sleep enough, you cannot concentrate on your work, and you feel tired all day. Without enough sleep, you are also more likely to get sick.
3. Sleep is important for normal development. Children need a lot of sleep in order to grow up strong and healthy. They need more sleep than adults. During the first two weeks of life, babies sleep for about 16 hours every day. This changes as they grow and need less sleep. Teenagers need about nine hours of sleep every night. Most adults need about eight hours. After about the age of 70, most adults only sleep for about six hours every night.
4. All animals sleep, but there is great variation in how much they sleep. For example, some big snakes sleep for more than 18 hours a day. Sheep only sleep for about four hours, and giraffes sleep less than two hours a day. Pigs sleep for eight hours a day just like adult humans.
5. Adult humans usually sleep for a long period and then are awake for a long period. In contrast, most animals do not sleep for one long period. Instead, they sleep for shorter periods during the day and night. Human babies and animals have similar sleep patterns. They sleep for a few hours, and then they stay awake for a few hours.
17 18
6. Scientists are also learning more about how people sleep. They know there are five different stages of sleep. Brain activity changes during these stages. During the last stage of sleep, something strange happens. Many of the muscles in your body are paralyzed; in contrast, your brain becomes very active. Your eyes move rapidly, and you breathe more quickly, too. This stage is called Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. About 20 percent of adult sleep is REM sleep. Adults usually go through about five periods of REM sleep every night.
7. REM sleep is when people have most of their dreams. If a person has one dream in each of these REM periods, that is about 2,000 dreams every year. Humans and many animals have dreams, but scientists are not sure of the purpose of dreams. Some scientists believe dreams help people understand things that happen during the day. Other scientists think dreams help us remember things.
8. There are still many things we do not understand about sleep. However, one thing we do know is that all animals, including humans, need to sleep. They need to sleep in order to grow and to keep their brains and bodies active and healthy. They need to sleep or they will get sick and die.
The Importance of Sleep: Comprehension Questions
Paragraph1
1. Decide if the sentence below is true or false: 18 You sleep for about half of your life.
TRUE or FALSE (Circle one)
JUSTIFICATION:
______
______
Paragraphs 2
2. What do scientists believe is the purpose of sleep?
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
Paragraph 3
3. What does the word “this” (par. 3, line 4) refer to?
______
______
4. How many hours of sleep do we need at each age?
a. Babies need ______
b. Teenagers need ______
c. Most adults need ______
d. People over 70 years old need ______
19 20 Paragraph 4-5
5. What main idea do the examples of snakes, sheep and giraffes support?
______
______
6. What is similar about the sleep patterns of human babies and many animals? (Circle the best answer)
a. They sleep for 16 hours a day.
b. They need less sleep as they grow older.
c. They sleep for short periods and then are awake for short periods.
d. They cannot concentrate if they do not sleep enough.
Paragraphs 6-7
7. What happens during the REM stage of sleep?
(Circle all the correct answers)
a. You breathe more quickly.
b. You save energy.
c. You dream.
d. Your body does not move.
e. Your eyes move.
8. Decide if the sentence below is true or false:
20 REM sleep is passive sleep.
TRUE or FALSE (Circle one)
JUSTIFICATION
______
______
9. At what stage of sleep do people have most of their dreams?
Complete the sentence: People have most of their dreams during the stage of
______(two words only)
10.What are two possible purposes of dreams?
a. ______
______
b. ______
______
Paragraph 8
11. According to the writer, why is sleep important for humans and all other animals?
______
______
21 22 12. According to the ENTIRE text, is the purpose of sleep completely clear to scientists
today?
YES NO (Circle one)
JUSTIFICATION:
______
______
The Importance of Sleep
Vocabulary Practice
Match the words in bold with their meaning:
What is the purpose of a. People who are 18 sleep? years or older Sleep restores your b. To think hard or energy. focus on something Sleep is important for c. A specific step in a normal development process If you do not sleep d. A change or a enough, you cannot different form of concentrate on your something work. Most adults need about e. The reason for eight hours of sleep. doing something All animals sleep, but f. Very unusual there is great variation in how much animals sleep Adult humans sleep for a g. To make something long period of time. the way it was
22 before During the last stage of h. A process of sleep, something strange growing or happens. changing There are five different i. Something that stages of sleep. occurs in the same way over and over. Human babies and j. A specific amount animals have similar sleep of time patterns.
What Stops Us from Committing Crime?
THINKING ABOUT THE TOPIC: Answer the following questions and compare your answers with a partner:
1. Some of the reasons people do not break the law include the following: a. They have a strong moral belief that it is wrong. b. They fear the disapproval of their family and friends. c. They fear the embarrassment of being caught. d. They would have to pay a fine if they were caught. e. They are afraid of having a criminal record.
Which of the reasons above would deter or stop you from doing the following things? _____ 1..parking illegally
_____ 2 copying computer software illegally
_____ 3 speeding while driving
_____ 4 smoking in public places where it is prohibited
_____ 5 lying about your age to get a job
_____ 6 copying from a friend during a test
23 24 2. Do you know these words? ___ obey the law ___ internal and external controls ___ effectiveness ___ moral values ___ disapproval ___ embarrassment ___ a criminal record ___. honesty ___ to pay a fine ___ to deter
What Stops Us From Committing Crimes? (601)
1. If a society is to continue to function smoothly, then the members of that society need to behave in orderly ways: they need to follow certain norms and obey certain rules. How does it happen that most people in a society agree to obey the rules? According to sociologists, there are two kinds of controls that influence the way an individual behaves. These are referred to as internal controls and external controls.
2. Internal Controls Imagine you are in a music store and you see a CD that you want. The price is $20. You have only $5 with you, but the thought of stealing the CD does not occur to you. Why not? The answer is internal controls. Internal controls are those you impose on yourself based on your values, beliefs, and fears.
3. One of the values you hold is that stealing is wrong and that honesty is right and good. To continue to feel good about yourself, you don't steal. So the first aspect of internal control is how you feel about yourself. The second aspect of internal control is the possible disapproval of friends and family who might become aware of your stealing. You do not want to have to talk with your parents or husband or wife or children or friends about why you stole a CD. The third factor operating to discourage you from stealing is the fear of being arrested. Many shops display signs such as "This store prosecutes shoplifters to the full extent of the law" and employ store detectives to identify shoplifters. Finally, social forces such as whether you are employed full-time may influence whether you steal or not. You may be afraid of social consequences, such as losing your job or losing the trust of 24 your work colleagues. In a study of national property crime arrests, researchers compared the percentage of arrests within two populations: people with full-time jobs and people who were not employed. The researchers found that the percentage arrested among those who were not employed was much higher.
External Controls 4. For some individuals internal controls will not be enough to deter them from breaking the law. Most societies also impose external controls or punishments of some kind to discourage people from committing crimes. There are three main kinds of external controls: public embarrassment; the payment of money or fines; and imprisonment. If a police officer stopped you for speeding, you would probably be embarrassed as other passing motorists stared at you. If you were going fast enough, you would also be asked to pay a fine as well as court costs. If you were driving while drunk, you would be taken to jail, fined, and have your driver's license taken away from you.
5. There are a number of factors that influence the effectiveness of these external controls in stopping people from committing crimes. Their effectiveness depends, for example, on how certain it is that the crime will be punished. If there is little likelihood of being caught, the external controls may be weak or ineffective. It also depends on how severe the punishment is. The threat of being sent to prison is more likely to prevent people from breaking the law than the threat of paying a small fine. For some crimes, external controls do not seem to be very effective. For example, a person who commits a "crime of passion" is in a state of uncontrollable anger or feels overwhelming pressure and may not give any consideration at all to the consequences of his or her actions.
25 26
What Stops Us from Committing Crimes – Questions
I. Prereading: Read the title, subtitles as well as paragraph one and answer the following question:
1. What is the author's purpose in writing this text? Circle the best answer. a. to compare internal controls to external controls. b. to discover ways to prevent crime. c. to explain how society functions smoothly. d. to explain why most people obey society's rules.
Paragraph 2 2. Why would some people not think of stealing a CD? ______3. How does the author define internal controls? ______Paragraph 3 4. What are four kinds of internal controls? a. ______(5 words only) b. ______c. ______(5 words only)
26 d. ______(2 words only)
5. According to a study of national property crime arrests, which population was arrested more? ______
Paragraph 4 6. Why do most societies impose external controls to discourage people from committing crime? ______
7. What are three main kinds of external controls?
a. ______b. ______c. ______
8. When might your driving license be taken away? ______
Paragraph 5 9. What factors influence the effectiveness of external controls? a. ______b. ______
27 28 10.What idea does the example of “a crime of passion” support?
______
______
11.According to the entire text, what is the author's main idea?
Circle the best answer.
a. Members of society need to follow norms and obey rules.
b. Internal controls don’t always stop us from committing crimes.
c. Both internal and external controls deter us from crime.
d. Sociologists control the way an individual behaves.
Match the words in bold with their meaning:
28 Members of society need to follow a. if certain rules. One value is that honesty is right b. way of looking at and good. Internal controls are based on your c..probably values. Disapproval of friends may deter d..groups of people you from committing a crime. Disapproval of friends may deter e..to do what you are you from committing a crime. told You may be afraid of social f..causes consequences There are a number of factors that g..truthfulness influence the effectiveness of external controls. Fear prison is likely to deter people h.. set of laws or from breaking the law. conventions Members of society need to obey i..morals certain rules. Two kinds of controls influence the j..results way an individual behaves. The first aspect of internal control is k..displeasure, how you feel about yourself. dissatisfaction Researchers compared the l..to affect percentage of arrests within two populations. Whether you are employed may discourage influence whether you steal or not.
A . FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THESE WORDS:
Define; definition; function; arrest; criminal record; aware; commit; social forces; shoplifter; member; obey; norm; value; belief; member; disapproval; honest; honesty; population;
29 30 1. Another way of saying “to break the law” is to ______a crime.
2. A word that means a personal belief is a ______.
3. People who tell the truth and do not steal are ______.
4. When the police catch someone stealing, they can ______this person.
5. Some people do not steal because they fear the ______of friends and family.
6. People who live in a society are ______of that society.
7. Bringing a gift to a friend is an example of a social ______.
8. A word that means to follow a rule is to ______.
9. A person who steals from a shop is a ______.
10. When a society works well, it ______smoothly.
B
FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THESE WORDS:
30 Define; definition; function; arrest; criminal record; aware; commit; social forces; shoplifter; member; obey; norm; value; belief; member; disapproval; honest; honesty; population;
1. A ______of society is someone who lives in that society.
2. When a society works well, it ______smoothly.
3. Another way of saying “to break the law” is to ______a crime.
4. A person who steals from a shop is a ______.
5. People who tell the truth and do not steal are ______.
6. A word that means to follow a rule is to ______.
7. When a person fears the ______of friends and family, that person will not steal.
8. Bringing a gift to a friend is an example of a social ______.
9. The police will ______a person when they catch that person stealing.
10.A word that means a personal belief is a ______.
Deviance and Crime (585) From: Academic Encounters: Life in Society, 2002 31 32
1. Have you ever… crossed the street against the traffic light? driven through a stop sign without stopping? cheated on a test? If so, you have broken a socially accepted norm or practice, and you could therefore be considered deviant. Deviant behavior is behavior that is considered to be unacceptable, or outside the norms for that society.
2. There are, of course, degrees of deviance and not every member of a society will agree on what is deviant behavior and what is normal behavior. For example, while many people believe that prostitution is deviant, others see it as a legitimate way for people to earn a living. Also, what is seen as deviant behavior will change over time and vary from place to place. Drinking alcohol, for example, has been regarded as deviant or as acceptable in the United States at different times in the past. In fact, in the 1920's, alcohol was considered to be so unacceptable in the U.S. that it was illegal to sell, buy, or consume it. Now drinking in moderation is accepted by the majority of the population in the United States as normal social behavior for adults.
3. What is considered to be deviant may also vary from culture to culture. In most cultures, but certainly not in all, it is regarded as deviant for a man to have more than one wife at the same time. However, there are some religious groups and cultures where polygamy is an accepted practice.
4. Some acts of deviance may simply result in a person being regarded as odd or unusual, while other deviant behaviors actually break the law. These behaviors are seen as crimes. Crimes can be grouped into different categories. One category is violent crime. This includes murder, rape, robbery, and assault. Another is property crime, such as theft, arson, or burglary. There is also a category of victimless crime, so-called because such crimes do not involve harm to people other than the criminals themselves. Examples of victimless crimes include gambling, prostitution, and drug abuse. Another category is white-collar crime, which includes tax evasion and embezzlement.
32 5. In 2000, there were 11.6 million reported crimes (excluding traffic offenses) in the United States. According to a report by the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), in 2000 the following crimes occurred at the rates shown: Robbery: 46.5 per hour Burglary: 234 per hour Violent crime: 163 per hour Rape: 10.3 per hour Murder: 1.8 per hour Vehicle theft: 133 per hour
It should be noted, however, that these figures are based only on crimes that are reported. Actual crime rates may be two or three times higher than the official figures.
6. Murder, or homicide, is the most serious crime, and reports on crime show that it is also mostly a personal crime. That is, homicide is far more likely to be committed against acquaintances, friends, or relatives than against strangers. It also occurs most frequently during weekend evenings, particularly Saturday night. As a crime of passion, homicide is usually carried out under over-whelming pressure and uncontrollable rage.
7. While the public perception may be that the crime rate, especially for violent crime, is continuing to rise, there has in fact been a decline over the past decade. In 1991, there were 1.9 million violent crimes reported in the United States. By 1998, this figure had dropped to 1.5, million. Murder rates in the same period dropped from 24,700 to 16,914.
Deviance and Crime: Questions
Paragraph 1
1. According to paragraph 1, how does the writer define deviant behavior? ______Paragraph 2 33 34 2. a. What general idea does the example of prostitution support? ______b. What general idea does the example of alcohol in the United States support? ______
Paragraph 3 3. What general idea does the following sentence support? “Polygamy is accepted in some cultures but is considered deviant in other cultures” ______
Paragraph 4 4. What do "these behaviors" (par. 4, line 2) refer to? ______5. What are 4 categories of crime? a. ______b. ______c. ______d. ______6. Why are certain crimes considered "victimless crimes"? ______Paragraph 5 7…What do “these figures” (paragraph 5, line 10) refer to? ______
8..Decide if the following statement is TRUE or FALSE, circle your choice and justify your answer by quoting from the text. The actual crime rate for vehicle theft is 133 per hour.
34 TRUE FALSE JUSTIFICATION: ______
Paragraph 6 9. What does “it” (paragraph 6, line 1) refer to? ______
10. Is homicide usually committed against strangers? YES NO (circle one) JUSTIFICATION:______
11. What is the usual cause of homicide?
______
______
Paragraph 7 12. a) What is the public perception of crime?
______
______
b) Is the public perception of crime accurate? Yes No (Circle one) JUSTIFICATION: ______
______35 36
13. Mark (x) all the correct answers:
The author’s purpose in this article is
___To explain that some acts of deviance are actual crimes.
___To discuss the different categories of crime.
___To explain that definitions of deviance never vary.
___To explain that deviance is not the same in all cultures.
___To explain how to prevent deviance and crime.
Deviance and Crime: Vocabulary
:Match the word in bold with the correct meaning
a. ten years 1. There are, of course, degrees of deviance and not every member of society will agree on what is normal behavior b. use, eat, or drink 2. Some see prostitution as a legitimate way to earn a living. c. against the law 3. Drinking alcohol has been regarded as deviant or as acceptable in the United States at different times. d. grown up people 4. What is considered to be deviant may also vary from culture to culture. e. numbers 5. Drinking alcohol has been regarded as deviant or acceptable in the United States at different times. f. habit or custom 6. In the 1920’s, alcohol was considered to be so unacceptable in the U. S. that it was illegal to sell, buy or consume it. 36 g. thought of, 7. In the 1920’s, alcohol was considered to be so considered unacceptable in the U.S. that it was illegal to sell, buy or consume it. h. amount ; measure 8. Now drinking in moderation is accepted by the majority of the population in the U.S. as normal social behavior for adults. i. understanding 9. There is also a category of victimless crime, so-called because such crimes do not involve harm to people other than the criminals themselves. j. acceptable 10.There are some religious groups and cultures where polygamy is an accepted practice. k. behavior outside 11.Actual crime rates may be two or three times the norm higher than the official figures. l. thought of 12.Actual crime rates may be two or three times higher than the official figures. m. agreed to 13.It also occurs most frequently during weekend evenings. n. hurt 14.While the public perception may be that the crime rate is continuing to rise, there has in fact been a decline over the past decade. o. happens 15.While the public perception may be that the crime rate is continuing to rise, there has been a decline over the past decade.
The War on Drugs
BUILDING VOCABULARY
the battle against drugs the drug problem drug use / a drug user drug dealing drug overdose a drug addict / drug addicts drug treatment drug addiction drug abuse drug related homicides drug legalization
37 38 drug education programs legal / illegal legalize legalization of drugs / legalizing drugs to oppose to advocate to be in favor of to argue for / to argue against to restrict / restriction
to enforce the law / law enforcement to label someone
The War on Drugs
A. Look at the following words and expressions. What do you think the text will be about?
In favor of \ abuse \ addiction \ treatment \ Law-enforcement advocate \ decriminalization \ legalization \ argue \ oppose
B. The War on Drugs: Opinions: Do you agree or disagree with the these opinions?
1. Over the past few decades, the drug problem has become considerably
worse.
2. Drug use has increased among teenagers.
3. Drug abuse is the result of poverty and inequality.
4. The battle against drugs is a failure.
38 5. People should be able to buy drugs legally the same way they buy
cigarettes.
6. If drugs were legal, there would be fewer robberies and murders.
7. Legalizing drugs would lead to more addiction.
8. The drug problem can be solved by drug education programs.
9. Drug users should not be labeled criminals.
10.The government should try to protect us from harming ourselves by
making drug use illegal.
The War on Drugs (609)
From: Academic Encounters: Life in Society By Kristine Brown and Susan Hood, Cambridge, 2002
1. Over the last few decades, the drug problem in the United States (and in many other industrialized countries) has become considerably worse. In 1981, there were about 3 million drug addicts in the United States; today there are around 6 million. The number of drug overdose deaths and drug-related homicides has also increased. This is in spite of the fact that the government has spent more and more money in trying to solve the drug problem. The fight against drugs is often referred to as a "war" or "battle," and most experts now believe the battle against drugs has been a failure. They say it has failed because the government has focused on controlling the problem through laws and punishments, rather than through drug education and treatment.
2. The failure of the law-enforcement approach has led to calls for other approaches to solving the problem, including the decriminalization and the legalization of drugs. Advocates of decriminalization think that drug users should no longer be labeled as serious criminals and that the punishments for drug use should be significantly reduced. Advocates of legalization believe there should be no restriction on drug 39 40 use at all, and that individuals should be able to buy drugs the same way they buy cigarettes and alcohol today.
3. Those who are in favor of legalization argue that the current drug laws do more harm than good. They argue that the current laws waste police time because while police officers are busy arresting people for smoking marijuana, they are not doing the work of arresting robbers and murderers. Further, they argue that the high cost of illegal drugs and the enormous amounts of money to be made from drug dealing encourage more serious crimes. For example, many drug users turn to stealing to support their habit and police can sometimes be bribed to "look the other way." Finally, those who support legalization believe that if drugs were legalized, the huge amounts of money currently spent on law enforcement could be used for drug treatment and education, which would drastically reduce drug use. 4. Those who oppose legalization respond that, if drugs are legalized, drug use and addiction will skyrocket. They point to the experience with alcohol, which was prohibited in the United States in the 1920s. At the end of this period, called Prohibition, the consumption of alcohol apparently soared by 350 percent (Bennet 1989). Others feel that the use of drugs is a stepping stone to other crimes – that, for example, the use of marijuana leads to the use of heroin or cocaine, and on to more serious crime. If drug use is stopped, this trend will be prevented.
5. Another aspect of the debate on whether or not drugs should be legalized involves the question of individual rights. Some people call for legalization because they feel they have the right to take drugs – that it is none of the government's business. They think that laws governing this behavior are an invasion of individual rights. On the other hand, others argue that the government should try to protect us from harming ourselves.
6. Finally, there are those who believe that the problem of widespread drug abuse and crime can only be solved when the government attacks the root causes of the problem: poverty, racism and inequality (Currie 1993). They propose that the government should deal with the factors that cause the problem by providing
40 employment for all, increasing the minimum wage, improving health care for the poor, offering paid family leave, and providing affordable housing.
The War on Drugs – Questions
Pre-Reading: Read the first paragraph and first sentence only of each paragraph. Circle the best answer. The author's purpose in this text is a. To explain why the battle against drugs has failed. b. To argue in favor of the legalization of drugs. c. To discuss the problem of widespread drug abuse. d. To present opposing approaches to the war on drugs.
Close Reading Questions: PARAGRAPH ONE 1. Why do most experts think the battle against drugs has failed? ______PARAGRAPH 2 2. What do advocates of decriminalization want to change? a.______
41 42 b. ______
3. What do advocates of legalization want to change? a. ______
b. ______
PARAGRAPH 3 4. Why do advocates of legalization think the current laws waste police time?
______
______
5. What is a possible result of the high cost of illegal drugs?) ______
6. For what would advocates of legalization prefer to spend money? a. ______b. ______
PARAGRAPH 4 7. What do opponents of legalization think will happen if drugs are legalized? Circle the correct answer. a. drug use will decrease greatly. b. drug use will lead to alcohol use. c. drug use will increase greatly d. drug users will explode.
8. Decide if the following sentence is true or false. Circle the correct answer. TRUE FALSE
“At the end of the period of Prohibition, people stopped drinking alcohol.” Justification:
42 ______
______
9. What does "this trend" in the last sentence of paragraph 4 refer to?
______
______
PARAGRAPH 5
10. a. Why are some people in favor of legalizing drugs?
______
______
b. What do opponents of legalization think about the role of government?
______
______
PARAGRAPH 6
11..What do some people think really causes drug abuse? (3 words only)
______
______
12. What should the government do to solve the drug problem? Give 5 suggestions. a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
43 44 d______
e. ______
The War on Drugs
Vocabulary: Match the words in bold with their meanings
a. occurring in many places Over the last few decades, the .1 (.(adj drug problem in the U.S. has .become considerably worse (b. to be against something (v Over the last few decades, the .2 drug problem in the U.S. has .become considerably worse c. a method to solve a The failure of the law- .3 (problem (n enforcement approach has led to calls for other approaches to solving the problem (d. ten years (n Advocates of decriminalization .4 think that drug users should no longer be labeled as serious .criminals (e. to hurt (v Advocates of decriminalization .5 think that drug users should no longer be labeled as serious .criminals f. in a large and important way Advocates of decriminalization .6 ((adverb think that punishments for drug use should be significantly .reduced (g. use (n They think that punishments .7 .should be significantly reduced (h. to make illegal (v Those who oppose legalization .8 point to alcohol which was prohibited in the United States in the 1920’s i. people in favor of something Alcohol was prohibited in the .9 ((n United States in the 1920’s
44 (j. to include (v At the end of Prohibition, .10 consumption of alcohol soared (k. to make less (v Another aspect of the debate .11 involves the question of .individual rights (l. considerably (adverb The government should try to .12 protect us from harming ourselves M using a word to describe The problem of widespread .13 (someone (v drug abuse can be solved only by attacking the root causes How We Learn to Behave (732)
A woman turns off her cell phone as she enters a movie theater. A driver eats a candy bar and puts the paper wrapper in the ashtray. A couple decides to have a baby. 1. Being polite, neat, and family-oriented are characteristics of the well-socialized citizen. Socialization is the process of learning how to behave in the society we live in. For societies to exist, there must be some organized way of teaching the members what is expected of them and how they are to behave. Through socialization, the infant develops into a person like one of those described above.
2. Every society tries to socialize its members. The task is performed by several groups and institutions (called socializing agents). The family, the school, and the peer group (that is, people of the same age) are the most important socializing agents. Of these, the family is the most important, especially during the first few years of life. A review of various studies of families has concluded that warm, supportive, moderately strict family environments usually produce happy and well-behaved children; and that cold, rigid, and overly strict families tend to cause youngsters to become rebellious, resentful, and insecure (Gecas 1981).
3. How, then, do families and other socializing agents teach children how to behave? Two important ways are by sanctions (rewards and punishments) and by modeling.
Rewards and Punishments 4. Sanctions are consequences following a behavior that influence whether the behavior will be repeated. Positive sanctions mean that the behavior is followed by something that is a
45 46 reward. If a child asks a parent "May I have some gum please?" and the parent gives the child some gum, the child learns that saying "please" at the end of a request results in getting what he asks for. Negative sanctions (also known as punishments) mean that something bad happens after a behavior occurs. When a child says "Gimme some gum" and the parent says "No gum until you learn to ask politely" and does not give the child the gum, the child learns that it is not a good idea to speak this way because he does not get what he wants.
Modeling 5. Modeling refers to learning by watching the behavior of others – especially parents – and copying that behavior. Modeling influences both positive and negative behavior. For example, children who are respectful to elderly people have probably seen their parents do things such as helping older people onto trains and buses. On the other hand, children whose parents are alcoholics are more likely than other children to become alcoholics themselves.
Differences Across Cultures 6. It is easy to assume that every culture socializes children in the same way. Studies of other cultures, however, show that children are socialized differently depending on the culture they are brought up in.
7. A study of 6- to 11-year-old children in six farming communities in the United States, Kenya, Okinawa, northern India, the Philippines, and Mexico is a good example of these studies. Beatrice and John Whiting (1975) found a big difference between the types of household chores that children were expected to do in these cultures. More importantly, they found that parental expectations about work around the house were an important part of children's socialization. Where children were expected to take care of other younger children and do chores that helped the whole household (as in the Kenyan and Mexican communities studied), they quickly learned to be responsible and caring toward others. In communities like the one studied in the United States, where children were only expected to do chores such as cleaning their rooms and picking up toys, they were less likely to develop these traits at an early age. Of course, not every family in a particular culture socializes their children in exactly the same way – and this would be true of expectations
46 about household chores also. Nevertheless, many cross-cultural differences in socialization have been identified by researchers.
1. Other evidence of these differences in socialization practices comes from a study of how traditional Vietnamese and Chinese socialize their children (Dillard 1987). In these families, the needs of the group are seen as more important than the needs of the individual, and so children learn that their first responsibility is to their parents rather than to themselves. For example, many children work hard at school so that their parents will be proud of them.
MATCH COLUMN A WITH COLUMN B
A B to depend on a. traits punishment b. an infant to conclude c. result in a task d. adolescent to perform e. to rear / raise institutions f. youngster a baby g. a negative sanction a teenager h. to carry out a grown-up i. to come to an opinion lead to j. a job characteristics k. an organized part of a culture a child l. an adult to bring up m. to rely on
47 48
Translate these Noun Groups: a particular culture cross-cultural differences socialization practices household chores six farming communities parental expectations the well-socialized citizen other researchers the peer group various studies a moderately strict family environment / some organized way
How We Learn to Behave: Questions PARAGRAPHS 1-3 1. What are some characteristics of the well-socialized citizen? ______
2. How does the author define socialization? ______
3. What does "the task" (paragraph 2, line 1) refer to? ______
4. What are the important socializing agents in society? a. ______b. ______c. ______48 5. What socializing agent is the most important? ______
6. What may cause a child to become rebellious, resentful and insecure ? ______
7. What are two ways families teach children how to behave?
a. ______
b. ______
8. How does the author define sanctions? ______
Paragraph 4 9. Complete the sentences below: a. A parent who gives a child gum when the child says "please" is an example of ______
b. Another word for "negative sanctions" is ______
Paragraph 5 10. What MAIN IDEA does the following sentence support?
"Children are respectful to older people when they see their parents act respectfully" ______
Paragraph 6
49 50 11. What determines how a child is socialized? ______
12. PARAGRAPH 7: Complete the sentences below: a. In Kenya and Mexico, children quickly learned to be responsible and caring toward others since______b. In the United States, children were only expected to clean their room and their toys, therefore ______
13. PARAGRAPH 8 Why do children in Vietnam and China learn that their first responsibility is to their parents rather than to themselves? ______
14. What is the main idea of the entire text? Circle the best answer. a. Every society tries to socialize its members.
b. Children learn best if they are given rewards and punishments.
c. The way we behave is due to the process of socialization.
d. Not every culture socializes children in the same way.
A SUMMARY OF THE TEXT:
50 The following paragraph summarizes the text "How We Learn to Behave". Fill in the missing words according to the text.
Socialization is the process of learning how to behave in the society we live in. The job of socialization is performed by several groups called ______. The family, the school, and the peer group are the most important socializing agents, and of these three, the ______is the most important, especially in the early years. Two important ways that families and other socializing agents teach children to behave are
______and ______. Sanctions are the ______that follow a particular behavior and influence whether or not the behavior will be
______. Sanctions can be positive (______) or negative
(punishments). Modeling is learning by ______the behavior of others – especially parents - and copying that behavior. Children are socialized differently depending on the ______they are brought up in.
Women's Liberation
51 52 Decide if you agree or disagree with these opinions. Then compare your answer with your partner.
1. Most women today are no longer content with the traditional role of housewife. agree/ disagree
2. All women should pursue a career. agree/ disagree
3. All women should acquire an education. agree/ disagree
4. Mothers should stay at home and look after their children. agree/disagree
5. Women today want fewer children than they did in the past. agree/ disagree 6.
Birthrates would increase if mothers didn't have to work. agree/ disagree
7. It is wrong to use birth control methods. agree/ disagree
8. Women should have a choice when and if to bear children. agree/ disagree
9. The invention of labor-saving devices is one cause of women's liberation. agree/ disagree
10. Women today have the opportunity to pursue the same careers as men. agree/disagree
Women's Liberation (741)
A. Since the middle of the twentieth century, women around the world have been seeking greater independence and recognition. No longer content with their traditional roles as housewives and mothers, women have joined together to create the so-called "women's liberation movement." While the forces behind this international movement vary from
52 culture to culture and from individual to individual, the basic causes in the United States can be traced to three events: the development of effective birth control methods, the invention of labor-saving devices for the home, and the advent of World War II.
B. The first cause for the liberation of women was the development of effective birth control methods, freeing women from the endless cycle of childbearing and rearing. As a result of having a choice as to when and if to bear children, women acquired the freedom and the time to pursue interests outside of the home. Because of the development of birth control, women could delay having children or could avoid having them altogether. Consequently, women had the opportunity to acquire an education and/or pursue a career.
C. The second event was the development of mechanized labor-saving devices for the home, resulting in more leisure time and freedom for women. For example, fifty years ago, a housewife spent an average of twelve to fourteen hours per day doing housework. Due to the invention of machines such as vacuum cleaners, washing machines and dishwashers, a housewife can now take care of her daily housework in a few hours.
D. The third event that, at least in the United States, gave impetus to the liberation of women was World War II. During the war, most men were serving in the military. Consequently, women had to fill the vacancies in the labor force. Women by the thousands went to work in factories and even took over businesses for their absent husbands. This was a great change for the majority of American women, for they discovered that they could weld airplanes and manage a business as well as change diapers and bake cookies.
E. These three events planted the seeds of a great change in society, and the effects of this change are being felt at all levels; in the family, in business, and in government.
F. One of the biggest effects of the greater independence of women is being felt in the home. The traditional husband-wife relationship is undergoing a radical transformation. Because so many women are working, men are learning to share the household tasks of cooking, cleaning and, even caring for children. In some families, there has been a complete reversal of the traditional roles: the husband stays home while the wife earns the family's income. It should be pointed out, however, that this is the exception, not the rule. In most
53 54 families in the United States, the husband still earns most of the money, and the wife still does most of the housework.
G. The effects of women's liberation are being felt not only in the home, but also on the job. More and more women are working, and they are demanding equal salaries and equally responsible positions. It is not uncommon for a woman to be the president of a corporation these days. Many businesses encourage women to advance to higher management positions, and every year the nation's schools produce more women doctors, lawyers, and accountants.
H. Politics and government are still other areas that are feeling the effects of the women's movement. Although the United States doesn't appear ready to accept a woman president, as some countries of the world have, women are being elected to public office in increasing numbers. The United States has had several women governors, which is the highest office in a state. A few years ago, this would have been unthinkable. Furthermore, the increasing political power of women has resulted in a proposal for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, called the Equal Rights Amendment, which will give women complete equality with men by law, if passed.
I. In conclusion, women in the United States are acquiring greater independence, which is causing sweeping changes in society – at home, at work, and in politics. While men may not be happy with these changes, they should always remember that it was they, the men, who created the conditions leading to the liberation of women: men made war, male scientists developed birth control, and businessmen earned a lot of money selling vacuum cleaners and dishwashers.
Women's Liberation – QUESTIONS
PRE-READING: Read the first paragraph and first sentence only of all the other paragraphs. Choose the best answer.
54 1.The author's purpose in writing this text is:
a. to describe the development of effective birth control methods.
b. to explain the reasons why women seek greater independence.
c. to present the events which led to the women's liberation
movement.
d. To explain the causes and effects of the women's liberation
movement.
CLOSE READING QUESTIONS: Paragraph A 1. Why did women create the international women's liberation movement? ______
2. Decide if the following statement is TRUE or FALSE.
The reasons which led to the creation of the international women's liberation movement are the same for all cultures. TRUE FALSE (circle one) Justification: ______
3. What three events led to the creation of the women's liberation movement in the United States?
55 56
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
Paragraph B: 4. What enabled women to acquire an education and pursue a career? ______
5. How did the invention of labor-saving devices change the lives of women? (paragraph. C) ______6. Why did women begin to work in factories and businesses during World War II? (paragraph. D) ______
7. According to paragraphs E-H, where were the results of women's liberation felt?
a. ______b. ______c. ______
8. In what way are men responsible for the conditions that led to women's greater independence? (paragraph I)
56 ______
SYNONYM MATCH: Match the following synonyms from the article. Use your dictionary to help you.
a. vary strength, strong reasons b. create invention c. causes look for d. trace change e. device invent f. seek reasons g. forces to follow the history of something
PHRASE MATCH: Match the following phrases from the article. (Sometimes more than one combination is possible.) Write the two phrases together to see if they make sense.
a. the development of for women b. the forces behind the twentieth century c. the middle of to create a movement d. greater independence birth control methods e. no longer content for the home 57 58 f. women joined together this movement g. basic causes and recognition h. effective with traditional roles i. labor-saving devices can be traced
Fill the gaps with the words on the right. REMEMBER – first decide what part of speech is missing.
Since the middle of the 20th ______, women vary around the world have been ______greater events independence. No longer content with their traditional roles, joined women ______together to create the women's century liberation movement. While the forces behind the movement seeking
______, the basic causes can be traced to three ______.
The development of ______birth control acquired methods free women from having too many children to opportunity
______. As a result, women ______effective the freedom to ______an education . In addition pursue they had the ______to pursue a career. rear
58 Translate the following noun groups into Hebrew. Remember: the noun comes at the end of the noun group. the women's liberation movement their traditional roles this international movement the basic causes effective birth control methods mechanized labor-saving devices the endless cycle the second event leisure time their absent husbands a great change the greater independence the traditional relationship a radical transformation the household tasks a complete reversal equal salaries equally responsible positions the increasing political power complete equality 59 60 equal rights
CONNECTORS: WORDS THAT SIGNAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IDEAS cause result addition contrast condition because consequently moreover nevertheless otherwise because of therefore in addition however or else for thus furthermore yet since so as well as although due to as a result also though/ even though as despite/ in spite of
while / whereas
Choose a word to logically connect the two sentences (in the middle).
1. Today there are many labor-saving devices. Women have more leisure time.
2. Women can choose when to have children. Effective birth control methods are available today.
3. Women can acquire an education. Women can pursue a career.
4. Some men stay home while the wife earns money. This is an exception.
5. Today women demand equal salaries. They demand equally responsible jobs.
6. Today there are several women in government roles. In the past, this was rare.
7. Sometimes the mother works outside the home. The father looks after the children.
8. Women are acquiring greater independence. There are sweeping changes in society.
The Levels of Sleep (807) By Peter Farb; From: Humankind 60 1. The modern understanding of sleep began quite by accident in 1952. A graduate student was assigned to observe the eyelids of sleeping volunteers to see whether any movement occurred. He observed that at certain times during the night the eyeballs of sleepers moved very quickly beneath closed eyelids. Such activity was totally unexpected, since people thought sleep was a quiet time, not one in which the brain was actively causing eye movements that were often faster than could be produced by a waking person.
2. Since then, much more has been learned about rapid eye movement (technically known as “REM”) during certain stages of sleep. REM sleep is always accompanied by distinctive brain-wave patterns, an increase in blood flow, irregular breathing and a twisting of the face and fingertips. REM sleep is active sleep, even though the large muscles of the body are completely relaxed. The other kind of sleep is known as “NREM” (that is, non- REM). During this state, breathing is regular, body movement is generally absent, and brain activity is low. Perception shuts down because the senses are no longer gathering information and communicating it to the brain. NREM sleep is sometimes called “quiet sleep” but in one way that is not so; snoring occurs during this state.
3. A number of curious experiences occur at the onset of sleep. The most common sensation is that of floating or falling, which is why “falling asleep” is a scientifically valid description. A nearly universal occurrence at the beginning of sleep is a sudden, uncoordinated jerk of the head or even of the entire body. Most people tend to think of going to sleep as a slow process, but the onset of sleep is not gradual at all. It happens in an instant. One moment the individual is awake, the next moment not.
4. The first period of sleep is always NREM. It consists of four stages. During each stage the sleeper becomes more remote from the sensory environment. Children in particular can almost never be awakened at the fourth stage. Even if they can finally be awakened, it may take several minutes before they return to awareness. This deepest fourth stage is the period during which most of the talking in one’s sleep, sleep-walking, night terrors, and bed-wetting by children take place. After the fourth stage, the sleeper retraces all the stages back to lighter sleep. The first REM period begins about seventy or eighty minutes after a person has fallen asleep and usually lasts for only about ten minutes. The entire NREM-REM cycle averages about ninety minutes.
61 62 5. The two kinds of sleep – as different from each other as sleep is from wakefulness – continue to alternate throughout the night. With each cycle, the amount of REM sleep gradually increases, to the degree that it may become as long as 60 minutes just before awakening, whereas the amount of NREM sleep decreases markedly. An adult who sleeps seven and a half hours spends from one and a half to two hours of that period in REM sleep, mostly toward the end of the sleep period.
6. The new view of sleep is that it is not passive. Rather, it is an active state in which the brain is never at rest. One theory about human sleep assigns different functions to the two kinds of sleep. NREM sleep apparently does the things that have traditionally been assigned by common sense to all sleep: growth, repair of the body’s tissues, and the synthesis of proteins. NREM sleep is a biological necessity; without it, an individual eventually would collapse. When someone is deprived of sleep, NREM sleep is usually made up first. And until the deprivation is compensated for, that person feels lethargic and less able than usual to carry out physical tasks.
7. REM sleep, in contrast, apparently restores the neural processes underlying consciousness; it is mental rather than physical. People deprived of it are not physically lethargic but emotionally irritable; they usually perform poorly in concentration and learning tests. REM sleep appears to be essential to integrate recently learned material into long- term memory. Students who stay up all night cramming for an examination the next day usually do not do as well as those who have had some sleep. The explanation is that the students have momentarily learned a lot of new facts, but these facts cannot be remembered unless they have been processed during sleep into memory. REM sleep also seems to help people cope with day-to-day stress. Experiments have shown that volunteers who were exposed to stressful situations had a sharply increased need for REM sleep, during which time they apparently made peace with the traumatic experiences. Such experiments offer fresh evidence that sleep is one of the most active parts of person’s day.
62 Levels of Sleep: QUESTIONS
PARAGRAPH 1
1. What observation led to the modern understanding of sleep?
______
______
2. Why was the graduate student surprised?
______
______
PARAGRAPH 2
3. What happens during REM sleep? Write 3 things. a. ______b. ______c. ______
4. What happens during Non- REM sleep? Write 3 things. a. ______b. ______c. ______
PARAGRAPH 3
5. Why is “falling asleep” a scientifically valid description?
______
______
6. Do we fall asleep slowly? (Circle the correct answer) YES NO 63 64 JUSTIFICATION:
______
______
PARAGRAPH 4 -5
7. Who sleeps most deeply during the NREM period?
______
1. When does REM sleep begin? ______
2. Complete the sentence. The longer we sleep the more ______we have.
PARAGRAPH 6
3. What functions does NREM sleep seem to perform?
______
______
11. What happens to people who are deprived of NREM sleep? ______
12. PARAGRAPH 7: What happens to people who are deprived of REM sleep? ______
13. Complete the sentence. (Choose the best answer)
According to paragraph 7, the best way to remember material for an exam is
a. to stay up all night cramming 64 b. to momentarily learn a lot of new facts c. to try to cope with the stress of an exam d. to get enough REM sleep
14.. According to paragraph 7, what are two important functions of REM sleep? a. ______b. ______15. In the experiment with volunteers, what helped them make peace with the traumatic experiences?
______
______
16. What idea does the experiment with volunteers seem to prove?
______
______
Growing Up Male or Female
Decide if you agree or disagree with these statements. Compare with your partner.
1. From the moment of birth, babies are usually treated differently according to their
gender. 65 66 2. Today, parents are more likely to bring up boys and girls in a similar way than in the
past.
3. Parents use words about feelings and emotions more with girls than with boys.
4. Mothers tend to talk more politely and fathers tend to use more direct language.
5. Girls are taught to rely on others – especially males – for help.
6. Girls rely more on their beauty than on their intelligence to attract men.
7. Boys are encouraged to be independent and strong and to avoid being "mama's
boys".
8. Boys are taught not to cry.
9. Daughters, more than sons, are socialized to think more about the family, to
remember birthdays, and to care for sick family members.
10.Sons are expected to be more interested in the world outside the family.
11. Daughters are thought to need more protection than sons.
12. Young parents today are likely to socialize their children into more equal gender
roles than in the past.
13.It is difficult to bring up children in a non-sexist way.
14.Bringing up boys and girls differently leads to both good and bad consequences.
Growing Up Male or Female (686)
From: Academic Encounters: Life in Society By Kristine Brown and Susan Hood, Cambridge, 2002
1. Newborn babies do not know if they are boys or girls, but it does not take them long to find out. They very quickly learn the way that their society expects males and females to behave and think. That is, they learn their gender roles.
66 2. From the moment of birth, babies are usually treated according to their gender. In the United States and in many other countries, baby girls tend to be dressed in pink clothing and baby boys in blue. Baby girls are handled more gently than boys. Girls are cuddled and kissed while boys are bounced around and lifted high in the air. Girls are given dolls, whereas boys are given cars, trucks, and building blocks. Mothers think a lot about how pretty their little girls should look, but they are less concerned about their little boys' appearance. 3. When they start to talk, children are taught the difference between the words "he" and "she" and between "him" and "her." There are also differences in the way parents talk to their children. Parents use words about feelings and emotions more with girls than with boys, and, by age 2, girls use these words more than boys do. Furthermore, mothers and fathers talk differently, because of their socialization. Mothers tend to talk more politely ("Could you turn off the television, please?") and fathers tend to use more direct language ("Turn off the television."). By age 4, girls and boys have learned to imitate these conversational styles. 4. Girls are generally taught to be "ladylike" – polite and gentle. They are taught to rely on others – especially males – for help. They are allowed to express their emotions freely. Girls learn the importance of being pretty. They may even learn that they must rely more on their beauty than on their intelligence to attract men. Boys, on the other hand, are taught to behave "like men." Boys are also encouraged to be independent and strong and to avoid being "mama's boys." They are told that boys don't cry. If they put on makeup and wear dresses during play their parents are horrified. Therefore, boys grow up with a fear of being feminine, and, as young men, try to keep up a "macho" image. They may also develop a negative attitude toward women in adult life (Elkin and Handle 1988; Power and Shanks 1989). 5. Parents also have different social expectations of daughters and sons. Daughters, more than sons, are socialized to think more about the family, for example, to remember birthdays, to spend time with the family on holidays, and, when they get older, to provide care for sick family members and relatives. Sons are not expected to do these things. They are expected to be more interested in the world outside the family and more independent of the family in social activities. Daughters are also thought to need more protection than sons, For example, parents may make their daughters come home earlier at night and forbid them to places that they might let their sons go to. Such protectiveness often encourages girls to be less active in exploring their environment. 6. In recent years, though, there has been a trend in many parts of the world to more gender-neutral socialization. Young parents, female professionals, and well-educated parents,
67 68 in particular, are more likely to socialize their children into more equal gender roles. However, this is not always an easy task. One study of parents who wanted to bring up their children in a nonsexist way found that it was very difficult to do. The parents complained about toy stores being filled with gender-specific toys – war toys for boys and domestic toys for girls. They also commented that while they might be able to give their children gender-neutral toys themselves, it was difficult to get relatives and friends to do this. Almost all the children in the study owned and played with gender-specific toys given to them by other people. The parents also found it hard to fight against the gender lessons of books, the peer group, and school.
Growing Up Male or Female: Questions
1. a. According to paragraph one, how does the author define "gender roles"? ______2. b. What two words helped you find the definition? ______
3. Paragraph 2: What general idea does the following example support?
68 ”Baby girls are handled more gently than boys” ______3. According to Paragraph 3, why do parents talk differently to their children? ______4. What does "these conversational styles" refer to (par. 3 last line)? ______Paragraph 4 5. In paragraph 4, how does the author define "ladylike"? ______6. Complete the sentence:
Whereas girls are generally taught to rely on others, boys are expected to be ______Paragraph 5 7. What general idea does the following example support?
“Daughters, more than sons, are socialized to think about the family” ______
8. Why do some parents make their daughters come home earlier at night than their sons? ______?What is a possible result of making daughters come home earlier than sons .9 ______Paragraph 6 10.Circle the best answer:
The meaning of "gender-neutral socialization" in paragraph 6 is:
69 70 a. bringing up boys and girls according to gender b. bringing up boys and girls differently c. bringing up boys and girls to be neutral d. bringing up boys and girls the same way
11.According to paragraph 6, what is not an easy task? ______12. Give 3 reasons why it is difficult to bring up children in a non- sexist way? a.______b.______c.______
13. Circle the best answer: The main idea of the entire article is: a. Newborn babies do not know if they are boys or girls. b. Girls are taught to be ladylike and boys are taught to be "macho." c. The process of socialization is different for males and females. d. Gender-neutral socialization is difficult to achieve.
Can Stress Make Us Sick?
I.THINKING ABOUT THE TOPIC: Discuss these questions with your neighbor.
1. How do you know when you are suffering from stress? What are the symptoms?
2. How do you handle stress?
3. Do you get stressed easily? Why/why not?
4. What do you do to reduce stress in your life? How do you relax?
5. What circumstances cause you to feel stress you the most?
70 6. Do you think life is more stressful now than in the past? Why/ why not?
7. Do you think your life will become more stressful in the future?
8. Which life events do you think are the most stressful? (e.g. learning to drive; losing
your job; taking an exam; starting a new job; money problems; migrating to a
strange country; getting married)?
9. What do you do to help your family of friends when they are stressed?
10.Do you agree with the following statement? Why?
“When people say they can’t handle stress, they mean that they can’t handle
responsibility.”
II. Rank the following occupations in order of how stressful you think they are. Compare your list with your partner: doctor mother student miner lawyer reporter salesperson computer-programmer accountant fire-fighter teacher policeman politician street-cleaner dentist
Can Stress Make You Sick? (533)
1. Scientists are now studying a new field of research called psychoimmunology. It is based on the idea that people who are depressed or have a lot of stress are more likely to become sick. Researchers have recently found a connection between diseases and stressful situations. To test this theory, psychoimmunologists are trying to find a link between the brain and the immune system.
71 72 2. The immune system in our body fights the bacteria and viruses which cause disease. Therefore, whether or not we are likely to get various diseases depends on how well our immune system works. Biologists used to think that the immune system was a separate, independent part of our bodies. Recently, however, they have found that our brain can affect our immune system. This discovery indicates that there may be a connection between emotional factors, such as stress or depression, and illness.
3. Although many doctors in the past suspected a connection between emotional factors and disease, they had no proof. Scientists have only recently discovered how the brain and the immune system function. Before this, no one could see a link between them. As a result, medical science never seriously considered the idea that psychological factors could cause disease.
4. Several recent studies showed a connection between stress and illness. For example, researchers went to an American military school to study the students. By studying the students’ blood, they found that many were infected with a virus which causes mononucleosis, a common glandular disease. Of the infected students, only 5% actually became ill. The sick students had a lot of academic pressure and wanted to achieve, but they were not very good students. In a similar study, researchers studied a group of student nurses. They focused on cold sores, which are also caused by a common virus. Many student nurses carried the virus in their blood, but few of these infected nurses actually developed cold sores. The nurses who did develop cold sores were the ones who described themselves as generally unhappy people.
5. In addition to these results, which support their theory, researchers are also looking for proof that stress can damage the immune system. Researchers studied recently bereaved people, i.e., people whose loved ones have just died, because they are more likely to become ill or die. By examining the immune system of recently bereaved people, the researchers made an important discovery. They examined white blood cells, called lymphocytes, which are an important part of the immune system. The lymphocytes in the immune system of recently bereaved people were
72 not functioning properly. The fact that they were not working correctly indicates that severe psychological stress, such as a loved one’s death, may damage an important part of our immune system, namely, the lymphocytes.
6. There is still no positive proof of a link between the immune system and psychological states. Researchers also say that the results of the studies on bereaved people could have a different explanation. For example, bereaved people often eat and sleep less than normal. Or may drink alcohol or take medication. These factors can also affect the immune system. More research is needed to clearly establish the connection between the immune system and psychological factors.
Can Stress Make You Sick? – Questions
PARAGRAPH 1
1. According to scientists, which group of people is more likely to become sick? ______
73 74 2. What does “this theory” (paragraph 1, line 5) refer to? ______
PARAGRAPH 2
3. What is the role of our immune system? ______
4. What does our tendency to get various diseases depend on? ( 6 words only) ______
5. What does “This discovery” (par. 2, line 6) refer to? ( 7 words only) ______
6. What is a possible result of this discovery? ______
PARAGRAPH 3 7. Why did doctors in the past never seriously consider the link between emotional factors and disease? ( 4 words only) ______
74 8. What does the word “them” (paragraph 3, line 4) refer to? ______
PARAGRAPH 4 9. In the two experiments in paragraph 4, very few of the infected students actually became ill. Why? (Circle the correct answer)
a. Because they were not very good students.
b. Because they were carrying a virus which cause disease
c. Because they participated in a medical experiment
d. Because they had emotional problems that the others didn’t have.
PARAGRAPH 5 10.a. Who are bereaved people? ______
b. Why did researchers study them? ______
75 76 11.Was the immune system of recently bereaved people working well?
YES NO (Circle one)
JUSTIFICATION:______
12. What does the experiment with recently bereaved people suggest? ______
PARAGRAPH 6
13. What factors may also affect the immune system of bereaved people? a. ______b. ______
13. Does the author think that there is a clear connection between emotional factors and the immune system?
YES NO (Circle the correct answer) JUSTIFICATION: ______
______
______
76 What's the Most Stressful Job in the World? (1138) By: Deborah Shaw Lewis Adapted from: Motherhood Stress, World Publishing Co., 1989
1. No one disputes that motherhood is wonderful. However, what continues to surprise people is that stress - so often associated with office jobs - is a real factor in the lives of mothers, too .In fact, the degree of stress and the symptoms it can cause are substantial. Yet - and this is even more remarkable - mothers themselves have been slow to recognize their symptoms as stress-related. And even mothers who work outside the home, who expect to feel tension in their "real' jobs, are surprised to find that their domestic duties are stress-producing as well. The reality is that the work of being a mother generally produces pressures that are equal to the most challenging of professions, in addition to providing unique ones of its own. Some of these pressures are discussed below. Unpredictability 2. A certain amount of novelty can be positive in any job. It reduces boredom and stimulates creativity and productivity. But novelty taken to the extreme of unpredictability can create tremendous tension - and motherhood is actually synonymous with unpredictability. Just as each day of childrearing is unpredictable, so too is each child. No mother can predict how a child will develop physically, emotionally, socially, regardless of how an older child progresses. Lack of Control 3. Many studies show that the less control employees have over their daily work, the more stress they experience. Full-time mothers, who typically have very little control over how they spend their time, are no exception. And while feelings such as these - that is, having very little control - last throughout motherhood, they often intensify when a new baby is added to the family. In the world of work, this is analogous to getting yet another boss. And studies about job-stress have shown that the more bosses a person has, the greater the potential for stress. Power Overload 4. Everyone recognizes that some kinds of stress come with jobs that require making life-or-death decisions. And yet, every day, mothers labor under such stressful conditions. The responsibilities that they assume in safeguarding the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual well-being of their children is staggering. As Anna Quinlan, a weekly columnist in The New York Times, states,
77 78 "Mothers have the power to make children feel good or bad about themselves, which is the greatest power in the world.” Poor Job Training 5. Insufficient preparation is another stress-producer in the work place. Most employers today recognize this problem and provide their workers with job training and orientation. Yet training is neither required nor available for the job of motherhood. Most women usually acquire their knowledge of mothering through trial and error, a situation which is guaranteed to lead to days of worrying about whether they are doing the job "right". In fact, it's impossible for a mother to feel that she has mastered the job because, as one young mother laments, “Just when you think that you know what you are doing with your infant, she becomes a toddler." Unrealistic Expectations and Unclear Priorities 6. Given the consequences of the job of a mother, many women try to be "perfect” mothers. And yet, in any other job, success is not only easier to attain, but is also more easily measured. When you complete a business deal, deliver a speech, or type letters, tangible evidence of your work exists to demonstrate your skill and effectiveness. This is not so with motherhood.
7. "Before my baby was born, 1 fantasized about my daily routine," says a young mother whose son is not yet two. "1 imagined I would clean the house in the morning before the baby woke up. Then we would go for a long walk and do many stimulating and interesting things together. And we'd be the picture of calmness when Daddy got home in the evening. 1 soon found out that taking care of a baby doesn't work that way. 1 found it very stressful because I've always been an organized person, and I couldn't understand why my life was suddenly so disorganized." 8. The fact is that planning and organization, basic skills which are required for success in many jobs, cannot ensure success as a mother. It isn't that planning and organizing are of absolutely no value to mothers. The problem is that one can't schedule the needs of children and family in the same way that one can juggle business appointments. Several tasks which require a mother's attention may be of equal importance, so that it is difficult to decide which takes precedence. Furthermore, all such priorities can change depending on the circumstances. For example, one often finds that the most menial task (e.g., doing laundry) absolutely must be done on a given day, while a much more meaningful task (such as taking the children to the library) can be put off indefinitely. Having to make such choices is stressful in itself. Whichever decision a mother makes, she is still left feeling guilty or frustrated, or both.
78 Inadequate Feedback 9. Many studies have shown that the amount of evaluation a person receives on the job, along with the tone (positive or negative) of that evaluation, and the timing of the evaluation affect the amount of stress that the worker will experience. Usually, mothers lose out in all three cases. There is no periodic evaluation of the work of a mother, no supervisor to tell her she's doing a good job, and it is very hard for her to evaluate her own performance.
10. Even more stressful may be to receive negative criticism from husband, parents, in-laws, or even friends who disapprove of her childrearing methods. And even believing that she has done what is best for herself and her family does not always ease the stress such pressure can produce. Over time, especially when those negative remarks continue, a woman may begin to doubt herself. And when self-esteem plummets, stress rises.
Low Status 11. Society tells us that mothers are valued. Yet, the low status granted to mothers denies this. Even working women - who should know better - think a full-time mother's time is expendable. Neither are women who hold jobs immune to the belittling of their mothering roles. For example, a divorced mother of two school-aged children stated that while she was valued by her boss as a highly skilled and professional employee, she was criticized by the same boss for calling home each afternoon to make sure that her children had arrived home safely from school. Obviously, her being a concerned parent was of no value to the company she worked for.
12. And last but not of lesser importance, is the small issue of salary. Because full-time mothers do not bring home a salary for functions they perform, it is very easy for them to feel that their work isn't valued.
What's the Most Stressful Job in the World –QUESTIONS 79 80
1. According to paragraph 1, what are two surprising facts about motherhood? i. ______ii. ______
2. Novelty in a job can have advantages and disadvantages. What is the advantage of novelty and what is the disadvantage? (paragraph 2)
Advantage: ______
Disadvantage: ______
3. How is the job of a full-time mother similar to an employee who gets another boss? (paragraph 3) ______
4. What are some of the responsibilities that make the job of a mother especially stressful? (paragraph 4) ______
5. What reason is given for motherhood stress in paragraph 5? Why does the author believe this is stressful? ______
6. What idea does the example of the young mother in paragraph 7 support? ______80 ______7. Why are planning and organization often useless for a mother? (paragraph 8) ______
8. According to paragraphs 9 and 10, all mothers need more i. common sense. ii. serenity of spirit. iii. selfishness. iv. positive reinforcement.
9. Paragraph 11: Decide if the following statement is TRUE or FALSE, Society treats mothers in a contradictory way. TRUE FALSE (circle one) Justification: ______
9. According to the entire article, list 8 factors which contribute to motherhood stress. i. ______ii. ______iii. ______iv. ______v. ______vi. ______vii. ______viii. ______
Gender Issues Today
A. Chat: In pairs, translate these words. Then predict what the article will be about. a full-time job / investment banking / raising children / role overload /
81 82 household chores / employed women / balancing / combining / wages / unpaid work / implementing a scheme / self-concept / self-confidence
A. Opinions: Read each statement carefully and decide if you agree or disagree with it. Then discuss your opinion with your partner.
1. If both a woman and a man apply for the same job, it is the man who will usually get the position. 2. A woman should not combine a full-time job with raising her children. 3. Women are better at nurturing and taking care of children than men. 4. When a couple gets married, it is the woman's job to clean the house and do the cooking for the family. 5. Husbands should do an equal share of the housework, the childcare, and the cooking. 6. Governments should pay people for doing housework. 7. Women who stay at home have a negative self-concept. 8. Women who are employed outside the home have more self- confidence. 9. Women are likely to live longer than men. 10.Male children are generally preferred over female children. 11.There are advantages and disadvantages to being a modern woman.
Gender Issues Today (791)
From: Academic Encounters: Life in Society By Kristine Brown and Susan Hood, Cambridge, 2002
Balancing Home and Work
82 1. Here is one woman's story of balancing home and career. Rachel always dreamed of having a large family and an interesting career. She now has four children and works full- time. "I really have two full-time jobs. My job in the city is in investment bank-ing and I really like it. It's interesting and important. My other job is at home – raising four kids and keeping the household going. I like this job too, and though it's not always interesting, I know it's important. But when I'm not cleaning up the kitchen after a meal, or picking up the kids' things from the floor for the millionth time, or feeding the dog, then I'm falling asleep during my youngest daughter's piano practice. When I do have some free time, I've usually got a headache. The reality is that, most of the time, it's just too much."
Role Overload 2. Rachel has role overload. That is, she has difficulty combining the roles of worker and of wife and mother. Role overload is one of the disadvantages that today's women face. While both parents are more "stretched" when the woman of the household works, it is usually the woman who does most of the childcare and housework. Most studies investigating housework conclude that women (whether employed or not) do "the lion's share" of housework and childcare. An Australian study, for example, found that employed wives did 69.3 hours of unpaid work around the house during a two-week period while employed husbands did approximately 31.2 hours. A study by Bird (1999) shows a similar picture for U. S. households. In this study of 1,256 adults, Bird showed that while working women certainly want an equal share of housework, they "shoulder the main burden" by doing approximately twice as much as their spouses. Her study showed that after marriage, women work 14 hours more on household chores per week, while their husbands work only 90 minutes more.
Value of Housework 3. There have been some attempts in the United States, Europe, and Australia over the past few decades to encourage governments to pay people for the housework they do. A United States organization called The Wages for Housework Campaign argued for many years that housework was boring and degrading because it was unpaid, and that payment would improve the status of women in society overall. More recently they have argued for 83 84 housewives to be included in the labor force and for unpaid housework to be included in calculations of a nation's wealth, for example, the gross national product (GNP). They have argued that this would make housework more visible, and could possibly lead to greater investment in programs to help women.
4. So far, no government has seriously considered paying people for housework. This is not surprising when you consider how difficult it would be to implement such a scheme. The first problem would be to determine how much people would be paid. In 1995 the United Nations estimated the annual value of women's unpaid work at $11 trillion worldwide. An Australian government study in 1991 calculated that if someone was to be paid to do all the housework in one home it would be worth 400 Australian dollars a week (equivalent to about 250 U.S. dollars at that time). However, there would be more problems to "iron out". Would everyone get the same amount? Which tasks would and would not be paid for? How would the government know if the work was done?
Other Consequences of Being a Woman 5. Role overload is not the only disadvantage women of today may experience. A negative self-concept and lack of self-confidence are other disadvantages. In a study in which woman and men were told they were incapable of performing a mental task, the women were more likely than the men to believe that they were incapable (Wagner et al. 1986). Another study showed that women are more likely to think their success is due to luck than to their own ability (Heimovics and Herman 1988). A further problem for many mothers is the difficulty they have in finding new interests and activities when their children leave home.
6. But there are also advantages to being a modern woman. One is the likelihood of living longer. In 1998 in the United States, average life expectance for men was 73.9, whereas for women it was 79.4. Other advantages are being able to express emotions more easily, having a closer bond with children, and not having one's identity tied to employment. One big advantage today is that women have so many options. It is socially acceptable to work full-time if you have children, but it is also acceptable to be a full-time mother and stay at home, or to work part-time.
84 Gender Issues Today
Balancing Home and Work
1. What are Rachel's two full-time jobs?
a. ______
b. ______
2. What is the point of Rachel's story? Circle the correct answer.
a. that you should not work full-time if you are a woman with children. b. that it can be difficult to combine full-time work and raising a family. 85 86 c. that women do most of the housework even if they work full-time. d. It would be better if a woman would not work outside the home.
Role Overload
3. How does the writer define "role overload"? ______
4. What idea does the result of the Australian study support? ______
______
5. Decide if the following statement is TRUE or FALSE.
The result of a study by Bird is different than the result of the Australian study.
TRUE FALSE (CIRCLE ONE)
JUSTIFICATION:
______
______
6. Circle the correct answer: "the lion's share of housework" is an expression which means:
a. the hardest housework b. the most frightening housework c. most of the housework
Value of Housework
7. Why does The Wages for Housework Campaign think that housework is boring and degrading for women?
______
______
86 8. What information can you find in paragraph 4 to suggest that governments will never pay people to do housework? a.______b. ______c. ______d.______
Other Consequences of Being a Woman
9. According to this section, what are 4 disadvantages of being a woman today?
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
d. ______
10. According to this section, what are 5 advantages of being a woman today?
a. ______b. ______c. ______d. ______e. ______
SYNONYM MATCH: Match the following near synonyms from the text. a. employed 1. make better b. capable 2. mix together
87 88 c. an equal share 3. carry out d. wages 4. having a job e. improve 5. the way you think of yourself f. consider something 6. try g. self-concept 7. able to do something h. similar 8. almost the same i. attempt 9. salary j. implement 10. the same amount k. combine 11. think about
Phrase Match: Match the following phrases from the text. (Sometimes more than one combination is possible). a. Most studies conclude that 1. have many options b. Employed wives 2. can lead to a headache c. Housework is boring and degrading 3. in the labor force d. There are many problems 4. women do most of the housework e. It is not easy to implement 5. to iron out f. House wives should be included 6. do the lion's share of housework g. Role overload 7. the government's scheme h. Women today 8. because it is unpaid
88 Test each other: Can you identify the prefix or the suffix in these words? Do you remember how these words were used in the text? overload acceptable degrading unequal disadvantage employer unpaid encourage incapable payment
PERSONALIZING THE TOPIC Fill in the table for your family. Put an (x) in the appropriate column.
Who does each job in your Male Female Shared equally family?
General straightening up Vacuuming Cleaning bathrooms Washing floors Shopping for food Cooking meals Cleaning up after meals Childcare Taking children to school, sports Doing household repairs Paying bills Laundry Organizing social events
89 90
1. Compare your answers with your group. a. Who does the most housework – males or females? b. What jobs do males usually do? c. What jobs do females usually do? d. What factors influence who does certain jobs?
90 A Cultural Difference (424)
1.In the United States it is important to be on time, or punctual, for an appointment, a class, a meeting, etc. This may not be true in all countries, however. An American professor discovered this difference while teaching a class in a Brazilian university. The two hour class was scheduled to begin at 10 AM and end at 12 PM. On the first day, when the professor arrived on time, no one was in the classroom. Many students came after 11 AM. Although all the students greeted the professor as they arrived, few apologized for their lateness. Were these students being rude? He decided to study the students' behavior.
2.The professor talked to American and Brazilian students about lateness in both a formal and informal situation: lunch with a friend and a university class, respectively. He gave them an example and asked how they would react. If they had a lunch appointment with a friend, the average American student defined lateness as 19 minutes after the agreed time. On the other hand, the average Brazilian student felt that the friend was late after 33 minutes.
3.In an American university, students are expected to arrive at the appointed hour. In contrast, in Brazil, neither the teacher nor the students always arrive at the appointed hour. Classes not only begin at the scheduled time in the United States, but they also end at the scheduled time. In the Brazilian class, only a few students left the class at noon; many remained past 12:30 to discuss the class and ask more questions. While arriving late may not be very important in Brazil, neither is staying late.
4.The explanation for these differences is complicated. People from Brazilian and North American cultures have different feelings about lateness. In Brazil, the students believe that a person who usually arrives late is probably more successful than a person who is always on time. In fact, Brazilians expect a person with status or prestige to arrive late, while in the United States, lateness is usually considered to be disrespectful and unacceptable. Consequently, if a Brazilian is late for an appointment with a North American, the American may misinterpret the reason for the lateness and become angry.
93 5.As a result of his study, the professor learned that the Brazilian students were not being disrespectful to him. Instead, they were simply behaving in the appropriate way for a Brazilian student in Brazil. Eventually, the professor was able to adapt his own behavior to feel comfortable in the new culture.
94
93 A Cultural Difference - QUESTIONS
Paragraph 1 1. Why did the professor study the Brazilian students' behavior? a. He wanted to know why they greeted him when they came in. b. He wanted to understand why the students came late. c. He wanted to make the students understand American culture.
2. What does punctual mean? (para 1, line 1) ______
3. What does "few" refer to? (para 1, line 6) ______
Paragraph 2
4. a. What example does the writer give of an informal situation? ______
b. What example does the writer give of a formal situation? ______
5. What do the words "on the other hand" show about the American idea of lateness and the Brazilian idea of lateness (par. 2, line 5)? (Choose the best answer)
a. It shows a similarity.
b. It gives more information.
c. It shows a contrast.
95
Paragraph 3
93 6. "Neither the teacher nor the students always arrive at the appointed hour." (par. 3, line 2) Who arrives at the appointed hour? (Choose the best answer)
a. no one b. only the students c. the teacher and the students
Paragraph 4 -5 7. What does "in fact" indicate? (par. 4, line 4)
a. a contrast between two ideas b. an additional idea c. emphasis on the previous idea
8. Complete the following sentence using the words from the following list. important stupid rude clever a. If I were a Brazilian and my friend came late to a meeting, I would think he was ______
b. If I were a American and my friend came late to a meeting, I would think he was ______
9. What is the main idea of the entire article? (Choose the best answer.) a. It is important to be on time for class in the United States.
b. People learn the importance of time when they are children.
c. The importance of being on time differs among different cultures.
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