Background of Research

Myanmar Survey Research

PREFACE

Myanmar Survey Research has conducted Migration Survey in Pakokku and Pauk Townships, Central Myanmar Dry Zone. The findings of the survey are presented in the following reports:

1. Key Findings of the Survey (This Report) 2. Tabulation Report 3. Profiles of Representative Villages.

Additionally, documents relating to the survey are provided in the following booklets.

4. Profiles of Pakokku and Pauk Townships 5. Research Instruments and Photo Records of the Survey LOCATIONPakokku &OF PAKOKKU AND PAUK Pauk

LOCATION OF PAKOKKU AND PAUK

Area Two

Area One Pakokku Pauk

TABLE OF CONTENTS 3

Page# I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 II. BACKGROUND OF THE SURVEY 1. Problem Definition 12

2. Objectives of the Survey 13 3. Coverage of the Survey 13

4. Research Methodology 14

5. Research Period 17

SUBSTANTIVE FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY III. OVERVIEWS OF MIGRATIONS A. Rates of Migration 19 B. Destinations of Migration 24 C. Works of Migrants at the Place of Destination 28 D. Potential Migration 30

IV. DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION TO IDENTIFY MIGRANT POPULATION IN THE PLACES OF ORIGIN

1. Ethnic Group Migrants 33 2. Religion of Migrants 33 3. Age Group of Migrants 33 4. Gender of Migrants 35 5. Marital Status of Migrants 35 6. Education of Migrants 35 7. Occupation of Migrants at Village 36 8. Age Group of Migrants by Gender 36 9. Marital Status of Migrants by Gender 37 10.Education of Migrants by Gender 37 11.Occupation of Migrants by Gender 38 12.Income of Household of Migrants 39

V. MOTIVES OF MIGRATIONS: REASONS FOR MIGRATION TO OTHER AREAS

A. Main Reasons for Migration 40 4

B. Involvement of Middleman in Migration 44 C. Earnings 45 D. Remittance 46 VI. PATTERNS OF MIGRATION A. Season 50 B. Duration 50 C. Frequency 51

VII. SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF MIGRANTS

1. Socio-Economic Status of Migrants 52 2. House Ownership of Migrants 52 3. Floor of House of Migrants 52 4. Wall of House of Migrants 53 5. Roofing of House of Migrants 53 6. Source of Drinking Water of Migrants 53 7. Toilet 53 8. Type of Toilet 54 9. Lighting 54 10.Agricultural Land Ownership 54 11.Agricultural Land Ownership by Type of Land 55 12.Land Acre Owned by Household of Migrants 55 13.Crops sown on various type of land 55 14.Work Season 56 15.Livestock Belongings of Household of Migrants 56 (Cow, Buffalo, Goat, Sheep, Pig, Chicken, Duck. Horse) 16.Others Belongings of Household of Migrants 59 (Bull cart, Bicycle, Motorcycle, Htawlargyi, Tractor, Water Pump, Radio, Cassette Player, TV, Generator, Horse cart, Car) 17.Family Business Own by Household of Migrants 60 18.Educational Facilities Available at the Village 61 19.Healthcare Facilities Available at the Village 61

VIII. HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE WHOLE VILLAGE POPULATION

1. Household Size 62 2. Gender of Population 63 3. Age Group of Family Members of Household 63

IX. RECOMMENDATIONS 5

1. Perceptions on Migration 65 2. Sentimental Attachments to the Village and Desire to Live 68 in the Village 3. Recommendations 69 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Myanmar Survey Research has conducted Migration Survey at the rural areas of Pakokku and Pauk in the Central Myanmar Dry Zone. Summary of key findings is presented below.

OVERVIEWS OF MIGRATION IN PAKOKKU AND PAUK

Rates of Migration: Pakokku Pauk 45% of Households 21% of Households (32% 2000 and after (14% 2000 and after 13 % before 2000) 7% before 2000)

Major Destinations of Migration: From Pakokku From Pauk Mandalay 27% Yangon 29% Yangon 26% Pakokku 9% Pakokku 9% Pharkant 9% Nyaung-U 3% Mandalay 7%

Potential Migration: The current up trend of migration indicates that the rates of migration will increase in the years to come.

DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION OF MIGRANT POPULATION

Ethnic group: 100% Bamar Religion: 100% Buddhist

Age group: Pakokku Pauk 12 to 15 5% 6% 16 to 20 24% 29% 21 to 25 24% 24% 26 to 30 17% 15% 31 to 35 10% 9% 36 to 40 6% 6% 41 to 45 5% 6% 46 to 50 3% 4%

Gender: Pakokku Pauk 6

Male 71% 79% Female 29% 21%

Occupation: Pakokku Pauk Farmers 31% 52% Farm Coolies 27% 25%

Education: Pakokku Pauk Primary 41% 60% Monastery 18% 13% Middle School 18% 12% High School 9% 10%

Marital Status: Pakokku Pauk Never Married 63% 62% Married 35% 37%

Average Income: Average Daily Income of Farm Coolie: 200 Kyat per day for woman 300 Kyat per day for man Average Monthly Income of Household of Farm Coolie: 5000 Kyat

MAIN REASON FOR MIGRATION Pakokku Pauk To Work and Earn Money 62% 24% No Job in the Village 11% 37% Relatives Live There 6% 4%

MIGRATION THROUGH MIDDLEMEN Pakokku Pauk No Middlemen 97% 96% Through Middlemen 3% 4%

WORK AND EARNINGS OF MIGRANTS AT THE PLACES OF DESTINATION

Major Work of Migrants at the Places of Destination: Pakokku Pauk Odd Jobs 18% 31% Shop Waiter/ Worker 10% 12% Hand Sellers 15% 3% Yoke-Carrying Goods Seller 7% 0% 7

Housemaid 5% 8% Factory Workers 5% 4%

Earnings of Migrants at the Places of Destination: Monthly Income (Kyat) Pakokku Pauk 3000 or Less 26% 28% 3001-5000 18% 22% 5001-7000 8% 14% 7001-9000 7% 11% 9001-11000 13% 9% 11001-13000 4% 6% 13001-15000 6% 5% 15001-20000 8% 3% 20001 or More 10% 2%

Can migrants send money/ in kind home? Pakokku Pauk Remittance to home 66% 60% No remittance to home 34% 40%

How much is the yearly remittance to home? Per Year (Kyat) Pakokku Pauk 5000 or Less 8% 12% 5001-10000 31% 26% 10001-20000 16% 14% 20001-30000 9% 21% 30001-40000 5% 0% 40001-50000 11% 7% 50001-100000 13% 12% 100001-200000 5% 5% 200001 or More 2% 2%

In Kind or Cash? Pakokku Pauk In Cash 98% 96% In Kind 2% 4%

For what purpose are earnings used at home? Pakokku Pauk Food 84% 72% Debt 2% 8% Food and Debt 2% 3% Food and Health 2% 3%

PATTERNS OF MIGRATION

How long do migrants stay at the places of destination? Pakokku Pauk Less than 1 Year 46% 45% 1 Year 12% 16% 2 Years 12% 14% 3 Years 9% 9% 4 Years 4% 4% 5 Years 5% 6% 6 Years or More 11% 7%

How often do migrants return home yearly? Pakokku Pauk Do not come back 19% 33% Once a Year 70% 62% Twice a Year 5% 3% Three Times a Year 2% 1% Four or More 3% 1%

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF MIGRANTS

S.E.S Pakokku Pauk A (Sufficient) 2% 1% B (Poor) 14% 11% C (Very Poor) 84% 88%

Agricultural Land Ownership Pakokku Pauk Own Land 55% 65% Do not Own Land 45% 35%

Livestock ownership Pakokku Pauk Cow 45.0% 67.0% Buffalo 0.1% 0.8% Goat 6.0% 6.0% Sheep 0.7% 1.0% Pig 10.0% 23.0% Chicken 24.0% 29.0% Duck 0.2% 0.5% Horse 0.2% 0.0% 9

Other Belongings Pakokku Pauk Bullock Cart 29.0% 52.0% Bicycle 37.0% 22.0% Motorcycle 1.1% 1.0% Htawlagyi 0.1% 0.0% Tractor 0.2% 0.0% Water Pump 1.9% 2.3% Radio 6.3% 5.2% Cassette Player 17.0% 10.0% TV 3.4% 1.0% Generator 0.5% 0.7% Car 0.3% 0.1%

HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION BY AGE OF VILLAGE POPULATION

Number of Members per Household

No. of Household Members Pakokku Pauk

1 0.6% 0.5% 2 7.4% 6.7% 3 12.6% 13.3% 4 16.3% 18.2% 5 17.0% 20.3% 6 14.8% 16.3% 7 12.9% 11.0% 8 8.5% 5.6% 9 5.0% 4.6% 10 3.3% 1.6% 11 0.7% 0.9% 12 0.6% 0.4% 13 0.2% 0.4% 14 0.1% 0% 15 0.1% . 0% 16 0% 0.1%

Household Member by Gender

Gender Pakokku Pauk Male 46.5% 47.5% Female 53.5% 52.5% 10

Household Member by Age Group:

Age Group Pakokku Pauk Under 5 7% 10% 5 to 10 10% 14% 11 to 15 11% 11% 16 to 20 13% 13% 21 to 25 10% 9% 26 to 30 8% 8% 31 to 35 6% 7% 36 to 40 6% 5% 41 to 45 5% 5% 46 to 50 6% 5% 51 to 55 5% 3% 56 to 60 4% 3% 61 to 65 3% 2% 66 to 70 2% 2% 71 to 75 1% 1% 76 to 80 1% 1% Above 80 1% 0.1% 11

CAN MIGRATION BE STOPPED?

A hypothetical question is raised: Supposing that job opportunities are created in the village, will you stay in the village or will you prefer to go to other places for work?

Respondents indicated that they would like to stay at the village.

Pakokku Pauk Will stay at village 87% 91% Prefer to go other place 6% 4% Not sure 7% 5%

What kind of job opportunities would you like to be created in the village?

Pakokku Pauk Agriculture 32% 56% Any suitable permanent work 17% 9% Hand Loom business 8% 2% Animal Breeding 6% 11% Industrial works 6% 2% Grocery shops 2% 5% Others, and No Idea 28% 16% 12

II. BACKGROUND OF THE SURVEY

1. Problem Definition

World Food Programme (WFP), which has been providing food and necessary assistance to Muslim returnees and vulnerable groups in North Rakhine State, is currently initiating a new programme to fight against HIV/AIDS in Myanmar.

The main reason underlining spread of HIV/AIDS in the rural village areas is migration. It is known that migrant people working in Myanmar-Thailand border areas and mining towns, such as Pharkant, are among the HIV/AIDS high-risk Groups in Myanmar. As they come back to their native places seasonally or occasionally, they carry HIV/AIDS to the native places. Due to these migrant workers, who are mostly villagers from various parts of the country, the risk of spreading HIV/AIDS widely to the rural villages in the various parts of the country dangerously exists in Myanmar.

As the main reason underlining migration is poverty and job-scarcity in the native village areas, WFP decides to provide necessary assistance (e.g. food for vocational training and food for work) to the people living in their native areas, discouraging migration and thus preventing HIV/AIDS ultimately. WFP has selected two rural areas, one in Upper Myanmar Dry Zone and another in central region of Northern Shan State, based on criteria 1. HIV Prevalence, 2. Food insufficiency, and 3. Rates of migration. In each region, 40,000 individuals are to be provided food and necessary assistance.

In order to formulate policy and to develop and implement the programme, WFP requires baseline data and detailed information regarding migration in the two rural areas selected for this programme. 13

2. Objective of the Research Following the problem definition mentioned above, the objective of this research is to provide WFP with baseline data and detailed information required for developing and implementing its new programme to fight against HIV/AIDS in Myanmar.

3. Coverage of the Survey This survey was conducted at the rural areas of Pakokku and Pauk townships in Upper Myanmar Dry Zone.

The followings are main points covered in this report.  Overviews of Migration in Pakokku and Pauk o Rates of Migration o Potential Migration o Destinations of Migration

 Demographic Information to Identify Migrant Population in the Places of Origin o Ethnic group o Age group o Gender o Occupation o Education o Marital status o Average income

 Motives of Migration to Analyze Reasons for Migration to Other Areas o Pull factors o Push factors

 Patterns of Migration o Season o Duration o Frequency o Channel/middle man involved/organized

 Socio-economic Background of Migrants 14

4. Research Methodology Data were collected by sample survey method. A stratified sampling was designed for the survey.

Population/ Universe of Survey Population selected for this survey was all households of rural villages in Pakokku and Pauk. According to government records, there are 44047 rural households in Pakokku and 24675 in Pauk.

Sample Size and Sample Allocations Total sample unit of household in the Dryzone was pre-determined to be 3000, the number which is big enough to minimize sampling error and small enough to minimize non-sampling error, for this survey. Thus, 1923 households to Pakokku and 1077 households to Pauk were allocated proportionately.

Sample Allocation to Areas: Pakokku was geographically divided into four areas, namely A, B, C, and D. Similarly, Pauk was divided into five areas, namely E,F,G,H, and I. Sample households were proportionately allocated to each area, depending on population of households of the areas.

Sample Allocation to Sub-Areas: In the step two, areas are divided into sub- areas, and sample households are again proportionately allocated to each sub-area, based on population of households of the sub-areas.

Sample Selections Selection of Village Tracts: A sub-area includes three to four village tracts. From each sub-area, one or more village tracts were selected randomly. 15

Selection of Villages: Again, one or more villages were selected randomly from each village tract.

Selection of Households: Based on sample allocation to each sub-area and number of households of the village/villages selected from the given sub-area, sample units of household were selected by using systematic sampling method.

The following tables present selection of samples in details.

Selection of Sample in Pakokku

HH of Sub- Selected Village Randomly Selected Sample Area the Interval Area Tract Village HH village A1 Letpankyun Letpankyun, Ku-kyun 338 67 5 Shapinkine, A2 Sharpinkine 131 50 3 Hlechaungpauk Myin Kyun, Mayoegone, Myin Kyun, A3 Theingone, Htanaungkone, 590 85 7 Tingatt Shardaw A A4 Pakokku-Kyunsu Pakokku-Kyunsu 150 45 3 Koon-Ywa, Shwe-tantit, A5 Koon-Ywa 421 127 3 Laylan-kyune Nat Kyun, Kinmonkhar, A6 Nat Kyun, Koko Bawlone Khone, Pwet 411 105 4 Hla Kone B1 Magyithonepin Magyithonepin, Than Bo 311 157 2 Kanyatkyi, Phonekan, B2 Kanyatkyi 437 122 4 Kyauksitkan B B3 Kanhla Kanhla 210 54 4 B4 Kyee, Kai Kyee, In-pin 389 128 3 Taungsu, Kyaungsu, Ywar C1 Nyaungpinhla Thit, Ouyin (North), Ouyin 348 110 3 (South) C Shinmakan, Zeegone (1), C2 Shinmakan 360 112 3 Zeegone (2) Myokhinthar, C3 Myokhinthar 451 66 7 Hmikepinkone D Kyahthoe, Ohndaw, D1 Kyahthoe 313 152 5 Chaungsone, Kyoedan D2 Myitphyar Myitphyar 300 72 4 D3 Myit Chay Ywartharaye, Swegyi, 1048 204 5 Kyaungpankhone, I-shae, Sanpya-Yecho 16

D4 Dephpyar Dephpyar 235 71 3 Seikkhawa, Ayardaw, D5 Seikkhawa 827 197 4 Thirigyi TOTAL 7270 1924 4

Selection of Sample in Pauk

HH of Sub- Selected Village Randomly Selected Sample Area the Area Tract Village HH Interval village E1 Sa Thein Nyaungyin 259 55 4 E2 Myokhinthar Myokhinthar 80 19 4 E E3 Kan Pyo Sulay 182 52 3 E4 Sa Pan Group Shwebontha 170 61 3 E5 Natooyin Natooyin 86 44 2 F1 Khaungpaung Khaungpaung 150 28 5 F F2 Wontin Wontin 320 51 6 F3 Thayet-kan Letpanto 170 56 3 G1 Zeepyar Thayawkine 94 39 3 G Nyaungpinthar, G2 Chaungku 65 50 1 Nyaungkine H1 Laelan Tharaphi 119 58 2 H2 Wun Chonge Kyauk Kwet 55 45 1 H H3 Kinnma Kinnma 185 49 3 H4 Kinnsoke Kinnsoke 57 27 2 I 1 Taung-bat Taung-bat 152 49 3 I 2 Taung Myint Kyarpyitkan 200 55 3 I 3 Kyaung Kone Yeni 87 81 1 I 4 Sule Kone Pekhinkyei 88 48 2 Thanpayar Aike I I 5 Minn Gaung 115 46 2 Group I 6 Zephyu Kone Zeephyukone 42 21 2 Htantawkone, I 7 Pyin Chaung 135 75 2 Ngamolay I 8 Nyaungwinpuak Shakwagyi 72 68 1

TOTAL 2883 1077 3

Note: For more details of selection of samples, please see the Master Sample Design provided in the booklet of Research Instruments and Photo Records of the Survey. 17

Questionnaire

There were two modules of questionnaire for each household. One was for household and another for individual. Data for Household questionnaire were collected from knowledgeable person in the household, and that for individual questionnaire, one person from each household aged 16 to 45 years, were interviewed.

Furthermore, using an additional questionnaire, village data were collected from responsible persons of respective villages.

Note: Copies of questionnaire are provided in booklet of Research Instruments and Photo Records of the Survey.

5. Research Period Field data collection of this survey was carried out during June and July, 2003. A team of 20 MSR researchers were assigned for this survey and worked on this research project according to the following schedule.

TASK Begin End

Preliminary Study April 21, 2003 April 26 1. Work Plan 2. Sampling Design April 30 May 13 3. Draft Questionnaires Instrumentation May 29 June 12

Data Collection June 16 July 16

Data Processing July 21 August 4 Analyzing and Report Writing August 5 August 22 Report Presentation and Submission August 25, 2003 18

SUBSTANTIVE FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY 19

III. OVERVIEWS OF MIGRATION

A. Rates of Migration

Rates of Migration No. of Household All Migrants 2000 and After Before 2000

Pakokku 44047 45% 32% 13% Pauk 24675 21% 14% 7%

Pakokku & 68722 37% 26% 11% Pauk

Migration rate in Pakokku is 45%, that is 45% of households in the rural areas of Pakokku have at least one family member who is currently living in another town or who used to live in another town for work.

Migration in the recent years, 2000 and after, accounted for 32 % of total households.

Compared to Pakokku, Pauk has a lower migration rate (21%).

Migration rate for each and every representative village of Pakokku and Pauk are presented in the following tables. 20

Representative Villages and Rates of Migration in Pakokku

ID Name of Village No of Rate of Migration Households Total 2000 & Before after 2000 1 Myeikpya 312 40 % 33% 7% 2 Dephya 255 41 % 38% 3% 3 Kyaungpankhone 51 33 % 22% 11% 4 Sanpya- Yecho 75 22 % 17% 4% 5 YwaTha Aye 146 26 % 19% 7% 6 SweGyi 372 42 % 31% 10% 7 I-che 460 52 % 43% 10% 8 Seikawa 222 33 % 21% 12% 9 Ayartaw 206 49 % 37% 12% 10 Thirigyi 183 33 % 19% 15% 11 Kyathtoe 102 56 % 35% 21% 12 Ohntaw 142 35 % 21% 14% 13 Chaungsone 52 53 % 44% 9% 14 Kyodan 36 20 % 20% 15 Mangyithonebin 130 50 % 30% 20% 16 Thanbo 224 49 % 38% 11% 17 Uyinsu North 84 44 % 33% 11% 18 Uyinsu South 192 62 % 28% 35% 19 Taungsu 60 33 % 19% 14% 20 Ywathit 146 20 % 10% 10% 21 Kyaungsu 92 36 % 23% 14% 22 Shinmakan 288 59 % 38% 21% 23 Zikone 1 97 38 % 35% 3% 24 Zikone 2 144 44 % 24% 20% 25 Myokhintha 279 36 % 20% 16% 26 Hmikepinkone 371 24 % 20% 5% 27 Kanyatkyi 315 45 % 24% 22% 28 Kyauksitkan 121 45 % 31% 14% 29 Bonekan 188 19 % 10% 10% 30 Kanhla 223 28 % 19% 9% 31 Inbin 209 30 % 25% 5% 32 Kyiywa 383 69 % 56% 13% 33 Kukwyan 151 52 % 33% 18% 34 Letpankwyan 394 50 % 35% 15% 21

35 Sharbinkine 127 71 % 51% 20% 36 Hlechaungpauk 44 22 % 22% 37 Theinkone 124 60 % 60% 38 Myaroekone 104 36 % 21% 14% 39 Htanaungkone 182 63 % 54% 8% 40 Myinkwyan 310 40 % 15% 25% 41 Shardaw 105 73 % 59% 14% 42 Pakokkukwyansu 186 31 % 22% 9% 43 Bwetkone 73 40 % 30% 10% 44 Bawlonekhone 155 28 % 24% 4% 45 Kwanywa 358 66 % 53% 13% 46 Shwetanthit 221 50 % 40% 10% 47 Laylankwyan 124 56 % 38% 19% 48 Natkwyan 392 64 % 36% 28% 49 Kinmonkhar 135 58 % 31% 27% Pakokku Average 45 % 32% 13% 22

Representative Villages and Rates of Migration in Pauk

Rates of Migration Village No. of Village ID# Household 2000 & Before Total after 2000 1 Nyaung Yin 259 20% 5% 15% 2 Myokhinthar 80 11% 5% 5% 3 Sulekone 182 35% 27% 8% 4 Shwebonethar 170 10% 8% 2% 5 Nat Uyin 86 45% 39% 7% 6 Gaung Paung 150 5% 5% 7 Wintin 320 20% 12% 7% 8 Letpanto 170 4% 4% 9 Tayawgine 94 26% 15% 10% 10 Nyaung Kaing 30 4% 4% 11 Nyaungpinthar 35 13% 9% 4% 12 Tharaphi 119 24% 17% 7% 13 Kyauk Kwat 55 0% 14 Kinma 185 22% 14% 8% 15 Kin Soke 57 11% 11% 16 Taungbak 152 12% 8% 4% 17 Kyar Pyit Kan 200 13% 9% 4% 18 Yene 87 5% 4% 1% 19 Pekhinkyae 88 21% 13% 8% 20 Min Khaung 115 22% 15% 7% 21 Zephyugone 38 19% 19% 22 Htan Tawgone 69 44% 24% 21% 23 Nga Mote Lay 66 49% 22% 27% 24 Sha Kwagyi 72 44% 38% 6%

Pauk Average 20% 14% 7% 23

Number of Migrant per Household

Based on the migration rates, total number of household with migrant are estimated at 19821 for Pakokku and 4935 for Pauk. Majority of them have one migrant per household. Likewise, a considerable number of households have two or three migrants.

No. of Migrant per Pakokku (All Migrants) Pauk (All Migrants) Household 1 61.58% 75.00% 2 24.80% 17.13% 3 8.38% 6.02% 4 3.14% 1.85% 5 1.40% 6 0.70% TOTAL 100.00% 100%

After and before 2000 Migrants : Pakokku Before 2000 No. of Migrant per 2000 & after Migrants Migrants Household 1 38.7% 22.8% 2 21.9% 3.1% 3 6.4% 1.7% 4 2.7% .5% 5 .9% .5% 6 .6% .1% TOTAL 71.2% 28.8%

After and before 2000 Migrants: Pauk No. of Migrant per 2000 & after Migrants Before 2000 Household Migrants 1 47.7% 27.3% 2 13.9% 3.2% 3 4.6% 1.4% 4 1.9% TOTAL 68.1% 31.9% 24

B. DESTINATIONS OF MIGRATION

Mandalay (27%) and Yangon (26%), are the major destinations of migrants from Pakokku. Being nearby places, Pakokku Town (9%) and Nyaung-U (3%) are among the top of the list.

For the migrants from Pauk, Yangon is the main destination (29%), followed by Pakokku (9%), Pharkant (9%), Mandalay (9%), and Mogok (7%).

Pakokku: Destination of Migrant After and Before 2000

2000 & after Before 2000 Destination All Migrants Migrants Migrants Mandalay 27.1% 16.6% 10.4% Yangon 26.2% 16.6% 9.6% Pakokku Town 8.9% 6.0% 2.9% Nyaung-U (Bagan) 2.9% 1.7% 1.1% Thabaitkyin 1.6% 0.4% 1.2% Mogok 1.4% 0.5% 0.9% Lasho 1.3% 0.9% 0.4% Magway 1.3% 0.8% 0.5% Taunggyi 1.1% 0.9% 0.1% Homemalin 0.9% 0.6% 0.3% Monywa 0.8% 0.7% 0.1% Pyin Oo Lwin 0.8% 0.4% 0.4% Shwegu 0.8% 0.8% Chauk 0.7% 0.4% 0.3% Meikhtila 0.7% 0.7% 0.1% Pharkant 0.7% 0.4% 0.3% Rakhine 0.7% 0.5% 0.2% Kengtung 0.7% 0.5% 0.1% Ayeyarwaddy 0.6% 0.3% 0.3% Dawei 0.6% 0.5% 0.1% Myaing 0.6% 0.5% 0.1% Pyay 0.6% 0.4% 0.2% Bamaw 0.5% 0.5% 0.1% Other Town 18.6% 11.4% 7.2% Total 100.0% 63.0% 37.0% 25

Pakokku: Destination of Migrant by Gender

Destination All Migrants Male Migrants Female Migrants Mandalay 27.1% 19.2% 7.9% Yangon 26.2% 18.8% 7.4% Pakokku 8.9% 4.8% 4.0% Nyaung-U (Bagan) 2.9% 1.9% 1.0% Thabaitkyin 1.6% 0.9% 0.7% Mogok 1.4% 1.1% 0.3% Lasho 1.3% 0.7% 0.6% Magway 1.3% 1.1% 0.2% Taunggyi 1.1% 0.9% 0.2% Homemalin 0.9% 0.9% 0.1% Monywa 0.8% 0.8% Pyin Oo Lwin 0.8% 0.6% 0.2% Shwegu 0.8% 0.4% 0.4% Chauk 0.7% 0.6% 0.1% Meikhtila 0.7% 0.3% 0.4% Pharkant 0.7% 0.7% 0.1% Rakhine 0.7% 0.7% Kengtung 0.7% 0.7% Ayeyarwaddy 0.6% 0.6% Dawei 0.6% 0.6% Myaing 0.6% 0.4% 0.2% Pyay 0.6% 0.5% 0.1% Bamaw 0.5% 0.2% 0.3% Other Town 18.6% 14.1% 4.4% Total 100.0% 71.4% 28.6% 26

Pauk: Destination of Migrant After and Before 2000

2000 & after Before 2000 Destination All Migrants Migrants Migrants Yangon 29.4% 17.4% 12.0% Pakokku 8.9% 6.0% 2.8% Pharkant 8.9% 2.2% 6.6% Mandalay 7.3% 6.0% 1.3% Mogok 5.4% 4.1% 1.3% Pauk 4.4% 2.8% 1.6% Kantee 3.8% 3.8% Shwe Bo 2.8% 2.2% 0.6% Kawthaung 2.5% 1.9% 0.6% Myaing 2.5% 1.9% 0.6% Gantgaw 1.9% 1.3% 0.6% Kalay 1.9% 0.9% 0.9% Kantbalu 1.9% 1.3% 0.6% Sagaing 1.6% 1.3% 0.3% Thailand 1.6% 0.9% 0.6% Moekaung 1.3% 0.9% 0.3% Shan State 1.3% 0.3% 0.9% Lasho 0.9% 0.3% 0.6% Thabaitkyin 0.9% 0.3% 0.6% Yaw 0.9% 0.9% Kanma 0.6% 0.6% Mawlamyaing 0.6% 0.6% Mineshu 0.6% 0.6% Myitkyinar 0.6% 0.6% Taunggyi 0.6% 0.6% Other Towns 6.6% 5.1% 1.6%

Total 100.0% 64.6% 35.4% 27

Pauk: Destination of Migrant by Gender

Destination All Migrants Male Migrants Female Migrants Yangon 29.4% 23.4% 6.0% Pakokku 8.9% 6.6% 2.2% Pharkant 8.9% 8.5% 0.3% Mandalay 7.3% 4.4% 2.8% Mogok 5.4% 3.5% 1.9% Pauk 4.4% 1.3% 3.2% Kantee 3.8% 3.8% Shwe Bo 2.8% 1.9% 0.9% Kawthaung 2.5% 1.9% 0.6% Myaing 2.5% 2.5% Gantgaw 1.9% 1.6% 0.3% Kalay 1.9% 1.9% Kantbalu 1.9% 1.9% Sagaing 1.6% 1.6% Thailand 1.6% 1.6% Moekaung 1.3% 1.3% Shan State 1.3% 0.9% 0.3% Lasho 0.9% 0.9% Thabaitkyin 0.9% 0.9% Yaw 0.9% 0.6% 0.3% Kanma 0.6% 0.6% Mawlamyaing 0.6% 0.6% Mineshu 0.6% 0.6% Myitkyinar 0.6% 0.3% 0.3% Taunggyi 0.6% 0.3% 0.3% Other Towns 6.6% 5.4% 1.3% Total 100.0% 79.1% 20.9% 28

C. Works of Migrants at the Place of Destination

Being unskilled labours, migrants have to work various types of hard jobs at the places of destination. They work as odd job workers, hand seller (selling goods carried by themselves), shop waiters, etc. Female migrants work as housemaids.

Works of Migrants at the Destination: For Migrants from Pakokku

Works at Destination Total % Male % Female %

Odd Job 18.4% 13.6% 4.8% Hand Seller 14.8% 10.3% 4.4% Shop Waiter/Worker 10.0% 9.6% 0.4% Student 7.1% 3.6% 3.5% Goods Carrying Yoke Seller 6.6% 6.6% Factory Worker 5.3% 3.1% 2.3% Housemaid 5.1% 0.2% 4.9% Charcoal Seller 2.6% 2.0% 0.6% Pan for Gold 1.9% 1.0% 0.9% GVT Staff 1.6% 1.4% 0.3% Carpenter 1.3% 1.3% Looking for Job 1.3% 1.0% 0.3% Oil Worker 1.1% 1.0% 0.1% Mine Worker 1.0% 1.0% Sailor 1.0% 1.0% Work Unspecified 20.7% 14.1% 6.6% Total 100.0% 70.9% 29.1% 29

Work of Migrants at the Destination: For Migrants from Pauk

Works at Destination Total % Male % Female %

Odd Jobs 31.3% 28.3% 3.0% Shop Waiter/ Worker 12.2% 11.8% 0.3% Mine Worker 9.9% 9.5% 0.3% Housemaid 7.6% 7.6% Student 7.2% 3.3% 3.9% Factory Worker 3.6% 2.0% 1.6% Hand Seller 3.3% 2.3% 1.0% Oil Field Worker 3.0% 3.0% Looking for Job 1.6% 1.6% GVT Staff 1.0% 1.0% Pan for Gold 0.7% 0.7% Carpenter 0.3% 0.3% Charcoal Seller 0.3% 0.3% Work Unspecified 18.1% 14.5% 3.6%

Total 100.0% 78.6% 21.4% 30

D. POTENTIAL MIGRATION

Yearly total numbers of migrants are presented in the table below. The yearly upward trend of numbers indicates that migration rates will increase in the years to come.

Pakokku Pauk Migration Year Number of Migrants Number of Migrants

2003 9553 2284

2002 6710 2085

2001 5045 1291

2000 4149 1059

6000 Pakokku 4000 Pauk

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 31

Pakokku

All Migrants in Male Female Migration Year Pakokku Migrants Migrants 2003 9553 6557 2996 2002 6710 4866 1844 2001 5045 3227 1818 2000 4149 2971 1178

All Migrants in Male Female Migration Year Pauk Migrants Migrants 2003 2284 1556 728

2002 2085 1688 397

2001 1291 1059 232

2000 1059 860 199 32

Potential migration can also be estimated from the answers of respondents to the following questions.

Q1: Do you have an intention to migrate?

The answers of respondents within aged between 16 and 45 are presented in the table below.

Answer Pakokku Pauk

Yes 33.0% 19.7%

No 60.7% 77.6%

Un-decided 6.4% 2.6%

100.0% 100.0% TOTAL

33% of respondents in Pakokku and 20 % of respondents in Pauk mentioned that they have intentions to migrate.

Q2: If yes, when will you migrate?

Answer Pakokku Pauk

This Year 37 % 17% Next Year 6 % 8% Not decided yet 57 % 75% Total 100% 100%

Out of those who intend to migrate, 37% in Pakokku and 17% in Pauk are expected to migrate within one year from now. 33

IV. DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION OF MIGRANTS

Demographic data of migrants are provided in this chapter.

1. Ethnic Group of Migrants

Pakokku Pauk

Bamar 100% 100%

2. Religion of Migrants

Pakokku Pauk

Buddhist 100% 100%

3. Age Group of Migrants

Age Group Pakokku Pauk

Under 12 .8% 0.7% 12 to 15 5.0% 5.6% 16 to 20 24.3% 29.3% 21 to 25 23.6% 24.3% 26 to 30 17.1% 15.1% 31 to 35 10.2% 8.9% 36 to 40 5.7% 5.6% 41 to 45 4.7% 5.9% 46 to 50 3.2% 3.9% 51 to 55 2.4% 0.0% 56 to 60 1.4% 0.3% Above 60 1.6% 0.3% Total 100.0 % 100.0% 34

AGE Distribution of Migrants in Pakokku 500

200 y c

n 100 Std. Dev = 11.35 e

u Mean = 28 q e r 0 N = 1462.00 F 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Age Distribution of Migrants in Pauk 100

c 20 n Std. Dev = 9.48 e

u Mean = 26 q e r 0 N = 304.00 F 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65

4. Gender of Migrants 35

Pakokku Pauk

Male 70.8 % 78.6% Female 29.2 % 21.4%

Total 100.0 % 100.0%

5. Marital Status of Migrants

Pakokku Pauk

Never Married 63.2% 61.8%

Married 35.1% 36.5%

Widowed 1.1% 0.7%

Divorced .6% 1.0%

Total 100.0 % 100.0%

6. Education of Migrants

Pakokku Pauk

Primary 40.9% 60.2%

Monastery 18.3% 12.5%

Middle 18.3% 11.8%

High School 9.0% 9.5% College 8.8% 2.6% Illiterate 3.6% 3.0%

Vocational School (GTI) 1.2% 0.3%

Total 100.0 % 100.0%

7. Occupation of Migrants at Village 36

Occupation Pakokku Pauk

Farmer 31% 52% Farm Coolie 27% 25% Student 7% 4% Seller 7% 0% Unemployed 5% 7% Hand-made Products 3% 4% Hand Loom/Spin 3% 1% Toddy-Palm Climber 2% 0% Livestock 1% 1% Others 14% 8%

Total 100.0 % 100.0%

8. Age Groups of Migrants by Gender

Pakokku Pauk Age Group Male Female Male Female Under 12 0.6% 1.4% 3.1% 12 to 15 4.6% 5.9% 5.4% 6.3% 16 to 20 23.4% 26.6% 26.4% 40.0% 21 to 25 22.2% 27.0% 22.6% 31.8% 26 to 30 15.9% 20.0% 16.7% 9.4% 31 to 35 11.8% 6.3% 9.0% 6.2% 36 to 40 6.9% 3.1% 6.3% 3.1% 41 to 45 5.1% 3.5% 7.5% 46 to 50 3.7% 2.1% 4.6% 1.6% 51 to 55 3.1% .7% 56 to 60 1.4% 1.4% 0.4% Above 60 1.4% 2.3% 0.4% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 37

9. Marital Status of Migrants by Gender

Pakokku Pauk Marital Status Male Female Male Female Never Married 59.5% 72.8% 56.1% 83.1% Married 39.5% 23.7% 42.3% 15.6% Widowed .6% 2.3% 0.9% 0.0% Divorced .4% 1.2% 0.9% 1.6% Total 100% 100% 100% 100%

10. Education of Migrants by Gender

Pakokku Pauk Education Male Female Male Female Primary School 37.5% 48.6% 59.4% 62.5% Monastery School 23.5% 6.1% 16.3% 3.1% Middle School 20.1% 14.1% 14.1% 4.7% High School 10.5% 5.6% 7.9% 17.2% College 6.0% 15.5% 1.8% 6.3% Illiterate 1.6% 8.5% 2.2% 6.3% Vocational school (GTI) 1.0% 1.6% 0.4% 0.0% Total 100% 100% 100% 100%

11. Occupation of Migrants by Gender 38

Pakokku Pauk Occupation Male Female Male Female Farmer 33% 26% 53% 44% Farm Coolie 29% 24% 25% 24% Student 5% 13% 2% 12% Seller 7% 6% Unemployed 5% 4% 7% 4% Hand-made Products 3% 3% 4% 4% Hand Loom/Spin 2% 6% 4% Toddy-Palm Climber 3% 1% Livestock 2% 0% 1% Others 13% 16% 7% 8%

Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 39

12. Household Income of Migrants

Household Monthly Income Pakokku Pauk

Under 3000 3% 6% 3001 to 5000 25% 36% 5001 to 7000 20% 19% 7001 to 10000 28% 16% 10001 to 15000 9% 12% 15001 to 20000 11% 7% 20001 to 25000 3% 4% 25001 to 30000 1% .5% 30001 Above 1.2% 100% 100% 40

V. MOTIVES OF MIGRATIONS: REASONS FOR MIGRATION TO OTHER AREAS

A. Main Reason For migration

 “To work and earn money”  “There is no Job in the village” These are the two main reasons for migration by the majority of migrants from Pakokku and Pauk.

 “To sell goods” Another group of migrant mentioned that they migrated to sell goods, a traditional business of seasonal migrants from Pakokku. (Ah-Htan-Thee or Goods Carrying Yoke Seller is a unique type of migration from Pakokku. It has been a traditional business of seasonal migrants from Pakokku. They carry goods such as clothing, cosmetics, and toiletries, which they bought from Yangon or Mandalay, and go to various places of the country, where they sell the goods. Migrants of this type were found in Kyiywa Village, Kwanywa Village, Shwetanthit Village, and Inbin village in Pakokku.)

 “Relatives live at the place of destination” 6% of migrants from Pakokku and 4% of migrants from Pauk reported that they migrated because their relatives lived at the place of destination. 41

Q: What is your main reason for migration?

Main Reason For migration Pakokku Pauk

To work and earn money 62% 24% To sell goods 13% 3% No job in the village 11% 37% Relatives live there 6% 4% To study 2% 1% To gain knowledge 1% Others 65 30% Total 100% 100%

Q: Who asked you to migrate?

Answers Pakokku % Pauk % Self 87% 84% Parents 3% 6% Brother/Sister 3% 4% Other Relatives 2% 3% Friends 1% 3% Spouse 1% Others 2%

Total 100% 100%

Q: Do you have anybody living there?

Answers Pakokku Pauk

Yes 51% 49 % No 49% 51% Total 100% 100%

Q: Who is living there? 42

Other Relatives 41% 53% Friends 35% 21% Brother/Sister 19% 24% Son/Daughter 3% 0% Spouse 2% 0% Parents 1% 3%

TOTAL 100% 100 %

Q: Did anybody invite you to come? Answers Pakokku Pauk

Yes 29 % 24% No 71 % 76% 100 % 100%

Q: Who invited you to come?

Friends 37% 24% Relatives 28% 41% Brother/Sister 21% 29% Other person 8% 0% Spouse 3% 0% Parents 2% 6%

Total 100% 100%

Q: Who accompanied you? 43

Friends 48% 54% Alone 34% 30% Brother/Sister 9% 9% Spouse 6% 4% Other Person 2% 0% Parents 1% 3% Other Relatives 1% 0%

Total 100 % 100 % 44

B. Involvement of Middleman in Migration

Q: Are there any involvement of middlemen in your migration?

Answers Pakokku % Pauk

No 97.4% 95.7% Yes 2.6% 4.3% Total 100.0% 100.0%

It was reported that there were five brokers involved in migration from Pakokku and Pauk. Their activities are presented in the table below.

Gender of Method of No Township Villages Destination Fees Broker sending Deducted Myit Phyar, Individual From Gawon Lay 1 Male Pakokku Nammati or Group Salary and Tine, (1 to 5) Paid by Sanyaung Employee Mandalay Kyahtoe, Chinese Chaung Paid by Temple, Group 2 Female Pakokku Sone, Kyoe Chinese Yangon (5 to15) Tann, Ohn Temple Chinese Daw Temple Kapyo, Sule Paid by 3 Male Pauk Yangon Individual Gone Employee Kyat 4000 Kinn Ma, Ranaung, in cash & 4 Male Pauk Kinn Sote, Kawthaun, Individual Baht 3000 Taung Bet Thailand deducted from salary Kyaung Paid by 5 Male Pauk Nammati Individual Gone, Yeni Employee 45

C. Earnings

Q: How much did you earn per month? Earnings per month Sr. Pakokku Pauk (in Kyats) 1 Under 3000 26% 28% 2 3001~5000 18% 22% 3 5001~7000 8% 14% 4 7001~9000 7% 11% 5 9001~11000 13% 9% 6 1101~13000 4% 6% 7 13001~15000 6% 5% 8 15001~20000 8% 3% 9 20001 and above 10% 2%

Total 100% 100% 46

D. Remittance

Q: Did you send money/goods home?

Answers Pakokku Pauk Yes 66% 60% No 34% 40% 100% 100%

Q: How much did you send home per year? Sr. Earnings (In Kyats) Pakokku % Pauk

1 Under 5000 8% 12% 2 5000~10000 31% 26% 3 10001~20000 16% 14% 4 20001~30000 9% 21% 5 30001~40000 5% 0% 6 40001~50000 11% 7% 7 50001~100000 13% 12% 8 100001~200000 5% 5% 9 200001 and above 2% 2% Total 100% 100%

Q: How did you send the money/goods home?

Answers Pakokku Pauk Through visitor 50% 28% By himself or herself 30% 62% Through family member 16% 3% Bank 3% 2% Post Office 1% 3% Through broker 1% Total 100 % 100 % 47

Q: Did you send in cash or in kinds?

Answers Pakokku Pauk In cash 98% 96 % In kinds 2% 4 % 100% 100 %

Q: What did you send in kinds? Answers

Rice Clothing Rice and Oil Foodstuff Clock and Clothing Exercise Book TV Bicycle

Note: As the frequency of sending in kinds is small, percentage is not provided.

Q: How often did you send money/goods home per year? 48

Sent frequency per year Pakokku Pauk

1 59% 69% 2 15% 10% 3 12% 11% 4 4% 7% 5 4% 2% 6 1% 0% Above 6 5% 15

Total 100% 100%

Q: For what purpose are earnings used at home?

Particulars Pakokku Pauk

Food 84% 72% Debt 2% 8% Food and Debt 2% 3% Food and Health 2% 3% Food and Education 2% 8% Housing 2% 0% Education 2% 2% Health 1% 0% Buy Land 1% 0% Food and Clothing 1% 0% Food and Livestock 1% 0% Others 1% 2%

Total 100% 100%

Q: What is the relationship of sender to the head of Household? 49

Relationship Pakokku Pauk

Son 58% 66% Daughter 26% 19% Head 8% 8% Grandchild 3% 1% Son in law 1% 1% Brother 1% 1% Father 1% 1% Spouse 1% 0% Nephew 1% 0% Brother in Law 1% 0% Sister 0% 0% Niece 0% 0% Mother 0% 0% Other relative 0% 1%

Total 100% 100%

VI. PATTERNS OF MIGRATION

A. Season

Nearly one-half of migrants are seasonal migrants, whose migration period is less than 1 year. Goods carrying yoke seller and hand seller are included in this group. They start to migrate in October or November, the end of rainy season, and come back to the village in April or May, before the beginning of rainy season.

The rest of migrants have longer term of migration, duration being one year or more. They work as housemaids, factory workers, shop workers etc. There is no regular timing of leaving from the village and returning to the village of these migrants. However, it is reported that they visit the village during the village Pagoda Festivals in April.

B. Duration

Q: How long did the migrant stay at the place of destination?

Less than 1 year 46.0% 44.7% 1 Year 12.3% 15.5%

2 Years 12.1% 13.8%

3 Years 9.2% 9.2% 4 Years 3.8% 3.6% 5 Years 5.3% 5.9%

6 Years or More 11.2% 7.2%

Total 100.0 % 100.0 %

C. Frequency

Q: Did the migrant visit back home?

Yes 81.2% 67.4% No 18.8% 32.6%

Total 100.0% 100.0%

Q: How often did the migrant visit home in a year?

No. of visits per year Pakokku Pauk

Nil 18.8% 32.6% 1 70.7% 63.0% 2 4.9% 3.0% 3 2.3% 0.7% 4 or more 3.3% 0.7%

Total 100.0% 100.0%

Q: How long did the migrant stay at home per visit.

Length of Time Pakokku Pauk

Less than 1 week 9% 8% 1 week 15% 6% 2 week 9% 7% 3 weeks 2% 1% 1 month 5% 3% 2 months 3% 6% 3 months or more 57% 67%

Total 100% 100% 52

VII. SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF MIGRANTS

1. Socio-Economic Status of Migrants SES Pakokku Pauk A (sufficient) 2.2% 0.8% B (poor) 13.5% 11.0% C (very poor) 84.4% 88.2%

Total 100.0% 100.0%

2. House Ownership of Migrants House Ownership Pakokku Pauk Own 99.7% 99.8% Other’s house 0.2% 0.0% Rent 0.2% 0.2% Total 100.0% 100%

3. Floor of House of Migrants Floor of House Pakokku Pauk Bamboo 66.7% 77.5% Ground 19.7% 1.0% Wood 7.2% 19.6% Brick 4.0% 0.6% Ground and Bamboo 2.0% 1.1% Wood and Brick .5% 0.1%

Total 100.0% 100.0%

4. Wall of House of Migrants 53

Wall of House Pakokku Pauk Bamboo 89.4% 84.8% Wood 4.7% 11.8% Brick 4.1% 0.5% Bamboo and Wood 1.1% 2.6% Wood and Brick .5% 0.3% Bamboo and Brick .2% 0.0% Total 100.0% 100.0%

5. Roofing of House of Migrants Roofing material Pakokku Pauk Bamboo 83.3% 89.8% GI Sheet 14.1% 9.2% Bamboo and GI Sheet 2.5% 1.0% Total 100.0% 100.0%

6. Sources of Drinking Water of Migrants Source of Drinking Water Pakokku Pauk River 24.8% 14.1% Tube Well (Manual) 21.9% 25.7% Well 16.8% 50.0% Tube Well (Machine) 15.4% 3.2% Lake and Tube Well (Machine) 10.7% 0.0% Lake 7.1% 4.3% River and Tube Well (Manual) 1.7% 0.1% River and Well .9% 1.6% River and Tube Well (Machine) .8% 1.0% Well and Tube Well (Machine) .1% 0.0% Total 100.0% 100.0%

7. Toilet Toilet Pakokku Pauk Yes 51.4% 66.9% No 48.6% 33.1%

Total 100.0% 100.0%

8. Type of Toilet

Type of Toilet Pakokku Pauk

No Toilet 48.6% 33.1% Close Pit 40.6% 20.7% Open Pit 10.7% 46.2%

Total 100.0% 100.0%

9. Lighting Lighting Pakokku Pauk EPC 23.0% 0.0% Candle 22.2% 41.0% Kerosene 19.6% 20.2% Battery 13.0% 4.2% Private Provide Generator 13.1% 31.6% Candle and Battery 2.4% 0.6% Kerosene and Candle 2.5% 1.9% Battery and Private Provide Generator 1.9% 0.5% Village Generator 2.0% 0.1% Kerosene and Battery .5% 0.0% Total 100.0% 100.0%

10. Agricultural Land Ownership

Pakokku Pauk

Yes 55% 65%

No 45% 35%

100% 100%

11. Agricultural Land Ownership by Type of Land 55

Type of Land Pakokku Pauk

Yar (Hill Land) 33% 57%

Kine ( River Land) 17% 9%

Paddy Field 0.9% 18%

Garden 6% 4%

12. Land Acre Owned by Migrants’ Household

Land Acre Pakokku Pauk

1 or Less 24% 21% 2 17% 20% 3 11% 19% 4 7% 12% 5 9% 12% 6~10 17% 13% 11~20 13% 2% 21 and above 2% 0%

Total 100% 100%

13. Crops sown on various type of land

Type of Land Crops Yar (Hill Land) Beans, Sesame, Cotton, Corn, Groundnut Beans, Groundnut, Chilli, Tobacco Leaf, Kine ( River Land) Onion Paddy Field Paddy Palm, Betel nut, Coconut, Thanakhar, Garden Mango

14. Work Season

Type of Land Work Season 56

Yar (Hill Land) May to November Kine ( River Land) October to April Paddy Field June to October

15. Livestock Owned by Migrants’ Household

Livestock Pakokku(%) Pauk(%)

Cow 45.3% 67.3% Buffalo 0.1% 0.8% Goat 6.2% 5.7% Sheep 0.7% 1.0% Pig 10.1% 22.9% Chicken 24.0% 29.4% Duck 0.2% 0.5% Horse 0.2% 0.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Ownership of Cows

No. of Cows Pakokku Pauk 0 55% 32.7% 1 5% 4.4% 2 23% 34.4% 3 7% 9.0% 4 5% 8.75 5 3% 3.9% 6 to 10 3% 6.0% 11 or more 1% 0.9% Total 100.0% 100.0%

Ownership of Buffalos No. of Buffalos Pakokku Pauk 57

0 99.9% 99.2% 1 0.1% 2 .1% 0.7% 3 0.1% Total 100.0% 100.0%

Ownership of Goats No. of Goats Pakokku Pauk

0 94% 94.3% 1 to 2 1% 0.7% 3 to 5 1% 0.6% 6 to 10 1% 1.3% 11 to 20 2% 2.1% 21 to 40 2% 0.9% 41 and 60 0% 0.1%

Total 100% 100.0%

Ownership of Sheep

No. of Sheep Pakokku Pauk

0 99.3% 99.0% 1 to 5 0.2% 0.3% 6 to 10 0.1% 0.2% 11 to 20 0.3% 0.3% 21 to 50 0.2% 0.3% 51 to 70 0.1% 0.0% Total 100% 100.0%

Ownership of Pigs No. of Pigs Pakokku Pauk 0 89.9% 77.1% 58

1 6.7% 15.3% 2 2.4% 6.1% 3 .6% 0.9% 4 .2% 0.2% 5 .1% 0.2% 6 .1% 0.1% 8 .1% 0.1%

Total 100.0% 100.0%

Ownership of Chicken No. of Chicken Pakokku Pauk 0 76.0% 70.6% 1 to 5 15.2% 22.0% 6 to 10 5.2% 5.1% 11 to 15 1.2% 1.3% 16 to 20 1.9% 0.75 21 to 50 0.3% 0.3% 51 to 350 0.1% 0.0% Total 100.0% 100.0%

Ownership of Ducks

No. of Ducks Pakokku Pauk 0 99.8% 99.5% 1 .1% 0.0% 2 0.3% 3 .1% 0.2% 25 .1%

Total 100.0% 100.0%

Ownership of Horses No. of Horses Pakokku Pauk 0 99.8% 100.0% 1 .1% 0% 59

2 .1% 0% Total 100.0% 100.0%

16. Other Belongings of Migrants’ Household Belongings Pakokku(%) Pauk(%)

Bull Cart 28.5% 51.7% Bicycle 37.2% 21.5% Motorcycle 1.1% 1.0% Htawlargyi 0.1% 0.0% Tractor 0.2% 0.0% Water Pump 1.9% 2.3% Radio 6.3% 5.2% Cassette Player 17% 10.0% TV 3.4% 1.0% Generator 0.5% 0.7% Horse Cart 0.1% 0.0% Car 0.3% 0.1%

Bullock cart

Bullock cart Pakokku Pauk 0 71.5% 48.3% 1 25.7% 50.9% 2 2.5% 0.8% 3 .2% 4 .1% Total 100.0% 100.0%

Bicycle

Bicycle Pakokku Pauk 0 62.8% 78.5% 60

1 34.8% 21.0% 2 1.8% 0.6% 3 .5% 4 .2%

Total 100.0% 100.0%

17. Family Business Owned by Migrants’ Household

Family Business Ownership Pakokku Pauk

No 91.8% 94.0% Yes 8.2% 9.0%

Total 100.0% 100.0%

Type of Family Business

Type of Family Business Pakokku Pauk No Family Business 91.2% 94.0% Hand Loom and Yarn Spinning 3.5% 0.8% Grocery Shop 2.5% 2.2% Sewing Machine 0.5% 0.3% Hand Seller 0.5% 0.1% Bamboo Product 0.3% 0.1% Others1 1.5% 2.6% Total 100.0 100.0

18. Educational Facilities Available at the Village

Name of School at the Village Pakokku Pauk

Primary School 82 % 88%

1 Included Car Rental, Video House, Tobacco, Loud Speaker Rental, Monehinkhar Making, and Goldsmith. 61

Monastery School 22 % 17% Middle School ( including the attached ones to 10 % 8% Primary School) High School (Attached to Middle School) 2 % 0% Village Without any School 10 % 8%

19. Healthcare Facilities Available at the Village

Healthcare Available at the Village Pakokku Pauk

Village Clinic 24% 13%

Mid-wife 20% 13%

Auxiliary Mid-wife 31% 50%

Practitioner of Indigenous Medicine 12% 21%

Injection Practitioner without license 14% 13%

Village without any Healthcare 31% 33% 62

VIII. HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND AGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE WHOLE VILLAGE POPULATION

This chapter provides information about household sizes and age distribution of the whole village population

1. Household Size: All Members of Household Population House Hold Size Pakokku Pauk (No of Family Members per Household) % % 1 .6% .5% 2 7.4% 6.7% 3 12.6% 13.3% 4 16.3% 18.2% 5 17.0% 20.3% 6 14.8% 16.3% 7 12.9% 11.0% 8 8.5% 5.6% 9 5.0% 4.6% 10 3.3% 1.6% 11 .7% .9% 12 .6% .4% 13 .2% .4% 14 .1% 15 .1% 16 .1%

100.0% 100.0%

2. Gender of Population 63

Gender Pakokku Pauk

Male 46.5 % 47.5 %

Female 53.5 % 52.5 %

Total 100.0 % 100.0 %

3. Age Group of Family Members of Households

Age Group Pakokku Pauk % % Under 5 7% 10% 5 to 10 10% 14% 11 to 15 11% 11% 16 to 20 13% 13% 21 to 25 10% 9% 26 to 30 8% 8% 31 to 35 6% 7% 36 to 40 6% 5% 41 to 45 5% 5% 46 to 50 6% 5% 51 to 55 5% 3% 56 to 60 4% 3% 61 to 65 3% 2% 66 to 70 2% 2% 71 to 75 1% 1% 76 to 80 1% 1% 80 Above 1% 0% 100% 100% 64

Age Distribution of Population in Pakokku 1400

400 y c

n Std. Dev = 19.56 e 200 u Mean = 30 q e r 0 N = 10542.00 F 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95

Age Distribution of Population in Pauk 700

200 y c

n Std. Dev = 19.11 e 100 u Mean = 26 q e r 0 N = 5583.00 F 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85

Age 65

IX. RECOMMENDATIONS

1. Perceptions on Migration

In order to know migrants’ perception on their migration, the following questions were asked to the migrants.

Q1: What are the good things you get from your migration?

Answer of Migrants from Pakokku is presented below.

Answer Female Male

There are no benefits 50.8% 37.9% Gain Income 10.2% 32.9% Obtain Knowledge 27.1% 21.7% Better Social Relations 1.7% 2.5% Acquire Skills 5.1% 1.3% Living standard is higher than village 3.4% 1.7% Can visit pagodas 0.8% Others 1.7% 1.3%

Total 100.0% 100.0%

Answer of Migrants from Pauk is presented below.

Answer Female Male

There are no benefits 60.0% 56.7%

Obtain Knowledge 20.0% 25.0%

Gain Income 20.0% 16.7%

Living standard is higher than village 1.7%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 66

Q2: What are the bad things you get from your migration?

Answer of Migrants from Pakokku is presented below.

Answer Female Male

There is no bad thing 84.7% 63.3% Contact Malaria Disease 3.4% 11.7% Health Poor 1.7% 7.5% Income is not as good as expected 3.45 3.8% Cannot live together with Family 1.7% 2.5% No job security 2.1% Accommodation difficulty 1.3% Discrimination 1.3% Get Disease 0.4% Raped by a man from the house 3.4% Others 1.7% 6.2%

Total 100.0% 100.0%

Answer of Migrants from Pauk is presented below.

Answer of Migrants from Pauk Female Male

There is no bad thing 80.0% 48.3% Contact Malaria Disease 10.0% 23.3% Health Poor 10.0% 6.7% Cannot live together with Family 5.0% Accommodation difficulty 3.3% Discrimination 1.7% Get Disease 1.7% No job security 1.7% Others 8.3%

Total 100.0% 100.0% 67

 “There is no good thing”  “There is no bad thing” These two points are the most significant answers of migrants. While certain migrants were getting income or knowledge from migration, the majority of migrants felt that they are not getting anything from migration. 68

2. Sentimental Attachments to the Village and Desire to Live in the Village

Villagers have strong sentimental attachments to their villages. About 90% of respondents indicated that they would like to stay at the village if they have work from which they can get sufficient earning for food and clothing, the basic needs of their life.

A hypothetical question was raised: Q: Supposing that job opportunities are created in the village, will you stay in the village or will you prefer to go other places for work?

Will Stay at Village 87.4% 91.4% Prefer to go Other Place for work 6.3 % 4.3% Not Sure 6.3 % 4.3%

Total 100.0% 100.0%

Q: What kind of job opportunities would you like to be created in the village?

Agriculture 32% 56% Any suitable permanent work 17% 9% Hand Loom business 8% 2% Animal Breeding 6% 11% Industrial works 6% 2% Grocery shops 2% 5% Others 22% 13% Do not Know 6% 3% Total 100% 100%

Agriculture is the most preferable work to the villagers. 69

3. Recommendations

The most crucial query in the survey was how the migrants felt with regard to migration. The most important finding was the fact that villagers had strong sentimental attachments to their villages. Hence, the obvious solution to the problem of migration is to implement socio-economic development of the two area. With sufficient earnings, food and other facilities, migration to other area is bound to be curbed effectively.