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Removal of Tannins from Faba Bean Hull Using Subcritical Water Marleny D
Removal of Tannins from Faba Bean Hull using Subcritical Water Marleny D. A. Saldañaa, *, Alaleh Boroomanda aDepartment of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5 *[email protected] ABSTRACT Faba bean hull, a by-product of faba bean dehulling process is rich in bioactive compounds such as tannins and phenolics that can be extracted from the hull for nutraceutical applications. The main objective of this study was to remove tannins from faba bean hull using subcritical water (SCW) and compare its recovery value to the values obtained by conventional solid liquid (S-L) extraction. Treatment conditions for subcritical water extraction were 100-200°C and 50-100 bar at a constant flow rate of 5mL/min. The S-L extraction was carried out using different solvent systems (water, 70% acetone, 70% ethanol, and 50% ethanol) with solid to solvent ratios of 1:10, 1:15, and 1:20 w/v at 50-70℃ for 3h. Extract solutions were analyzed for total tannins, condensed tannins, and phenolics using spectrophotometer methods. Individual tannins were also analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest total tannin recovered by SCW was ~265mg tannic acid/g hull at 160°C and 50 or 100 bar. The increase of pressure from 50 to 100 bar had no significant effect on recovery of total tannins at 100-200°C. For condensed tannins, the highest recovery was 165mg catechin/g hull, which was obtained at 180°C and 50 bar. In addition, the highest recovery of total phenolics (~44.54 mg gallic acid/g hull) was obtained at 120°C and 50 bar. -
Acacia Nilotica Pods)
J Biotechnol Biomed 2019; 2 (1): 015-023 DOI: 10.26502/jbb.2642-9128006 Research Article Innovation an Eco Friendly Technology: Tanning System using Semi Chrome and Improved Indigenous Tannins (Acacia Nilotica Pods) Haj Ali Alim A1*, Gasm elseed GA2, Ahmed AE3 1Department of National Leather Technology Center, Industrial Researcher and Consultant Center, Khartoum, Sudan 2Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Omdurman, Sudan 3Department of Chemistry, Sudan University for Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan *Corresponding Author: Alim Abd Elgadir Haj Ali, Department of National Leather Technology Center, Industrial Researcher and Consultant Center, Khartoum, Sudan, P.O Box: 5008, E-mail: [email protected] Received: 08 January 2019; Accepted: 16 January 2019; Published: 21 January 2019 Abstract Semi-chrome tanned leathers were obtained using spray dried powder which were carried out using leaching of 70% crushed ‘Garad’ and 30% ‘Neem’ barks mixture to develop the fulfillment of ‘Garad’ tanning power. Tanning system was conducted in industrial research consultancies center, Sudan. Mechanical and physio-chemical analyses of the leather were executed using SLTC. Mechanical properties of the produced leather were compared with traditional tanned leather and the strengths, of tensile, one edge tear and two edges tear, of semi chrome tanned leather were: (200 kg/cm2, 52 and 100 kg/cm) respectively where the distension and strength of grain was (10 mm) and the thermal stability (100°C). The experimental explain that the blending ‘Garad-Neem’ significantly enhanced the quality of tannins powder and tanned leather. Keywords: Leather; Acacia Nilotica; Azadirachta Indica; Pre-tannage; Semi-Chrome Tannage; Mechanical; Physicochemical Properties 1. -
Position and Extent of the Elongation Zone in the Root Tip of the Broad Beanvicia Faba L
BIOLOGIA PLANTARUM (PRAHA) 8 (6) : 427--430, 1966 Position and Extent of the Elongation Zone in the Root Tip of the Broad Bean Vicia faba L. ALENA ADA_MKOVX and KAREL BENE~ Institute of Experimental Botany, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Praha* Received November 9, 1965 Abstract. It was found by measuring the length of the cortex cells of the root tips of the broad bean Vieia faba L. that the beginning of the elongation zone lies at about 1--2 ram from the initials and its end at about 7--8 mm fl'om the initials. Shrinkage of the object during micro- technical treatment was negligible. The autonomy of the individual tissues of the root tip was taken into account. Introduetion Biochemical investigation of anatomically strictly defined parts of the root tip has become a common method for studying cell growth and tissue differ- antiation (BRow~r and BROADBENT 1951, I~OBINSO~r and BROW~r 1952). The results of the present work should serve as an anatomical basis for a series of papers dealing with the biochemical investigation of growth and differenti- ation processes in the bean root tip. The beginning and end of the elongation zone should be established here. Material and Methods Seeds of the broad bean Vicia faba L. cultivar Chlumeck~ were sterilized for 4 min with 70 % ethanol, washed for 8 h in running tap water and left to swell for 12 h in distilled water at 26 ~ C. The seeds were then placed onto wet paper wool laid on PVC plates with openings so that they lay above the opening. -
Producción De Forraje Y Competencia Interespecífica Del Cultivo Asociado De Avena (Avena Sativa) Con Vicia (Vicia Sativa) En Condiciones De Secano Y Gran Altitud
Rev Inv Vet Perú 2018; 29(4): 1237-1248 http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v29i4.15202 Producción de forraje y competencia interespecífica del cultivo asociado de avena (Avena sativa) con vicia (Vicia sativa) en condiciones de secano y gran altitud Forage production and interspecific competition of oats (Avena sativa) and common vetch (Vicia sativa) association under dry land and high-altitude conditions Francisco Espinoza-Montes1,2,4, Wilfredo Nuñez-Rojas1, Iraida Ortiz-Guizado3, David Choque-Quispe2 RESUMEN Se experimentó el cultivo asociado de avena (Avena sativa) y vicia común (Vicia sativa) en condiciones de secano, a 4035 m sobre el nivel del mar, para conocer su comportamiento y efectos en el rendimiento, calidad de forraje y competencia interespecífica. En promedio, el rendimiento de forraje verde, materia seca y calidad de forraje fueron superiores al del monocultivo de avena (p<0.05). El porcentaje de proteína cruda se incrementó en la medida que creció la proporción de vicia común en la asocia- ción, acompañado de una disminución del contenido de fibra. En cuanto a los índices de competencia, el cultivo asociado de avena con vicia favorece el rendimiento relativo total de forraje (LERtotal>1). Ninguna de las especies manifestó comportamiento agresivo (A=0). Se observó mayor capacidad competitiva de la vicia común (CR>1) comparado con la capacidad competitiva de la avena. Palabras clave: cultivo asociado; rendimiento; calidad de forraje; competencia interespecífica ABSTRACT The oats (Avena sativa) and common vetch (Vicia sativa) cultivated in association was evaluated under dry land conditions at 4035 m above sea level to determine its performance and effects on yield, forage quality and interspecific competition. -
Davis Expedition Fund Report on Expedition / Project
DAVIS EXPEDITION FUND REPORT ON EXPEDITION / PROJECT Expedition/Project Title: Biogeography and Systematics of South American Vicia (Leguminosae) Travel Dates: 28/09/2010 – 12/11/2010 Location: Northern Chile and northern Argentina Group Members: Paulina Hechenleitner Collection of research material of Vicia in the form of Aims: herbarium specimens, habitat data, digital images, silica- dried leaf samples, and base-line data on the IUCN conservation status of Vicia. Outcome (not less than 300 words):- See attached report. Report for the Davis Expedition Fund Biogeography and Systematics of South American Vicia (Leguminosae) Botanical fieldwork to northern Chile and northern Argentina 28th of Sep to 12th of November 2010 Paulina Hechenleitner January 2011 Introduction Vicia is one of five genera in tribe Fabeae, and contains some of humanity's oldest crop plants, and is thus of great economic importance. The genus contains around 160 spp. (Lewis et al. 2005) distributed throughout temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and in temperate S America. Its main centre of diversity is the Mediterranean with smaller centres in North and South America (Kupicha, 1976). The South American species are least known taxonomically. Vicia, together with Lathyrus and a number of other temperate plant genera share an anti- tropical disjunct distribution. This biogeographical pattern is intriguing (Raven, 1963): were the tropics bridged by long distance dispersal between the temperate regions of the hemispheres, or were once continuous distributions through the tropics severed in a vicariance event? Do the similar patterns seen in other genera reflect similar scenarios or does the anti-tropical distribution arise in many different ways? The parallels in distribution, species numbers and ecology between Lathyrus and Vicia are particularly striking. -
Winter 2019 Newsletter
Winter 2018 Aboriginal Education SHARING STORIES TO S UPPORT OUR CHILDREN, YOUTH, AND FAMILIES voice kiʔsuk kyukyit – Good afternoon, Ktunaxa territory xastsxlxalt – Good day, nslxcin from Sinixt territory Weyt-kp – Hello, Secwepemc territory Tawnshi - Hello, Michif (Language of the Metis People) Nestled in the mountains with still a light frosting of snow, Aboriginal Education is well underway for the 2018-2019 school year. We are moving forward with the Aboriginal Education department goals of improving literacy and numeracy through land based learning, providing opportunities for students to share their individual stories, and working toward Truth before Reconciliation, deepening relationships with the traditional territories our school district operates on and the Metis Nation. Created by the Aboriginal Education staff last year, we looked at the fire within and our daily work with students, families, and communities. This is such an exciting time in education, in history, and in our personal stories – as we all witness Indigenous ways of knowing blossom! What does blossoming look like in SD8? Whether that is through student pride in sharing a pow wow dance, a personal regalia story, a drum song, a new graphic design, entrance to College, or graduating with dignity and identity, or connecting to community teachings, or finding a sense of belonging in school, the faces of SD8 Aboriginal students, their learning, their successes and their dreams and goals are diverse. Yet, we see the goals of our District Enhancement Agreement flourishing through a variety of student successes, as individual as each of those bright faces. The District Aboriginal Education Advisory Committee and Elders’ Council, for the first time this year, welcomed guests from both the Syilx, Okanagan Nation Alliance, as well as guests from Enderby, from the Secwepemc Nation. -
Phase-Out of Chromium (III) in Leather Tanning
Phase-out of chromium (III) in leather tanning This case study aims to illustrate an alternative process. It is based on publicly available information on company's experience as well as on substance hazards, alternatives to the hazardous substance and regulatory information. The case study is neither complete nor comprehensive in illustrating all substitution options of a substance but rather exemplary. 1. Case description The conversion of hides or skin into leather involves a tanning process. In g e n e ra l , d e p e n d i n g u p o n the end application of leather, two tanning methods are used: vegetable tanning or chrome tanning. 80 – 90 % of tanneries around the world today use salts of trivalent chromium for tanning. The main chromium compound used for leather tanning is chromium (III) hydroxide sulphate, Cr(OH)SO4 (CAS No. 12336-95-7; EC No. 235-595-8). Chromium is associated with several negative effects for the environment and human health. The main hazards related to chromium (III) is that it can be oxidised to chromium (VI), e.g. at very low pH values when oxygen is present. Cr (VI) is a suspected carcinogen and causes skin sensitisation. Since chromium (III) can transform into chromium (VI), its use in articles that may be in direct skin contact, should be avoided. 1.1. Hazards of chromium (VI) Chromium (VI) causes an allergic contact dermatitis and sensitisation at very low concentrations. The risk assessment made by Denmark (also proposing a restriction to market certain articles of leather coming into direct contact with the skin) demonstrates that chromium (VI) present in shoes and other leather articles poses risks for consumers. -
Mangrove Arboretum
Mangrove arboretum The arboretum in Bac Lieu is a collection of mangrove species from the south of Viet Nam. The arboretum is a show case of species richness and thus contribute to the preservation and research of mangrove forests. Furthermore, it serves eco-tourism and is considered as learning resource on mangroves in the Mekong area for students and practitioners. Worldwide, about 73 different species are accounted as ‘true mangroves’. In a total, there are 39 true mangroves described for Vietnam and at least 27 can be found in the South of Vietnam. There are not many stands of natural old mangroves remaining in the Mekong Delta, most of the forest is reforested. For reforestation efforts in the past only few species were selected and the more important it is for the future to diversify the planting schemes since every species is the result of a long evolutionary adaptation process and thus much more resilient if planted at the right place with certain environmental conditions. Mangroves store about 78,8 tons of carbon per hectare and provide high ecological services such as being nursery and foraging space for numerous coastal shrimp, crab and fish species important to local fisheries and aquaculture. Pop-up content of CPMD layer Forests -> Arboretum: Bạc Liêu Mangrove Arboretum Area 5 ha Location Giong Nhan hamlet, Hiep Thanh commune, Bac Lieu town (district), Bac Lieu province No. Vietnamese Scientific name Use name 1 Bần ổi Sonneratia Wood is not good, lightweight, soft. It plays the role ovate Back of breaking wind, protecting the coastal area 2 Cóc đỏ Lumnitzera Wood is used in household appliances, for fuel. -
Overview of Vicia (Fabaceae) of Mexico
24 LUNDELLIA DECEMBER, 2014 OVERVIEW OF VICIA (FABACEAE) OF MEXICO Billie L. Turner Plant Resources Center, The University of Texas, 110 Inner Campus Drive, Stop F0404, Austin TX 78712-1711 [email protected] Abstract: Vicia has 12 species in Mexico; 4 of the 12 are introduced. Two new names are proposed: Vicia mullerana B.L. Turner, nom. & stat. nov., (based on V. americana subsp. mexicana C.R. Gunn, non V. mexicana Hemsl.), and V. ludoviciana var. occidentalis (Shinners) B.L. Turner, based on V. occidentalis Shinners, comb. nov. Vicia pulchella Kunth subsp. mexicana (Hemsley) C.R. Gunn is better treated as V. sessei G. Don, the earliest name at the specific level. A key to the taxa is provided along with comments upon species relationships, and maps showing distributions. Keywords: Vicia, V. americana, V. ludoviciana, V. pulchella, V. sessei, Mexico. Vicia, with about 140 species, is widely (1979) provided an exceptional treatment distributed in temperate regions of both of the Mexican taxa, nearly all of which were hemispheres (Kupicha, 1982). Some of the illustrated by full-page line sketches. As species are important silage, pasture, and treated by Gunn, eight species are native to green-manure legumes. Introduced species Mexico and four are introduced. I largely such as V. faba, V. hirsuta, V. villosa, and follow Gunn’s treatment, but a few of his V. sativa are grown as winter annuals in subspecies have been elevated to specific Mexico, but are rarely collected. Gunn rank, or else treated as varieties. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF VICIA IN MEXICO (largely adapted from Gunn, 1979) 1. -
Home Tanning of Leather
B-86 1937 HOME TANNING OF LEATHER issued by The ExtensioR Service Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas and The United States Department of Agriculture H. H. Williamson, Director, College Station, Texas 8-86 TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE G. G. GIBSON. DIRECTOR, COLLEGE STATION, TEXAS Home Made Gauge Knives-The materials required are one piece of timber 2 x 4 x 24 inches, one piece of timber 2 x 4 x 20 inches, one .1 inch bolt or large nail, one corner brace 4 x 4 x ~ inches. and one butcher knife. Horne Tanning of Leather By M. K. Thornton, Leather Specialist One of the oldest arts known to man, the tanning of leather, has become almost a lost art to farmers and ranchers. Yet it is a fairly easy process if care is taken. ' There are many methods of tanning, and no one of them rnay be called best. The methods described here are among the easiest and produce satisfactory results. No attempt is made to give details to suit every kind of weather. The ideal temperature is from 70 to 75 degrees F"ahrenheit. In no case should the hides be permitted to freeze. The warmer the weather the more quickly hides spoil, and as - a result there is greater likelihood of getting weak or tender leather. The hides to be tanned may be fresh, green salt, dry salt, or flint. A fresh hide is one which has been taken from the animal and allowed to cool. A green salt hide is one which has been well salted shortly after being removed from the animal, folded and placed in a cool place until the salt has penetrated well, and then stored until ready for use. -
2017 Pages:1089-1097
Middle East Journal of Agriculture Volume : 06 | Issue : 04 | Oct.-Dec. | 2017 Research Pages:1089-1097 ISSN 2077-4605 Growth, yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.), Genotypes with respect to ascorbic acid treatment under various water regimes I-Growth and yield 1 1 1 2 2 Hanan S. Siam, Safaa A. Mahmoud, A.S. Taalab, Hussein, M.M. and H Mehann 1 Plant Nutrition Department, National Research Centre, Postal Code 12262, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. 2 Water Relations Department National Research Centre, Postal Code 12262, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Received: 15 July 2017 / Accepted: 20 Sept. 2017 / Publication date: 27 Nov. 2017 ABSTRACT Two field experiments were conducted in the experimental station of the National Research Center in Nobaryia region, El-Behara Governorate, Egypt during 2014 and 2015 winter seasons to evaluate the responses of three faba bean varieties (Giza 3, Nubaria 1 and Giza 716) to ascorbic acid application (0 and 200 ppm) under different water regimes (50%, 75% and 100% of the ETc water stress treatments). The results indicated that highest values of the plant height, root length, number of branches/plant and stem, leaves and whole plant dry weight gave the highest values when plants irrigated by 75% ETc in comparable with these of 50 or 100% ETc treatments. However, root dry weight decreased with 75% and 50% ETc water of irrigation treatments. The lowest values of all growth were observed when plants irrigated with 50% of the ETc, corresponding to100% and 75% ETc. On the other hand, Giza 3 variety was the superior in growth criteria i.e. -
Draft Fern Ridge Wildlife Area Management Plan
DRAFT FERN RIDGE WILDLIFE AREA MANAGEMENT PLAN January 2009 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 3406 Cherry Avenue NE Salem, Oregon 97303 Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Plan ..................................................................................................... 1 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Mission and Authority................................... 1 Purpose and Need of Fern Ridge Wildlife Area ........................................................... 1 Wildlife Area Goals and Objectives.............................................................................. 4 Wildlife Area Establishment ......................................................................................... 5 Description and Environment ...................................................................................... 6 Physical Resources................................................................................................... 6 Locatio n ................................................................................................................... 6 Climate..................................................................................................................... 7 Topography and Soils .............................................................................................