Chapter 18: Reconstruction and the Changing South, 1863 1896

Chapter 18: Reconstruction and the Changing South, 1863–1896

Section 1: Early Steps to ______• Why were postwar problems more severe in the South than in the North? • What early steps were taken toward reconstruction? • How did the assassination of Lincoln and the inauguration of a new President lead to conflict?

Postwar Problems North Returning Union soldiers needed _____. Yet, because the government was canceling war orders, ______were laying off workers.

South • ______—Homes, barns, bridges and the railroad system were destroyed. The cities of Columbia, ______, and ______had been leveled. • ______ruin—After the war, Confederate ______was worthless. People who had loaned money to the ______were never repaid. Many banks closed, and depositors lost their savings. • A changed society—Almost overnight, there was a new class of ______— men and women who had been slaves. What would become of them?

Early Steps Toward Reconstruction Reconstruction—the rebuilding of the South Lincoln’s Plan, called the ______Plan • A southern state could form a new government after 10 percent of its voters swore an oath of ______to the United States. • The new government had to abolish ______. Voters could then once again elect members of Congress. • The plan offered ______, or a government pardon, to Confederates who swore loyalty to the Union. Former Confederate leaders could not be given amnesty, however.

Wade-Davis Bill, a rival ______plan. Lincoln refused to sign the bill. • A majority of white men in each southern state had to swear loyalty to the Union. • Anyone who had volunteered to fight for the Confederacy would be denied the right to vote or hold office.

Which plan punished Southerners more? The ______Bureau Congress and the President did agree on one plan. One month before Lee surrendered, Congress passed a bill creating the Freedmen’s Bureau, a government agency to help former slaves. The agency helped poor whites as well. • Gave food and ______to former slaves. • Tried to find ______for freedmen. • Provided ______care. • Set up ______. Most of the teachers were volunteers from the North. • The Bureau created ______for African Americans, including Howard, Morehouse, and Fisk.

Lincoln’s Assassination and Johnson’s Inauguration Lead to Conflict • President Lincoln was ______on April 14, 1865. Andrew Johnson became President. He proposed a ______plan: • A majority of voters in each southern state had to pledge loyalty to the Union. • Each state had to ratify the ______, which banned slavery throughout the nation. • The southern states quickly met Johnson’s conditions. The President approved their new state governments in late 1865. • Southern voters elected representatives to the Senate and House. • ______in Congress were outraged that many of those elected had held office in the Confederacy. No southern state allowed African Americans to ____. • Congress refused to let southern representatives take their seats. Instead, they set up a ______on Reconstruction to form a new Reconstruction plan.

Chapter 18, Section 2 Radical Reconstruction • How did Congress react to the passage of black codes in the South? • How did Radical Republicans gain power in Congress? • Why was President Johnson impeached?

Congress Reacts to ______Codes _____ codes—laws passed by southern states that severely limited the rights of freedmen

How did black codes affect freedmen? • Black codes granted some rights. African Americans could ______legally and own some property. • Black codes kept freedmen from gaining ______and ______power. They forbade freedmen to____, own ______, or serve on ______. • In some states, African Americans could work only as ______or ______. In others, they had to sign contracts for a year’s work. How did Congress react to black codes? • Angered by black codes, ______charged that Johnson’s lenient Reconstruction plan had encouraged the codes. • Republicans were also angered by southern white ______against freedmen.

How did Congress react to black codes? • The Joint Committee on Reconstruction accused the South of trying to “preserve ______. . . as long as possible.” • When President Johnson ignored the report of the Joint Committee, members of Congress who were called ______Republicans vowed to take control of Reconstruction.

• Radical Republicans had two main goals. • Break the power of wealthy ______who had long ruled the South. • Ensure that ______received the right to vote. • Radical Republicans needed the support of ______Republicans. Most southerners were ______. Republicans could control both houses if southerners were barred from Congress. • To combat the black codes, Congress passed the ______Act in April 1866. It gave citizenship to African Americans. • Republicans proposed the ______Amendment, which granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States. It guaranteed citizens “equal protection of the laws” and said that no state could “deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.”

• In the Election of 1866, President Johnson opposed the Fourteenth Amendment and urged voters to reject the Radicals. Southern ______convinced many northerners that strong measures were needed, so they backed the Republicans. Republicans won ______in both houses of Congress. • The period that followed the election is often called ______Reconstruction. Congress passed the first Reconstruction Act in March 1867. It threw out state governments that had refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment.

Andrew Johnson Impeached • Because Johnson tried to limit the effect of Radical Reconstruction, Congress tried to remove him from office. • On February 24, 1868, the House of Representatives voted to impeach, or bring ______against, Johnson. • The President could be removed from office if ______of the Senate found him guilty of “high ______and misdemeanors.” During Johnson’s trial, it became clear that he was ______of high crimes and misdemeanors. • In the end, the Senate vote was ______to 19 against Johnson—just one vote shy of the ______needed to convict him. Chapter 18, Section 3 The South Under Reconstruction • What groups of people made up the new forces in southern politics? • How did southern Conservatives resist Reconstruction? • What challenges did Reconstruction governments face? • How did many southerners become locked into a cycle of poverty?

White southern Republicans • Some whites supported the new ______governments. They wanted to get on with ______ing the South. • Many white southerners felt that any southerner who helped the Republicans was a ______. They called the white southern Republicans ______.

Northerners • White southerners accused northerners who came to the South of hoping to get rich from the South’s misery. The southerners called these northerners ______. • Some northerners did hope to profit from rebuilding the South. • Some former Union ______went to the South because they had come to love the land during the war. • Some northerners went South to help the ______

African Americans • During Reconstruction, ______voted in large numbers. They also ran for and were elected to public office. Two African Americans served in the ______.

Southern Conservatives Resisted Reconstruction • Conservatives—white southerners who had held power before the Civil War and who resisted ______; they wanted the South to change as little as possible. • A few wealthy ______tried to force African Americans back onto plantations. Many small farmers and laborers wanted the government to take action against freedmen to stop them from competing for ______and ______. • Some white southerners formed secret societies to help them regain power. The most dangerous was the ______, or KKK. They conducted a campaign of terror and violence to keep African Americans and white Republicans out of ______.

The Challenges Reconstruction Governments Faced Despite their problems, Reconstruction governments tried to rebuild the South. They built public ______for both black and white children, gave women the right to own property, and rebuilt ______, telegraph lines, bridges, and ______s. In rebuilding the South, Reconstruction governments met several challenges. • To pay for rebuilding, Reconstruction governments raised ______sharply. This created discontent among southern ______. • Some Reconstruction officials were corrupt, which angered southerners.

A Cycle of Poverty Some Radical Republicans talked about giving each freedman “40 ______and a ______” to help them get started, but that never happened. • A few freedmen were able to buy ______. • Many freedmen and poor whites went to work on large ______. These ______rented and farmed a plot of land. • The planters provided seed, fertilizer, and tools in return for a share of the ______. • Most sharecroppers and small landowners bought supplies on ______in the spring. In the fall, they had to repay what they had borrowed. If the harvest did not cover what they owed, they sank deeper into ______.

Chapter 18, Section 4 The End of Reconstruction • What events led to the end of Reconstruction? • How were the rights of African Americans restricted in the South after Reconstruction? • What industries flourished in the “New South”?

The End of Reconstruction • By 1870, ______Republicans were losing power. ______were growing tired of trying to reform the South. In addition, disclosure of widespread ______turned people against the Republican party. • In 1872, Congress passed the ______Act. It restored the right to vote to nearly all white southerners. They voted solidly ______and kept many African Americans from voting. • The election of 1876 ended Reconstruction. After a dispute in the ______College, a special commission set up by Congress settled the election. The commission awarded the election to______. Although he was a Republican, he had privately agreed to end Reconstruction once in office.

Restricted Rights for African Americans in the South Voting restrictions • Many southern states passed ______taxes, requiring voters to pay a fee to vote. Poor freedmen could rarely afford to vote. • States also passed ______tests that required voters to read and explain part of the Constitution. Since most freedmen had little education, such tests kept them from voting. • Many poor whites could not pass literacy tests, so states passed ______clauses. These laws stated that if a voter’s father or grandfather could vote on January 1, 1867, then the voter did not have to take a literacy test. (No African Americans could vote before 1868.) Segregation, or legal separation of races • In southern states, ______laws separated blacks and whites in schools, restaurants, theaters, trains, streetcars, playgrounds, hospitals, and even cemeteries. • In the case of ______v. ______, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation was legal so long as facilities for blacks and whites were equal. In fact, facilities were rarely equal.

Industry in the “New South” “New South”—Atlanta journalist Henry Grady talked of a “New South”— a South that used its resources to build up its own ______and not depend on the North. Agricultural resources • Southern communities started building ______mills to turn cotton into cloth. • New machinery revolutionized the manufacture of ______products. New industries • Alabama made use of its large deposits of iron ore and coal to become a center of the ______industry. • ______refineries sprang up in Louisiana and Texas. • Other states produced copper, granite, and marble. • Southern factories turned out cypress shingles and hardwood ______.